Automatic Transmission Research Articles

Robust Position Control for an Electrical Automatic Transmission under Gear-Shifting Link Friction

The automotive industry is evolving, with software becoming a vital part of vehicles. Conventional automakers are shifting to software-centric entities, embracing over-the-air (OTA) updates and service-centric models. To move software-driven vehicles, the vehicle must also be electrified. Several automobile manufacturers are electrifying vehicle parts, and recently, a gear shift selector for automatic transmissions was adapted from mechanical to electronic. However, as conventional mechanical systems are modified to electrical systems, problems such as shift delay and accuracy emerge. This study addresses these problems that emerge in the electronic system type of automatic transmission, including a gear shift selector developed to electrify automobiles. Accordingly, we first analyze the structure of automatic transmission systems, then define the operation sequence. Next, a novel position control algorithm based on a disturbance observer is proposed to reduce shift delay and increase accuracy. The proposed algorithm operates harmoniously with the vehicle control unit (VCU). To verify the proposed algorithm, a hardware-in-the-loop simulation (HILS) was developed to experiment with vehicle shifting using a commercial electronic gear shift selector. Moreover, the proposed control algorithm for gear shifting in an automatic transmission was analyzed using experimental results obtained by assuming a specific driving situation in the HILS.

The Effectiveness of Using Continuous Variable Transmission (CVT) in 2WD Buggy Vehicles

Continuous Variable Transmission (CVT) is a transmission system that does not have gears like in manual transmission cars or conventional automatic transmission cars. CVT has the advantage of being able to maintain the proper rotational speed at any time in terms of engine efficiency by changing the speed ratio flexibly and continuously. A continuously variable transmission (CVT) is a transmission that can change steplessly through an infinite effective gear ratio between maximum and minimum. This is in contrast to other mechanical transmissions which only allow a few different gear ratios to choose. The flexibility of the CVT allows the drive shaft to maintain a constant angular speed over the output speed range. Torque is transmitted from the drive to the pulley which is driven by friction acting between the belt and pulley surfaces. Tests were carried out using a dynotest to obtain wheel rotation data and the resulting torque. The loading is given from 3 kg, 5 kg, 7 kg and 8 kg, the engine rpm used is 5500 rpm, 6000 rpm, 6500 rpm, 7000 rpm and 8000 rpm. Rear wheel rotation is inversely proportional to the load, the greater the load the rotation will decrease. Load is directly proportional to torque, the greater the load given the torque will increase. The CVT system is still effective for use as a power successor. The power that can be transmitted is still greater than 50%, namely 68%.

Motion, Static Force, and Efficiency Analysis of Planetary Gear Transmission Based on Graph Theory

This paper employs graph theory to analyze kinematic relationships, static force, and power flow for planetary gear systems. We start from the graphs of these trains to determine all the structurally distinct kinematic inversions. We then obtain all the constructive solutions resulting from every possible combination of gear configuration. Based on the kinematic and static force analysis model, related matrices are acquired. Hence, a kinematic and static force analysis of the planetary gear mechanism is achieved. The link power can be determined by the link speed and torque. Power flow diagrams of each gear are acquired. The efficiency is calculated by the transmission ratio method. This analysis is useful in the design of power transmission applications. A planetary gear system of a 6HP26 automatic transmission is further illustrated for the motion, static force, and efficiency calculations by using graph theory technique and matrix equations. This paper provides a guide for engineers in gear transmission fields to easily finish mechanical transmission design.

Study on the Influence of Machining Deviation of Vehicle Automatic Transmission Shifting Control Components on Calibration Parameters

An automatic transmission (AT) shift control model was completed by commercial code Simulation X based on AT shift control system mechanism. The AT shift process under condition of varied machining deviation was analysed by virtual calibration method based on this AT shift model. The results show that the machining deviation of AT shifting control component causes effect on the shift quality, especially affecting the shift impact during the shift process. The machining deviation is larger, accordingly the calibrated parameters such as the hydraulic pressure gradient and the control time increase. It is helpful to improve the shift quality to set the suitable calibration parameters of clutch shift according to different machining deviation.

Dampak Penggunaan Bahan Bakar Pertalite Terhadap Unjuk Kerja Daya, Torsi Dan Konsumsi Bahan Bakar Di Sepeda Motor Bertransmisi Otomatis

This study aims to investigate the effect of using Pertalite fuel on the performance of power, torque and fuel consumption on motorcycles with automatic transmission. The experimental method used by collecting data shows the performance of motorcycles using Pertalite fuel and comparing them to motorcycles using lower octane fuel. Various parameters such as maximum power, maximum torque and fuel consumption were measured and compared between the two groups. The results showed that the use of Pertalite fuel had a positive effect on power performance on automatic transmission motorcycles. The maximum power produced by an engine using Pertalite is higher than that of an engine using low octane fuel. In addition, the use of Pertalite also contributes to an increase in engine torque at certain engine speeds. However, in terms of fuel consumption, although the use of Pertalite has the potential to improve fuel efficiency, the results of this study show significant variations depending on the operating conditions and settings of the motorcycle. This study provides insight into the effect of using Pertalite fuel on the performance of power, torque, and fuel consumption on motorcycles with automatic transmission. The implications of this research can be used by motorcycle manufacturers and consumers in considering the use of fuel according to their needs and preferences.

Longitudinal model identification of multi-gear vehicles using an LPV approach

This paper aims to provide a data-driven approach for modeling the longitudinal dynamics of a typical ground vehicle with a gasoline engine and automatic transmission. In the identification process, a Linear Parameter Varying (LPV) model is considered, whose inputs are throttle level and road grade and whose parameters vary as a function of throttle level and gear number to capture the nonlinear dynamics. Three parametric structures based on time-series modeling (ARX, ARMAX, BJ) are investigated, whose performances are discussed comparatively. In addition to selecting the best structure, an optimization problem is proposed to acquire the optimal model order of these structures. It is shown, using semi-experimental tests on the CarSim® software package, that the dynamics of different vehicles can best be represented by different model orders. To evaluate the versatility and utility of the proposed LPV model, a PI controller is tuned using the model, and the closed-loop performance of the system is compared against the model. It is shown that the LPV model is very accurate in closed-loop settings.

Tribo-thermal simulation study of AMT dry clutch assembly under the continuous sliding grinding condition

Electronic Mechanical Transmission (AMT) is an automatic transmission device that combines hydraulic automatic transmission (AT) with manual transmission (MT). AMT has the advantages of automatic transmission as well as high efficiency, low cost, simple structure, and easy manufacture in the traditional manual transmission system. In dry clutch engagement, the wear of the engagement surface should be minimized to achieve good performance. It is necessary to control some influencing factors during its use. When the car starts, the flywheel and driven disc in the clutch change from a separation state to a full engagement state. When joining, due to the increase in speed of the driven disc, relative sliding occurs between the drive and driven parts, which causes the temperature of the friction surface to rise. If the temperature is too high, the wear of friction plates will be increased, which will reduce the service life and working stability of the clutch. In this study, the coupling field transient analysis of the clutch under continuous sliding wear conditions is carried out, and the clutch temperature change and heat generated by friction are obtained by simulation calculation under the use of simulated clutch holding for 1s. Based on the results of the simulation, the factors that may affect the friction heat generation of the clutch are analyzed.

An Improved Failure Mode and Effect Analysis Model for Automatic Transmission Risk Assessment Considering the Risk Interaction

Failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) is a powerful tool for reliability management that has been widely applied in a variety of areas. The interaction relationship exists in the whole process of FMEA risk assessment, and has an important impact on it. However, few scholars consider the interaction among experts, risk factors, and failure modes in the FMEA framework. Therefore, we propose an improved FMEA method, which comprehensively considers the interaction between each part. First, the Choquet integral is used to improve the incomplete part of the social trust network, then the importance of experts is determined. Second, the Shapley-LINMAP linear programming method based on cloud model is proposed to calculate the weight of risk factors. Finally, the improved decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory method based on cloud model is used to rank the failure modes. By applying the method proposed in this article to the case of automatic transmission (AMT) of new energy vehicles, the effectiveness and superiority can be verified from the comparison analysis with other methods, which enriches the theoretical research of the FMEA method and improves the reliability of risk assessment of AMT.

Delayed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient-Based Energy Management Strategy for Overall Energy Consumption Optimization of Dual Motor Electrified Powertrain

The anxiety-provoking driving range has always been an obstacle to the large-scale popularization of electric vehicles (EVs). To improve the driving range without affecting the driving performance, a Dual-Motor Two-Speed All-Wheel-Drive (DMTS-AWD) electrified powertrain is proposed in this work. The system adopts a motor on the front axle and rear axle, respectively, and the rear motor adopts a two-speed automatic mechanical transmission to improve energy efficiency and dynamic performance. An advanced Delayed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (TD3)-based Energy Management Strategy (EMS) is used to pursue better motor working efficiency with consideration of practicability. In addition, a direct control method without complicating the structure of the actor network is proposed to realize mode selection and torque distribution simultaneously, which is a discrete(mode)-continuous (motor torque) hybrid action space. The simulation results show that the energy consumption of DMTS-AWD with TD3-based EMS improves by 6.44% compared to the Single-Motor Single-Speed (SMSS) powertrain, which is comparable to the global optimization method. Moreover, the proposed EMS in this paper has a faster convergence speed and better adaptability compared with the classic Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG).

Newly Designed Identification Scheme for Monitoring Ice Thickness on Power Transmission Lines

Overhead power transmission line icing (PTLI) disasters are one of the most severe dangers to power grid safety. Automatic iced transmission line identification is critical in various fields. However, existing methods primarily focus on the linear characteristics of transmission lines, employing a two-step process involving edge and line detection for PTLI identification. Nonetheless, these traditional methods are often complicated when confronted with challenges such as background noise or variations in illumination, leading to incomplete identification of the target area, missed target regions, or misclassification of background pixels as foreground. This paper proposes a new iced transmission line identification scheme to overcome this limitation. In the initial stage, we integrate the image restoration method with image filter enhancement to restore the image’s color information. This combined approach effectively retains valuable information and preserves the original image quality, thereby mitigating the noise presented during the image acquisition. Subsequently, in the second stage, we introduce an enhanced multi-threshold algorithm to separate background and target pixels. After image segmentation, we enhance the image and obtain the region of interest (ROI) through connected component labeling modification and mathematical morphology operations, eliminating background regions. Our proposed scheme achieves an accuracy value of 97.72%, a precision value of 96.24%, a recall value of 86.22%, and a specificity value of 99.48% based on the average value of test images. Through object segmentation and location, the proposed method can avoid background interference, effectively solve the problem of transmission line icing identification, and achieve 90% measurement accuracy compared to manual measurement on the collected PTLI dataset.

Transforming farming with intelligence: Smart vibration monitoring and alert system

During the evolution towards digital agriculture, the pivotal role of tractor riding necessitates a focus on improving operator performance and well-being. While most research has centered around vibration analysis, tangible solutions to control elevated vibration levels remain rare. The study aims to introduce an intelligent ThingSpeak-Enabled IoT (Internet of Things) solution that provides real-time monitoring and generates prompt warning alerts for tractor operators when vibrations exceed safe thresholds. The initial phase involved the real-time measurement of WBV (whole-body vibration) and SEAT (seat effective amplitude transmissibility). Following this, the secondary phase encompassed the analysis and validation of the system in cases where WBV and SEAT exceeded the recommended limits. The experimental design comprised 135 trials by systematically varying tractor ride parameters, including average speed (m/s), average depth (m), and pulling force (kN) levels. Daily vibration exposure response ranged from 0.43 m/s² to 0.87 m/s² with a mean exposure of 0.64 m/s2, surpassing the EAV (exposure action value) threshold of 0.5 m/s². The SEAT values ranged between 91.37 and 133.08 with a mean of 108.35, that indicates insufficient seat isolation capacity, i.e., < 100. Statistically, the study ascertained a significant influence of average speed and average depth WBV and SEAT responses at a 5% significance level. It underscores the potential efficacy of altering speed and depth parameters to attenuate vibration exposure levels. Further, the effectiveness of the system was tested through the automatic transmission of warning alerts via emails, text messages, and flashing red LED light on the IoT system. This critical feature provides considerable utility for tractor operators to adjust ride settings, ensuring that the ride remains within safe vibration limits. Furthermore, adopting such an advanced warning system in tractor manufacturing signifies a pioneering step towards sustainably enhancing operator well-being.

Noise analysis and optimization of the gear transmission system for two-speed automatic transmission of pure electric vehicles

Abstract. In this study, the noise of the gear transmission system for two-speed automatic transmission (2EAT) of pure electric vehicles was analyzed and optimized. Firstly, through vehicle noise tests, poor working conditions and noise contribution of each gear pair were determined with the order analysis method. Secondly, a dynamics calculation model and a simulation model of the gear transmission system were established and the poor meshing state of the main reducer gear pair under specific conditions was determined as the main cause of noise. Finally, a genetic algorithm combined the weight method was used for gear modification. After gear modifications, the fluctuation range of transmission error was reduced and the contact condition of the tooth surface was significantly improved.

Design of Control System for Pusher Plate Automatic Loading and Unloading Machine

Aiming at the problem that the automatic loading and unloading system of the lathe is controlled by the electric control, which leads to the aging of the coil and the complicated wiring, this paper designs a control system that can automatically load and unload the material to meet the requirements of high efficiency automatic processing, stability and reliability of the lathe. This system uses Delta PLC as the controller and touch screen control to realize the automatic transmission from the loading machine to the lathe for processing, and then from the lathe to the blanking machine after processing. Equipped with pneumatic system, it can quickly and reliably realize the push and discharge actions. The system can be used in production, reduce the time of loading and unloading, and improve production efficiency.

High nonlinearity of BEV's stepped automatic transmission design objectives and its optimal solution by a novel ISA-RSA

The battery electric vehicle's (BEV's) stepped automatic transmission (SAT) has a significant influence on the power and economic performance of the new-energy vehicle system dynamics. The SAT entails a complex design process, where the transmission ratio parameter and the control strategy are interactively coupled, causing a difficulty in achieving a globally optimal solution. The actual design process involves multiple design objectives and incurs high design costs. The purpose of this study is to explore the variation characteristics of the design objectives of BEV's SAT and propose a transmission parameter optimization design method with reduced design costs. The paper investigates the interactive coupling property of the transmission ratio parameter and the control strategy, analyzing the high nonlinearity of SAT design objectives using the example of two-gear transmission. It proposes a design method that combines a heuristic optimization algorithm and an estimation model (Method Ⅲ), and a design method that utilizes an improved simulated annealing algorithm and a region search algorithm (ISA-RSA, Method Ⅳ). These methods are compared with a design method based on combination tests using the traversing method (Method Ⅰ) and a design method based on the heuristic optimization algorithm (Method Ⅱ). The results indicate that Method I incurs high design costs with limited effectiveness, while Method II exhibits unstable economic performance and integrated design objectives with fluctuations. Method III is highly dependent on the accuracy of the estimated model and performs poorly in optimizing acceleration time. However, Method Ⅳ, with low design costs, demonstrates remarkable optimization ability to solve high nonlinearity problems and exhibits a high probability of converging to the area near the globally optimal solution. This paper also aims to provide a direct solution to high design cost and highly nonlinear design objective problems in other engineering fields.

ANALISA DISTRIBUSI KEKERASAN KOMPONEN MOVABLE PULLEY DRIVEN (MPDN) PADA TRANSMISI KENDARAAN

Transmission on the vehicle is very important component to ensure maximum power transfer from the engine to the wheels. The speed of four-wheeled vehicles is influenced by the transmission system used. Pulley is the component of continuous variable transmission (CVT) which is currently widely used in the automotive industry. The CVT transmission is type of automatic transmission with gearshift process that does not use gears, but uses pulley. The pulley is made of stainless steel. For CVT transmission there are two pulleys, both of which are called driven pulleys. The CVT transmission shift operation is controlled electronically from the computer to drive the two pulleys. These two pulleys can move to the right or to the left, respectively, so that the width of the two pulleys can change to narrow or widen. The drive pulley moves away so the belt will move inward and the same time the driven pulley will narrow so the belt will move further out. The pulley diameter becomes the gear ratio in a CVT transmission. In the CVT transmission process there will be friction between the two surfaces of the pulley and the belt, therefore it is necessary to measure the hardness of the material from the pulley to ensure the vehicle's transmission capability. In this study, the hardness of the pulley material was measured using a Vickers machine according to the ASTM 6507 standard with a given load of 0.3 kg. The measurement results obtained an average value of hardness Vickers (HV) for the pulley material of 473.

Perbandingan Kinerja 4 Mesin ATF Charger untuk Proses Flashing pada Transmisi Toyota Yaris Matic

ABSTRACT&#x0D; This research is an experiment testing several Automatic Transmission Fluid (ATF) charger machines in the Flushing process during oil changes by comparing several ATF machines with the Toyota Yaris automatic transmission hydraulic pump.&#x0D; By knowing the performance of each of these tools, we can recommend a better and more efficient use for automatic car maintenance. The purpose of this study was to compare the ATF Charger Lounch Cat-501s, ATF Charger brand X1, ATF Charger brand X2 with a Toyota Yaris automatic transmission hydraulic pump. By knowing the performance of each of these tools, we can recommend a better and more efficient use for automatic car maintenance. besides that it also aims to find out the maintenance of the automatic transmission on the Toyota Yaris automatic transmission hydraulic pump. The method in this study uses experimental methods by conducting literature studies, sample preparation, group division, treatment implementation, measurement and observation and measurement of the speed of oil entering the transmission during flashing, data analysis, data interpretation, and report generation. The data collected includes efficiency, output power, generated pressure, costs incurred including maintenance costs. In addition, testing was also carried out to evaluate the performance of the Toyota Yaris automatic transmission hydraulic pump when using each type of ATF Charger machine during Flushing. The results showed that the ATF Brand X1 engine had the fastest performance in the process of changing the engine oil for the transmission of the Toyota Yaris automatic car, which was able to drain 1000 ml in 17.65 seconds, the speed was around 850 rpm (revolutions per minute), with an electric voltage of 12 Volts, as well as the cost of procuring the lowest equipment, which is IDR 1,807,530&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: ATF Charger, Toyota Yaris, Matic

A Multi-Enterprise Quality Function Deployment Paradigm with Unstructured Decision-Making in Linguistic Contexts

This paper presents an operational framework of unstructured decision-making approach involving quality function deployment (QFD) in an uncertain linguistic context. Firstly, QFD is extended to the multi-enterprise paradigm in a real-world manufacturing environment. Secondly, hesitant fuzzy linguistic term sets (HFLTSs), which facilitate the management and handling of information equivocality, are designed to construct a house of quality (HoQ) in the product planning process. The technique of computing with words is applied to bridge the gap between mechanisms of the human brain and machine processes with fuzzy linguistic term sets. Thirdly, a multi-enterprise QFD pattern is formulated as an unstructured decision-making problem for alternative infrastructure project selection in a manufacturing organization. The inter-relationships of cooperative partners are directly matched with a back propagation neural network (BPNN) to construct the multi-enterprise manufacturing network. The resilience of the manufacturing organization is considered by formulating an outranking method on the basis of HFLTSs to decide on infrastructure project alternatives. Finally, a real-world example, namely, the prototype manufacturing of an automatic transmission for a vehicle, is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed decision-making approach.

Investigation of Exhaust Emissions Combustion Characteristics in Single Spark Ignition-Engine Matic with Butanol-Gasoline Mixture

Butanol as a fuel has a high oxygen content, so the combustion process will be more friendly to the environment. In this study, butanol will be mixed with RON-90 gasoline with a capacity of 5% (B5); 7%(B7); 10%(B10); 12%(B12); 15%(B15) and 18%(B18). The engine used is an automatic transmission with a capacity of 109.5cc with a compression ratio of 9.5:1. The test equipment for engine performance and exhaust emissions is the 50L BRT Super-Dyno and EPSG4 Gas Analyzer. The results showed that using B18 fuel for CO exhaust emissions decreased by 44% at an engine speed of 6000rpm. CO2 exhaust emissions have decreased by 47% at 8000rpm engine speed. HC exhaust emissions have decreased by 28% at 9000rpm engine speed. In contrast to NOx emissions, which increased by 22% at 9000rpm engine speed, this was due to the increasing temperature in the combustion chamber.

A fast detection method to solve mechanical interference problem in automatic transmission

In the process of configuration synthesis of automatic transmission (AT), it is difficult to eliminate configurations with mechanical interference because the methods used to detect this problem are often not fast and accurate enough. In this paper, we propose a method to fast eliminate the mechanical interference results of ATs with planetary gear train (PGT). A unified digital model is proposed to represent ATs. The digital model can be automatically converted into matrix representation of the detection object. Then, the problem of mechanical interference detection can be transformed into planarity testing problem by matrix representation. Therefore, combining Hopcroft-Tarjan planarity testing algorithm and matrix representation enables fast detection of mechanical interference in AT. Taking some classical AT as examples, the implementation process is illustrated in detail and the accuracy of the results is verified. After testing, the average time taken for a single detection is 0.7913 ms, so it can be used to detect the results of large quantity configuration synthesis. Furthermore, this method can also be integrated in the AT mechanism intelligent design software to assist in the design.

Blood pressure outcomes at 12 months in primary care patients prescribed remote physiological monitoring for hypertension: a prospective cohort study

Remote patient monitoring (RPM) for hypertension enables automatic transmission of blood pressure (BP) and pulse into the electronic health record (EHR), but its effectiveness in primary care is unknown. This pragmatic matched cohort study using EHR data compared BP outcomes between individuals prescribed RPM and temporally-matched controls from six primary care practices. We retrospectively created a cohort of 288 Medicare-enrolled patients prescribed BP RPM (cases) and 1152 propensity score-matched controls (1:4). Matching was based on age, sex, systolic blood pressure (SBP), marital status, and other characteristics. Outcomes at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months were: controlling high BP (most recent BP < 140/90 mm Hg), antihypertensive medication intensification, and most recent SBP assessed using: all measurements, and office measurements only. At baseline, RPM-prescribed patients and controls had similar ages and systolic BP. BP control diverged at 3 months (RPM: 72.2%, control: 51%, p < 0.001). This difference persisted but decreased over follow-up. After 12 months, the RPM-prescribed cohort had greater BP control (RPM: 71.5%, control: 58.1%, p < 0.001) and lower SBP (132.3 versus 136.5 mm Hg, p = 0.003) using all measurements, but they did not differ using only office measurements (12 month BP control: 60.8% versus 58.1%, p = 0.44; SBP: 135.9 versus 136.5 mm Hg, p = 0.91). At 12 months, the most recent BP measurements were more current for RPM-prescribed patients (median [IQR] 8 [0–109] versus 134 [56–239] days). Net increases in antihypertensive medications by 12 months were similar. Implementation of RPM in primary care could inform hypertension management strategies and increase hypertension control. Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05562921.