Design Of Automatic System Research Articles

Delivering the Full Benefits of Maskless Lithography and Adaptive Patterning with Comprehensive Design Automation

Producing design files ready for manufacturing involves numerous tools and different workflows which causes several challenges. With many steps and intermediate files, manual approaches to flow management are likely to miss updating a file and don’t scale for many designs. While the EDA industry offers some automated workflows, manual data imports and processing steps are still quite common. Moreover, when designing for Adaptive Patterning with maskless lithography, a full panel or wafer layout is required, not just a single package. Fully digital exposure without a mask offers the incredible ability to quickly adjust designs based on fab results, allowing an iterative and rapid feedback cycle. However, automation beyond traditional EDA is required to truly take advantage of this capability. This paper will explore Deca’s comprehensive design automation system, called AP Studio, that delivers fast, reliable, and unified flows from layout to production ready artifacts. This system interfaces with various EDA layout tools, exports to a standardized format, performs layout post-processing, generates wafer and panel layouts, prepares the layout for Adaptive Patterning, and produces recipe setup data for fab equipment. Once through the flow, the design can be simulated with AP Engine for verification. Unique aspects of the flow will be presented, including how per-wafer OCR and 2D codes and per-package 2D codes can be imaged directly into metal layers. This extensive design automation not only solves longstanding challenges, but also empowers designers with the full benefits of maskless lithography.

Developing of neural network computing methods for solving inverse elasticity problems

This paper examines the use of neural network methods to solve inverse problems in the mechanics of elastic materials. The aim is to design physics-informed neural networks that can predict the parameters of structural components, and the physical properties of materials based on a specified displacement distribution. A key feature of the specified neural networks is the integration of differential equations and boundary conditions into the loss function calculation. This approach ensures that the error in approximating unknown functions has a direct impact on optimizing the network's weights. As a result, the resulting neural network approximations of unknown functions comply with the differential equations and boundary conditions. To test the capabilities of the designed neural networks, inverse problems involving the bending of plates and beams have been solved, focusing on determining one or two unknown parameters. Comparison of predicted and exact values demonstrates high accuracy of the constructed neural network models, with a relative prediction error of less than 3 % across all cases. Unlike analytical methods for solving inverse problems, the primary advantage of physics-informed neural networks is their flexibility when addressing both linear and nonlinear problems. For instance, the same network architecture can be employed to solve various boundary-value problems without modification. Compared to classical numerical methods, the parallelization capability of neural networks is inherently supported by modern software libraries. Therefore, the application of physics-informed neural networks for solving inverse elasticity problems of plates and beams is effective, as evidenced by the achieved relative errors and the computational robustness of the method. In practice, the proposed solution can be used for relevant calculations during the design of structural elements. The developed software code can also be integrated into automated design systems or computer algebra systems

Human Vision as A Multi-Circuit Mathematical Model of the Automated Control System

Abstract The paper contains a proposal an original, extended mathematical model of an automatic system of human vision reaction to a forcing light pulse. A comprehensive mathematical model of the vision process was proposed in the form of an equation described in the frequency (dynamics) domain. Mathematical modelling of human senses is very important. It enables better integration of automation systems with a human cooperating with them, also as an automation system. This provides the basis for reasoning based on a mathematical model instead of intuitive reasoning about human reactions to visual stimuli. A block diagram of the proposed system with five human reaction paths is given. The following can be distinguished in the scheme: the main track consisting of: the transport delay of the eye reaction, the transport delay of the afferent nerves, the inertia of the brain with a preemptive action, the transport delay of the centrifugal nerves and the inertial and transport delay of the neuromotor system. In addition, the scheme of the system includes four tracks of negative feedback of motor and force reactions: upper eyelid, lower eyelid, pupil and lens. In the proposed model, the components of each path along with their partial mathematical models are given and discussed. For each reaction path, their overall mathematical models are also given. Taking into account the comprehensive models of all five reaction paths, a complete mathematical model of the automatic system of human reaction to a forcing light impulse is proposed. The proposed mathematical model opens up many possibilities for synchronizing it with mathematical models of many mechatronics and automation systems and their research. Optimizing the parameters of this model and its synchronization with specific models of automation systems is difficult and requires many numerical experiments. This approach enables the design of automation systems that are better synchronized with human reactions to existing stimuli and the selection of optimal parameters of their operation already in the design phase. The proposed model allows, for example, accurate determination of difficulty levels in computer games. Another example of the use of the proposed model is the study of human reactions to various situations generated virtually, for example in flight simulators and other similar ones.

Computer simulation of the operability of an electrical circuit in design automation systems

Computer simulation of the operability of an electrical circuit in design automation systems

Формообразование задней поверхности многогранных твердосплавных пластин на шлифовально-заточных станках с ЧПУ

The purpose of the work is to obtain a mathematical expression for calculating the coordinates of the workpiece center in relative movements in accordance with the third shap ing scheme. A certain algorithm for modeling the third kinematic scheme of forming a part with a tool can be implemented by means of an automatic design system. It is noted that the main shaping movements – translational in the direction of the X axis, rotational around the B and C axes are controlled by a numerical control system. This method of grinding makes it possible to process the rear surfaces of plates of any shape, including plates with a clearance angle on the edges and tops. The models of the tool I and the workpiece are shown in the ini tial II and one of the intermediate positions III, the models of the workpiece and the tool for their various relative positions. A relationship has been established between the corresponding translational and rotational motion of the workpiece. The obtained dependences were used in the preparation of control programs on the VZ-700F4 machine tool for grinding multifaceted carbide inserts along the contour.

INDUSTRIAL DEVICE CONTROL USING WI-FI MODULE

This paper presents a design and prototype implementation of new industrial automation system that uses Wi-Fi technology as a network infrastructure connecting its parts. The proposed system is better from the scalability and flexibility point of view than the commercially available industrial automation systems. In Industry we have different types of loads at different locations. We can control all loads at a same time from one place (control room) without connecting any physical wire between loads and control room, in this paper we are using WI-FI module, IOT, relay, voltage sensor, current sensor, speed sensor. In this paper Wi-Fi is being used by phone and the loads are operated with it. In this paper we should not connect AC loads directly to microcontroller since AC may enter into controller due to this our controller may bedestroyed. To avoid such type of drawback we need some drivers. In this paper weare using relay as load controller. Key word: Sensor, Microcontroller, IOT, Motor, Relay

Investigation of the quality of the frame surface when modeling the hull of a vessel depending on the type of frame lines in the Compass 3D CAD

The article provides a brief overview of the CAD systems used in the field of shipbuilding. The potential possibilities of using the domestic computer-aided design system COMPASS 3D in shipbuilding in the task of three-dimensional modeling of the theoretical surface of the hull are shown. The methods of modeling the surface of the ship's hull using the Compass 3D CAD in the form of a frame surface, in which the shaping sections are various types of vessel contours: frames, buttocks and lines. A method for checking the simulated frame surface using control sections is proposed. A comparative analysis of the quality of surfaces obtained by different methods of its formation has been carried out according to a number of proposed quantitative indicators characterizing the smoothness and accuracy of the surface. The influence of the introduction of intermediate sections into the frame set on the quality indicators of the frame surface is analyzed. The results of a quantitative comparative analysis of the quality of the frame surface depending on the type of frame lines are presented. It has been shown that an increase in the total number of forming lines in the frame does not necessarily lead to an increase in the quality of the simulated surface. The results of the work may be of practical interest in the tasks of modeling and evaluating the quality of frame surfaces for various purposes, set by a set of sections in various planes, and will also help in choosing an automated design system for shipbuilding enterprises.

Modeling the appearance of food technologies in the Sixth technological order

The article is devoted to some aspects of creating technologies for the future of the Russian agro-industrial complex. The focus is on the dialectical approach to developing complex agro-industrial complex technologies as a synergetic complex of processes for transforming agricultural raw materials into food products. The range of issues discussed includes: the possible appearance of agro-industrial complex technologies in the Sixth Technological Wave from the standpoint of applied philosophy; the dialectical inevitability of increasing complexity of agro-industrial complex technologies; development of automatic design systems and research automation systems; productive labor of a scientist and engineer of the agro-industrial complex in the Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Technological Waves; the condition for a technological breakthrough into the future of the Russian agro-industrial complex; the dialectic of revolutionary and evolutionary approaches to the development of food technologies. During a leap in the development of food technology, both a radical change in its structure and a surge in functional capabilities occur, as a result of which internal contradictions are weakened. Therefore, with the achievement of a new, higher level of technology organization, there are fewer contradictions with clearly expressed inhibiting factors. However, the contradictions do not disappear completely; instead of some, others appear, but, as a rule, less acute, i.e., characteristic of a higher level of organization. Further development of technology occurs in the form of evolutionary changes: improvement of processes and modernization of equipment. To create innovative technologies, it is necessary to: analyze modern technologies of the Russian agro-industrial complex and their technical support from the point of view of the possibility and expediency of creating in the future systemic technological complexes of industrial production and processing of agricultural products into food products; develop promising programs of search, fundamental, applied and experimental design work with state budget financing on end-to-end technologies of the systemic complex for the period up to the second half of the 21st century and beyond; organize the training of scientific and engineering personnel by combining universities of agricultural and food profiles.

State of the art and future directions of digital twin-enabled smart assembly automation in discrete manufacturing industries

ABSTRACT Digital twin (DT) technology is increasingly recognised for its potential to transform the manufacturing industry, particularly in assembly automation. By offering real-time insights and optimisation capabilities, DTs enhance efficiency, reduce costs, and improve product quality. This paper critically reviews DT-enabled smart factories in assembly automation, aiming to evaluate the current state, identify common practices, and propose a taxonomy for standardisation. The taxonomy outlines key factors in DT-enabled systems, including data sources, visualisation, applications, functional outputs, digital coupling, and IoT protocols. These classifiers help navigate the complex frameworks of DTs, guiding the design and implementation of assembly automation systems. Through a comprehensive analysis of 60 key publications, the review categorises DT objectives, propositions, and implementation technologies, identifying common themes and addressing gaps in current research. The findings emphasise the importance of integrating DTs with existing systems, ensuring reliability and security in data-driven DTs, and pursuing sustainable solutions beyond energy-intensive industries. This review not only informs future research but also provides a framework to guide industry practices in the development of DT-enabled assembly automation systems.

Modelling of Steel Concrete Composite Elements Cross-Sections with Adhesive Connections

Abstract Nowadays, complex steel-concrete composite structures are widely used, which combine the advantages and eliminate the disadvantages of similar metal and rein-forced concrete structures. With the help of the LIRALAND software complex (automated design system), which is effectively used in the scientific and practical field of the construction industry of Ukraine, the article presents the study of composite cross-sections taking into account the modern experience of foreign specialists. Numerical modelling with the help of the “Section Designer” software module of “LIRA-SAPR” makes it possible to reliably assess the performance of structural elements, taking into account changes in a significant number of studied parameters.

Разработка датчика для анализа процессов взаимодействия заряженных частиц и контроля содержания радиоактивных элементов

Of great interest are the processes associated with the results of interaction of charged particles accelerated to energies of several giga-electron volts; they can be applied in the most modern science and technology. To obtain maximum information about the interaction of charged particles in accelerators, special radiation sensors are required that operate in the corresponding sections of the spectrum, both simple ones, such as cathode and photo luminescent detectors, and complex highly sensitive vacuum equipment that not only records even very weak radiation, but also significantly amplifies it. In this work, an automated calculation of the electron-optical and amplifying system of the device will be carried out, a photocathode will be selected, a design of the vacuum block of the sensor will be proposed, and its electric power supply modes will be indicated. Materials and methods. Theoretical analysis based on the studied specialized literature and practical work experience. Development of high-tech products using the automated design system. Optimization and system analysis. Results. An automated calculation of the electron-optical and amplifying system of a photomultiplier-type device with micro-channel amplification was performed, a photocathode was selected, and conditions for minimizing noise during radiation monitoring were provided. Based on the calculations performed, a design of the vacuum block of the sensor was proposed, its electrical power supply modes were specified, and technological issues were considered. Discussion. The modes of operation of the radiation sensor were identified, providing conditions for minimizing noise in operation, concerning the energy of photoelectrons approaching the secondary electron multipliers, the configuration of the signal beam. The design of the radiation sensor of the PMT type was developed, providing the required high levels of the main parameters: sensitivity threshold, signal gain coefficient, photoelectron collection coefficient, anode dark current, and response speed. Conclusion. A critical analysis of approaches to the study of the interaction process of charged particles and experimental means was carried out. The design of a highly efficient radiation sensor was developed, its optimization was carried out in terms of increasing the efficiency of interaction of photoelectrons with the amplification system. An assembly drawing of the vacuum block design was developed, the most important technological issues of its manufacture were resolved. Resume. The results of the work can be useful in setting up experiments to study the processes of interaction of particles accelerated to energies of several giga-electron volts, as well as in the development of devices using ultraviolet radiation, including medical ones.

Design and Implementation of an IOT-based Smart Home Automation System in Real World Scenario

INTRODUCTION: Automation developments have significantly increased general convenience in modern technology. Our study focuses on developing and deploying an Internet of Things (IoT)–enabled smart home automation system that maximizes energy efficiency and improves convenience in residential settings. Our technology provides homes with an intelligent environment by smoothly combining several sensors, actuators, and communication protocols. We explore the challenges of creating a reliable and useful smart home systemthat works well in everyday situations. We investigate the difficulties, architectural issues, communication protocols, and security features specific to these systems.OBJECTIVES: This project aims to use a database server and Wi-Fi module to develop an effective and reasonably priced smart home automation system. It improves accessibility and convenience by enabling smartphone voice control of household appliances.METHODS: This project was developed using various implementation techniques, including wireless home automation via GSM technology, speech recognition-based systems, Blynk, and the Internet of Things. These techniques added up to a reliable and effective smart home system.RESULTS: Although it improved user routines, the IoT-based smart home system had latency problems. Interoperability issues are still present. Improvements were guided by user input. Using Blynk, our software manages loads remotely. CONCLUSION: A home automation system that is inexpensive and locally supplied can effectively operate household appliances. It is adaptable, scalable, and a component of future smart homes. IoT applications in real life revolutionize convenience and efficiency in living environments.

Design and Construction of Fan and Bulb Automation System

The automation system described in this project leverages the power of Bluetooth wireless communication to control the bulb and fan. The system utilize readily available components such as Arduino Uno, HC-05 Bluetooth module, and 4-channel relay module, it provides a cost-effective solution for creating a smart environment. The Arduino Uno acts as the central controller, receiving commands wirelessly via the Bluetooth module and subsequently controlling the power supply to connect devices through the relay module. This allows users to remotely turn on or off devices such as bulbs and fans, providing convenience and energy efficiency. The measured response times for turning on/off the fan and bulb in the automation system were found to be 15.47 μs for turning on the fan, 15.20 μs for turning off the fan, and 16.27 μs for turning on/off the bulb. These results indicate that the system is highly efficient and reliable in controlling the devices. Future enhancements can include the implementation of security measures to protect against unauthorized access and integration with other smart devices. The Bluetooth automation system showcases the potential for creating affordable and customizable automation solutions using easily accessible components

APPROACHES TO IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF CONSTRUCTING INNOVATIVE TECHNIQUES

Design activity is a creative process that almost entirely depends on the professional abilities of the engineer-designer, but his ability to realize his capabilities in the shortest possible time is largely determined by the use of the achieved successes in the design of parts of assemblies and whole products. Modern design activity at a machine-building enterprise can be conventionally reduced to two directions: the design of fundamentally new innovative equipment and the improvement of products that have already been mastered and are delivered to the market. In both the first and second cases, block-modular design can be used to shorten the entire production cycle, which involves the creation of products based on modules and blocks. Modern mechanical engineering is characterized by constant complication and frequent replacement of machine designs, therefore, when designing and further manufacturing a large number of machines, it is necessary, first of all, to divide their design into independent assembly units, that is, aggregates, so that they all perform certain functions in the machine. This approach will make it possible to organize the specialized production of nodes as independent products, the performance of the main functions of which can be checked independently of the entire machine as a whole at any stage. The development of optimal layout schemes makes it possible to create, depending on the type of production, conditions for the most economical use of aggregates and to determine the sequence of their operation in one or another layout. Modern machine-building companies implement a large number of different automated IT systems, which together create a virtual enterprise and cover all stages of the product life cycle (CALS - Computer Aided Acquisition and Life-Cycle Support - automation of continuous supplies and product life cycle). Accelerating the pace of innovation processes is a crucial condition for increasing the efficiency of the enterprise's financial and economic activities and the quality of products. Automation of design processes is especially effective when moving from the automation of individual engineering calculations to complex automation, creating automated design systems (CAD) for this purpose. CAD is a complex necessary for data processing in the conditions of design and technological preparation of production. The CAD complex includes systems as structural elements - specialized parts aimed at solving tasks at a specific stage of design: design, engineering calculations (CAD-K), technological preparation of production (CAD-T). CAD-K and CAD-T systems are parts of CAD, which are characterized by specific features that ensure the implementation of various design tasks and the receipt of appropriate design solutions and design documentation. The entire complex of aspects that make up the CAD complex must be formed individually for each specific machine-building enterprise with taking into account the main parameters. The application of such approaches as a whole helps to increase the efficiency of the design of innovative technology.

Smart Poultry Farm Automation

Our case-study paper entitled "Smart Poultry Farm Automation" aims to enhance the efficiency and productivity of poultry farming through the application of advanced automation technologies. Poultry farming plays a crucial role in meeting the growing global demand for poultry products. However, traditional farming methods often face challenges related to labor intensity, resource management, and monitoring. This project proposes the design and implementation of a comprehensive automation system for poultry farms. The system will integrate sensors, actuators, and IoT (Internet of Things) technologies to automate various tasks such as environmental control, feeding, watering, and health monitoring of poultry. Real-time data collection and analysis will enable farmers to optimize farm conditions, improve bird health, and minimize resource wastage. Key components of the proposed system include environmental sensors for monitoring temperature, humidity, and ventilation; automated feeders and waterers controlled by IoT devices; and health monitoring systems utilizing image processing or sensor data for early disease detection. The system will be designed to provide farmers with remote access and control through a user-friendly interface, allowing them to monitor farm operations and receive alerts or notifications. The expected outcomes of this project include increased productivity, reduced operational costs, improved animal welfare, and better decision-making for farmers. By leveraging automation and IoT technologies, the proposed system will contribute to the modernization and sustainability of poultry farming practices

Analysis of automatic design systems

The process of designing and developing a control program begins after the previous stage of the product life cycle has been completed and it begins with the work of the design bureau. It develops new design solutions, and the technical specification for the required product is agreed with the customer. Based on this, a product drawing with technical requirements is created, which is usually transmitted to the department (technologists-programmers), which is directly involved in the design and development of process control for the product. At this stage, as a rule, the technologist consults with the developer of the drawing for the required product to obtain complete information about the product in order to eliminate any errors. Such cases are not excluded when, from this moment on, the drawing is returned for revision to the department of the design bureau due to the inability to sell the product in metal due to lack of industrial capacity or poor design solutions that make the description of the manufacturing technology impossible. After receiving the terms of reference, the next step is the development of the technological process. The technological process must be compiled technically competently in accordance with the internal standards of the enterprise (everyone may have their own, but the structure of the compilation is the same) and be informative enough at least to eliminate the high probability of defects during manufacture. As statistics show, in many enterprises, the overwhelming percentage of defects appears due to the negligent attitude of operators of CNC machines due to deviations from the technological process.

Creation of a digital model of the location based on raster image in Topocad automated design system

Problem. This article analyzes and generalizes the technology of building a digital model of the area based on a raster image in the Topocad automated design system. The functional capabilities of this software complex and the features of creating digital models of the terrain and situation are considered. The methods of transformation of raster images, construction of situational elements and tools for editing the digital model of the terrain are presented. The issue of creating a digital spatial model based on a raster image is currently quite relevant due to the limited possibility of using paper media. The use of cartographic materials in digital format is becoming increasingly popular nowadays. Cartographic materials in paper form become unusable over time. A simple and reliable way to save cartographic materials is to transform them into digital terrain models. Goal. The purpose of this article is to analyze and generalize the technology of building a digital terrain model based on a raster image in the Topocad automated design system, consider the functionality of this software complex and the features of creating digital models of the terrain and situation. Methodology. The technical parameters and functionality of the Topocad software complex were analyzed. Topocad is an automated design (CAD) system, created specifically for processing the results of planar and linear surveys, creating CMM, preparing topographic drawings, geodetic support for construction, surveying support for the development of mineral deposits, collecting and updating GIS data. Results. The Topocad software complex is intended for the creation of an engineering digital model of the area based on the data of engineering and geodetic surveys, the preparation of the CMM for further design, and the release of topographic plans and tablets based on it. Materials and data created with the help of the Topocad program can be successfully used as a spatial basis for geo-information, cadastral and other systems of various purposes, conducting large-scale regular plans. The general principles of work extend to the creation and editing of all geometric elements, determination of the planned position of the thematic objects of the situation, construction of surface elements, etc. Each type of element has its own creation, editing and deletion commands. Originality. The considered sequence of works is quite simple and allows you to save paper cartographic materials. Practical value. The considered approach allows designers to use automated design systems when solving any tasks in the case of the availability of initial data in the form of a paper map, which will significantly simplify the complexity of the work, reduce its execution time and improve the quality of design results.

APPLICATION OF AUTOCAD SYSTEM FOR COMPUTER DESIGN IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TECHNOLOGIES

Environmental protection technologies touch different issues, including modern technologies and the latest materials in the decoration of interiors and exteriors, modern equipment for ventilation, interior heating, modern lighting systems and energy-saving technologies, modern methods of project activities of an interior or exterior designer. AutoCad automated design system is a technology that allows you to ensure predictability, speed and quality of work with projects when creating and applying environmental protection and interior and exterior elements. The ability to develop accurate models and perform visualization in 3D improves the perception of what is being designed or developed.

Pendampingan Program Technocreator dan Perancangan Kurikulum Ekstrakurikuler Robotik untuk SMAK 1 BPK Penabur Bandung

This community service establishes a collaborative effort between Parahyangan Catholic University and SMAK 1 BPK PENABUR Bandung to enhance the TechnoCreator program through community involvement. The program aims to enhance students' understanding of electronics by incorporating advanced technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT) and machine learning. It also introduces the concepts of Industry 4.0 and technopreneurship. The research entailed conducting a series of focused group talks, often known as focus groups, to ascertain the material and learning requirements. Additionally, an extracurricular curriculum for robotics was developed. The outcomes are the creation of novel educational programs, maintenance of guest lectures, strategic planning for the construction of an ESP32-based Internet of Things kit, the design of a prototype industrial automation system, and the implementation of a supplementary robotics program aimed at enhancing students' preparedness for advanced studies in electrical engineering. The activity also seeks to facilitate the transfer of students from secondary education to college. The result implies that this project effectively enhances student learning experiences and can be used as a blueprint for comparable technology education programs in the future.

Design of Instrumentation and Control Components of Power Distribution Systems

Introduction. In recent years, the development of high-voltage power systems has received a boost due to the need for infrastructural support for priority development areas. Universal models and algorithms are required to implement processes in power components and identify their optimal parameters. However, there are no such solutions. Accordingly, there are no ready-made subsystems with control and optimization algorithms adequate to the tasks under consideration. The objective of the presented research is to develop an optimization subsystem for the design of control and measurement components of power distribution systems.Materials and Methods. Methods for constructing automated design systems, optimization, system analysis, mathematical modeling, and adaptive control were used. When selecting methods, we proceeded from the fact that the components of power distribution systems consisted of a finite number of elements. The synthesis of a power system includes tens or hundreds of sequential operations. This was taken into account in the developed models and algorithms.Results. The possibilities of managing and monitoring manufacturing processes (MP) for the production of components of low-voltage power distribution systems were shown in terms of checking the operability and correct functioning of processing equipment. A modular structure was created to allow the integration of CAD output files into the manufacturing processes of energy distribution system components. A functional diagram of a subsystem for control and monitoring of the manufacturing processes of the production of components of power distribution systems was developed. The proposed schematic diagram of production control showed how the data collection subsystem, management system, and operating mechanisms were involved in the control of operations. The multi-level optimization module model created within the framework of this research sequentially optimized the service intensity of the i-th block, the input flow separation coefficients, and the priorities of the original data flows that form the input flow of the i-th block.Discussion and Conclusion. The combined application of modeling, system analysis, and optimization methods maintains control of the accuracy of the generated power components. The algorithm for controlling electrical loads opens up opportunities for creating a mathematical model of a power supply system that combines management, control, and monitoring, which ultimately leads to an improvement in the quality of electric power. The solution can be in demand in the development of power systems of priority development areas.