Automatic Control Device Research Articles

Automatic microprocessor-based performance diagnostics of switches of pneumatic transportation system

The article dwells on the up-to-date issues of the automatic microprocessor-based diagnostics of the automatic switches, which are a part of the pneumatic sample capsule transportation for an assay with the maximum use of the automatic control devices. A structural diagram of the pneumatic transport system has been developed. The article deals with the functioning of the main components of the pneumatic transport system. An algorithm for the functioning of the microprocessor control system in the diagnostic mode is developed and the structural diagram of the algorithm is shown. A scheme of a microprocessor control system for the components of a pneumatic transport system has been developed.

Automatic diagnostics of switches of pneumatic transportation system

The article dwells on the up-to-date issues of the automatic microprocessor-based diagnostics of the automatic switches, which are a part of the pneumatic sample capsule transportation for an assay with the maximum use of the automatic control devices. A structural diagram of the pneumatic transport system has been developed. The article deals with the functioning of the main components of the pneumatic transport system. An algorithm for the functioning of the microprocessor control system in the diagnostic mode is developed and the structural diagram of the algorithm is shown. A scheme of a microprocessor control system for the components of a pneumatic transport system has been developed.

Integrated system for the use of solar energy in the animal farm

The introduction of the unique technologies of development of solar energy (SE) actual energy, economic and environmental problems. The main obstacles are the instability and distraction SE, low technical and economic indicators of the known systems and installations for SE. Existing combined systems partially eliminate these drawbacks. For their wide distribution requires a fundamental modernization, taking into account the peculiarities of technological processes. It is proposed to develop a new energy-saving technology and an integrated system for livestock farms. The new system performs these functions - it recycles heat organize their movement and accumulation, smooth’s out the uneven SE. The main components of the system are: solar power plant (SPP), milk cooler, climate unit, heat pump (HP), the battery heat, automatic control system and device heating and hot water. The main goal - lower cost of the energy produced and the elimination of the uneven SE, compared to known SPP, is achieved through the flow of energy from the sources mentioned above.

The device for automatic locking of inter-wheel differential of wheeled tractor

The efficient operation of the wheeled tractor is largely determined by such operating property as permeability. To increase it, the automatic interlock differential locking systems are used, which block it only when the wheeled tractor turns, and in case of rectilinear motion the differential is in the unlocked state. This reduces the permeability of the wheeled tractor in severe road conditions with its rectilinear movement. The authors propose an automatic device for locking and unlocking an inter-wheel differential operating on the basis of a generalized information parameter-the difference in the frequencies of rotation of the driving wheels of one axis when the tractor moves both in straight run and during turning. It consists of a device switch, a clutch with friction discs to lock the differential; Hydraulic actuation of its operation, consisting of a tank, a pump, a reducing valve, an electromagnetic two-position spool with a winding; two speed sensors of the first and second driving wheels; adder with two inputs and an output, inputs connected to the first and second speed sensors; amplifier output connected to the coil of the spool. When it reaches the set difference of speeds of the wheels of the drive axle is generated a control voltage which is amplified and fed to the winding spool. Moving, it ensures the inclusion of the differential lock. When the difference in the rotational speeds of the driving wheels is reduced to zero, the inter-wheel differential is automatically unlocked. The use of the developed device for automatic control of interlocking and unlocking of the inter-wheel differential, in comparison with the known, provides increased permeability of the wheeled tractor.

Toughness of Railroad Concrete Crossties with Holes and Web Openings

Prestressed concrete sleepers (or railroad ties) are principally designed in order to carry wheel loads from the rails to the ground of railway tracks, as well as to secure rail gauge for safe train travels. Their design takes into account static and dynamic loading conditions. In spite of prestressed concrete crossties being most commonly used in railway tracks, there have always been many demands from rail engineers to improve the serviceability and functionality of concrete crossties. For example, signaling, fiber optic, equipment cables are often damaged either by ballast corners or by the tamping machine. There has been a need to re-design concrete crossties to incorporate cables internally so that they would not experience detrimental or harsh environments. Also, many concrete crossties need a retrofit for an automatic train control device and similar signaling equipment. In contrast, the effects of holes and web openings on the structural capacity of concrete crossties have not been thoroughly investigated. This paper accordingly highlights the experimental investigations into the effect of holes and web openings on the toughness and ductility of concrete crossties. The key outcome of this research is to enable a better decision making process for retrofitting prestressed concrete crossties with holes and web openings in practice.

Evaluation of Repeatability and reproducibility of CMM equipment

Requirements for measurement accuracy are constantly increasing, as are the requirements for evaluating quantifiable characteristics measurement systems. Among engineering fields, the highest requirements are placed on measuring systems in the automotive and aerospace industries. Specialized automatic control and measurement devices that evaluate specific parameters of components are being increasingly used in high-volume mass production. The issue of variation and uniformity of measurement results within the supply chain of today is an everyday topic of discussion among quality assurance representatives of both parties.The article describes an experiment, in which an experimental test pattern was gradually measured using CMM in a controlled environment of metrology laboratory and then the test part was measured by a workshop CMM, which was equipped with temperature compensation system, in an uncontrolled environment. After securing a statistically relevant amount of data, both measured files were analyzed to verify repeatability and reproducibility, the parameters which are crucial in terms of production practice.

일반촬영 자동노출제어장치 사용 시 잔존 CT 조영제와 MRI 조영제에 따른 면적선량의 상관성 연구

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of CT contrast agent and MRI contrast agent on the area dose in the body when using automatic exposure control system in general radiography. After making rectangular holes in the center of the abdominal thickness paraffin phantom, CT contrast agent and MRI contrast agent were respectively diluted with physiological saline solution for contrast medium dilution ratio of 10:0, 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5, 4:6, 3:7, 2:8, 1:9, 0:10%. Each experiment was set to 78 kVp, 320 mA, which is the proper condition for KUB photography, and thereafter a total of 30 inspections were made for each dilution ratio using an automatic exposure control device, and the area dose corresponding to the dilution ratio of each contrast agent, Average comparison and correlation analysis were performed on the exposure index. As a result, the CT contrast agent and the MRI contrast agent appeared different in area dose according to the dilution ratio(p<0.05), and as the dilution ratio increased, the area dose increased for CT contrast agent and MRI contrast agent(P<0.05). In each test, the exposure index showed the manufacturer's recommendation of 200-800 EI value, and the exposure index and area dose increased as the area dose increased(p<0.05). In conclusion, CT contrast agent and MRI contrast agent confirmed to increase the area dose by general imaging test using all automatic exposure control device. Therefore, it is considered that it is necessary to perform it after the contrast medium has been excreted sufficiently when using usual imaging test after using the contrast agent in CT and MRI examination.

Інваріантна адаптація системи керування літаком при виникненні аварійної ситуації в польоті

Мета: Метою даної статті є розробка методу для компенсації наслідків відмов системи автоматичного керування літаком під час польоту. Методи: В статті розглянуто підхід, заснований на методах теорії абсолютної нелінійної інваріантності. Результати: Наведено приклад випадку компенсації відмови руля висоти за допомогою вирішення рівняння абсолютної інваріантності для кута тангажу літака. Представлено синтез пристрою автоматичного керування кутами орієнтації літального апарату на основі аналізу рівнянь абсолютної нелінійної інваріантності. Обговорення: Використання реконфігурації системи керування літаком для забезпечення його живучості у польоті є перспективним напрямком. При цьому, розвиток концепції управління рухом літального апарату з використанням теорії абсолютної інваріантності дозволить реалізувати ефективний метод керування польотом, який буде мати переваги в порівнянні з існуючими методами.

Obstacle avoidance under automated steering: Impact on driving and gaze behaviours

Within the context of more and more autonomous vehicles, an automatic lateral control device (AS: Automatic Steering) was used to steer the vehicle along the road without drivers’ intervention. The device was not able to detect and avoid obstacles. The experiment aimed to analyse unexpected obstacle avoidance manoeuvres when lateral control was delegated to automation. It was hypothesized that drivers skirting behaviours and eye movement patterns would be modified with automated steering compared with a control situation without automation. Eighteen participants took part in a driving simulator study. Steering behaviours and eye movements were analysed during obstacle avoidance episodes. Compared with driving without automation, skirting around obstacles was found to be less effective when drivers had to return from automatic steering to manual control. Eye movements were modified in the presence of automatic steering, revealing further ahead visual scanning of the driving environment. Resuming manual control is not only a problem of action performance but is also related to the reorganisation of drivers’ visual strategies linked to drivers’ disengagement from the steering task. Assistance designers should pay particular attention to potential changes in drivers’ activity when carrying out development work on highly automated vehicles.

On statistical models of the amplitude and the duration of pulsed electromagnetic interference in automatic-control and telemechanic channels of subway lines

On the basis of the results of experimental studies of the interference from the traction current of subway trains, the distribution type of this interference has been established. Approximation of experimental data by an analytical expression based on the Pearson curve family underlies the proposed method. The approximation is performed by calculating the first four distribution moments. The common array of the initial data on the electromagnetic interference is divided into two parts, depending on the type of the rolling stock—either with the switched-on-off tracking regenerative-rheostatic braking system or without it. The 7‒10-min recordings of the data on the traction current for trains with or without regenerative braking have been processed. To normalize the experimental data, the mathematical expectation estimate is subtracted from the former and the obtained values are divided by the estimate of the standard deviation. The resulting new data array has normalized properties, i.e., the zero mathematical expectation and a unit standard deviation. Then, from the normalized data array, the first four sampling moments are found, on the basis of which the corresponding Pearson curve is selected. The method underlies the estimation of the distribution density of the pulsed interference amplitude and the duration of the electromagnetic interference pulses. It has been shown that, in all 12 frequency ranges from 50 to 780 Hz that are used in subway automatic control and telemechanical devices, the distribution density of the pulsed interference amplitude and the interference pulse duration can be described by the analytical expression of the β-distribution of the first and second kind.

Research methodology simplification for teaching purposes illustrated by clutch automatic control device testing

The paper proves that simplified, shorter examination of an object, feasible in laboratory classes, can produce results similar to those reached in scientific investigation of the device using extensive equipment. A thorough investigation of an object, an automatic clutch device in this case, enabled identifying the magnitudes that most significantly affect its operation. The knowledge of these most sensitive magnitudes allows focusing in the teaching process on simplified measurement of only selected magnitudes and verifying the given object in the positive or negative.

진단영상 시스템에서 선량크리프 현상의 최소화를 위한 고감도 AEC 센서에 관한 연구

선량 크리프는 임상적 오류 중 하나로 검사자의 미숙 또는 부주의에 기인하여 발생하는 현상으로 AAPM Task Group #116에 의하면 디지털 방식의 시스템에서 지속적인 발생이 보고되고 있다. 이러한 현시점에서 선량 크리프 현상을 최소화할 뿐만 아니라 재현성 향상이 가능한 자동노출제어장치의 요구가 증가하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 제작이 쉬울 뿐만 아니라 고효율 반도체 센서에 대한 연구를 수행함으로써 선량 크리프 현상을 저감할 수 있는 자동노출제어장치의 센서에 대하여 고찰하고자 하였다. 연구 수행 결과, 제작된 I형 센서 및 PIN형 센서의 경우 Ref 센서와 비교하면 광학적 특성이 우수하여 음영효과가 적게 나타날 것으로 사료되고, 대체로 낮은 민감도 특성이 나타나지만, 조사 조건 변화에 따른 일정한 추세를 가짐으로써 정확한 피드백 신호를 자동노출제어장치에 제공할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. Dose creep is one of clinical errors that arises from the tester's inexperience or carelessness, and according to Task Group #116 of American Association of Physicists in Medicine, its continued occurrence is being reported in the digital method. At this point, the demand for an automatic exposure control device that minimizes the dose creep phenomenon and can improve reproducibility is increasing. In this study is to consider the automatic exposure control device sensor that can is not only easy to produce, but also reduce the dose creep phenomenon by conducting a research on high-efficient semiconductor sensor. As a result, the Intrinsic-type and PIN-type sensors have excellent optical property compared to Ref sensor, would have less shading effect, and have relatively low sensitivity, but would provide accurate feedback signals to automatic exposure control device with its consistent tendency according to exposure condition changes.

Erratum to: Principles of a Prototype Model of a Device for Automatic Control of Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation Procedures

Erratum to: Principles of a Prototype Model of a Device for Automatic Control of Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation Procedures

Principles of a Prototype Model of a Device for Automatic Control of Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation Procedures

The article is to present a prototype of a device intended for automatic control of the cardiopulmonary resuscitation outside the hospital. For the assessment of a patient’s condition the device uses the vital parameters: respiratory noises and vibrations of the walls of the carotid arteries. The device is made in the form of a «surgical collar» and does not requires extra actions to fix the sensors to a patient’s body. Resuscitation is performed with sound and light signals of different types for cardiac compressions and artificial respiration.

Designing of Tension Control Device to Minimize Tension Variation across Weaver's Beam

The tension variations across the width of the weaver's beam cause uneven tension in the fabric formation zone. As a result of the tension variation, the woven fabric tends to have fabric defects, such as non-uniform fabric density and differential dye take–up at various places on the fabric. As the warp ends are continuously subjected to varying tensions, warp breakage frequently occurs. As a result, the quality of the fabric produced suffers and there is reduced loom efficiency. However, uniformity in the fabric density is crucial, especially for technical and smart textiles. In this paper, the authors have attempted to model the varyingtensions across different segments of a warp sheet under a set of assumptions and derived a linear model. Furthermore, a prototype of an automatic tension control device is instrumentedwith two different positions which are located one meter apart and allows the tension variations across the warp-sheet to be practically observed. The measured average tension shows that variations in the internal tension on different segments of the warp-sheet can be minimized or even completely eliminated over time. With the implementation of a related experiment, the authors have shown the effectiveness of this automatic tension controller and its strong implications for the industry.

자동노출제어장치 센서적용을 위한 스크린 프린팅 제작방식의 고흡수율 광도전체 특성평가

Abstract In diagnostic radiology, the use of automatic exposure control device is internationally recommended for diagnosis and optimization. However, if exposed to prolonged radiation is a complicated manufacturing process, there is a problem that occurs decrease of various performance overall brightness sensor, which is commercially available conventional. Therefore, in this study, absorption of X-ray is high, and I want to evaluate the AEC applicability of the sensor of the photoconductor-based production has an easy advantage. Experimental results confirms the possibility of fabrication of the sensor through an increase in the SNR, with the detection efficiency superior, accurate turn-off. In addition, it is confirmed that the experimental results of the transmittance and the latent image, Ghost effect by the light conductor does not appear, in the case of a photoconductor with the exception of the PbO, 80% - and it was confirmed good transmittance of 90%. Therefore, excellent mechanical stability and poor performance due to a change of the doping concentration than the existing products that have been put to practical use, the sensor easy photoconductor based, fabrication and can be applied as AEC sensor is expected.

Enhancement of hydrogen production by optimization of biofilm growth in a photobioreactor

To improve biofilm activity and obtain a high hydrogen production performance of biofilm photobioreactor (BPBR), the biofilm growth on the fiber-optic surface was optimized by using a multi-sensor measurement system, plus biofilm thickness automatic control device. The proposed measurement system consisted of three types of sensors, i.e. biofilm thickness sensors, biomass concentration sensor and fiber Bragg grating temperature sensors, respectively, to monitor biofilm growth and distribution, cell adsorption/detachment rates, cell metabolic heat production and distribution in time-dependent tests. The biofilm thickness was controlled in real time using the designed biofilm control device and the information obtained from the biofilm sensors. The biofilm, in the improved BPBR, showed a loose structure and high hydrogen production activity. The H2 concentration and H2 production rate reached a high level of 45 μg/mL and 2.72 mmol/L/h, respectively, for the improved BPBR; these values were 1.73 times and 1.49 times those of the unimproved BPBR, respectively.

Evaluation of Soil Loss with Surface Covering Methods Using Strip Tillage Seeding Device

Most fields in highland areas are covered with rye or hairy vetch for conservation during a fallow. However, using cover crops needs an effort to sow, and this makes top soil more vulnerable to loss due to surface disturbances. The aims of this study were to develop an automatic seeding-regulator device using a low-price, extensive-use GPS sensors and a DC motors and to evaluate a working efficiency of it after adaptation to partial tillage machine for reducing seeding effort. The amount of runoff water and soil loss was evaluated with partial tillage and simultaneous-seeding after harvesting soybean, in 17% slope lysimeters. In results, the seeding amount with the machine speed was stable between 0.5~0.8 m s -1 of working sections. The automatic control device of seeding-rate could be enough to solve the slip problems of power selecting supply system or five four-wheel drive device. In partial tillage and simultaneous seeding, runoff water was 11.6% (1.8 m³ ha -1 ) of the scatter-seeding control (15.5 m³ ha -1 ) and soil loss was 13.2% (7 kg ha -1 ) of the scatter-seeding control (53 kg ha -1 ). These results suggest that partial tillage and simultaneous-seeding methods are very effective in decreasing work effort and soil loss of sloped land.

Based the Active Defense Substation Domain Strategy Control Method to against Blackout

In the previous blackout, overload components out of operation often leaded to the expansion of the accident. One active defense substation domain strategy control system was proposed to prevent the N-1 contingencies to N-2 contingencies caused blackout. Through the substation elements states real time analysis , the active defense control strategy was created by learn from the principles and action messages of backup switching equipment, protection and automatic stability control devices. In order to keep the overall system stability, the active defense control strategy was completed by actively put in the standby element or quit part of the overload elements, to make the system into a new equilibrium state. Contrasting these control strategies by PSCAD/EMTDC simulation software, the results presented that this strategy could quickly change the “Close to collapse” zone into the stability states and the building program simple and practical.

The Automatic Control Device for Opening Almonds Machine

Opening the almond currently rely on the manual to complete and is unable to meet the requirements of mass production. For the design of almonds opening machine of automatic control device, we determine the morphological changes, vibration characteristics, extrusion force changes and other parameters of the almond of opening moments, so as to provide calculation basis for choosing suitable step motor and determining parameters of circuit’s electrical components. Electromagnetic buzzer as a vibration sensor to detect the vibration signal, the photoelectric sensor to detect the almond’s position signal, the proximity switch sensor to detect the working position and amplified signals to process circuits, under the control of MCU, the step motor driving a load let the almond opening process achieve the automatic.