Automatic Collision Detection Research Articles

An IoT Based Accident Detection and Rescue System

The main factor causing car accidents is speed. Many lives could have been saved if emergency services had been able to gather information about the tragedy and reach in time. The main project's objective is to develop an accident detection system that makes use of several different parts to alert the rescue crew about an accident. An efficient automated collision detection system that instantly alerts emergency services to the accident site is crucial for protecting valuable human life. The recommended approach deals with accident detection and notification. After reading it, it sends the affected vehicle's exact latitude and longitude to the nearest emergency response provider. The project's goal is to locate incidents and alert the rescue team as soon as possible.

A systematic comparison between FEBio and PolyFEM for biomechanical systems

Background and ObjectivesFinite element simulations are widely employed as a non-invasive and cost-effective approach for predicting outcomes in biomechanical simulations. However, traditional finite element software, primarily designed for engineering materials, often encountered limitations in contact detection and enforcement, leading to simulation failure when dealing with complex biomechanical configurations. Currently, a lot of model tuning is required to get physically accurate finite element simulations without failures. This adds significant human interaction to each iteration of a biomechanical model. This study addressed these issues by introducing PolyFEM, a novel finite element solver that guarantees inversion- and intersection-free solutions with completely automatic collision detection. The objective of this research is to validate PolyFEM's capabilities by comparing its results with those obtained from a well-established finite element solver, FEBio. MethodsTo achieve this goal, five comparison scenarios were formulated to assess and validate PolyFEM's performance. The simulations were reproduced using both PolyFEM and FEBio, and the final results were compared. The five comparison scenarios included: (1) reproducing simulations from the FEBio test suite, consisting of static, dynamic, and contact-driven simulations; (2) replicating simulations from the verification paper published alongside the original release of FEBio; (3) a biomechanically based contact problem; (4) creating a custom simulation involving high-energy collisions between soft materials to highlight the difference in collision methods between the two solvers; and (5) performing biomechanical simulations of biting and quasi-stance. ResultsWe found that PolyFEM was capable of replicating all simulations previously conducted in FEBio. Particularly noteworthy is PolyFEM's superiority in high-energy contact simulations, where FEBio fell short, unable to complete over half of the simulations in Scenario 4. Although some of the simulations required significantly more simulation time in PolyFEM compared to FEBio, it is important to highlight that PolyFEM achieved these results without the need for any additional model tuning or contact declaration. DiscussionDespite being in the early stages of development, PolyFEM currently provides verified solutions for hyperelastic materials that are consistent with FEBio, both in previously published workflows and novel finite element scenarios. PolyFEM exhibited the ability to tackle challenging biomechanical problems where other solvers fell short, thus offering the potential to enhance the accuracy and realism of future finite element analyses.

고속 금속 3D프린터용 적응형 5축 경로생성 CAM S/W 개발에 관한 연구

This research developed a CAM S/W, which generates an adaptive 5-axis tool path, to optimize the quality of Direct Energy Deposition (DED) 3D printing. After reconstructing part shapes and generating printing paths in each shape, the path simulation including automatic collision detection was implemented. Productivity and printing quality were improved through equipment improvement and process optimization. In addition, high-quality parts with desirable physical and mechanical properties were produced by generating an adaptive 5-axis path specialized in the printing process that reflects various physical phenomena and monitoring results. Finally, the performance of CAM S/W was verified through the production of prototypes for industrial components.

Collusion Detection using Predictive Functions based on Android Applications

Android is used by most of the population of the users. It is an attractive target for malicious application developers due to its open source nature. These malicious writers are developing new trends to steal sensitive information from the devices. A new trend is represented as collision attack in this manner. During this attack different apps communicate via Inter-Process Communication (IPC) for variety of purposes. In this paper, a dynamic approach is proposed for automatic collision detection between communication applications. The focus of the study is on the sharing of multiple type data. Moreover, to select application for analyzing is difficult task to perform and two predictive functions has been used in this manner. The evaluation was performed on a dataset of 800 android applications for analyzing the colluding couples. The developed methodology produces an accuracy of 97.2% during the experiments by the developed system.

The relationship between collision metrics from micro-sensor technology and video-coded events in rugby union.

This study aimed to determine the relationship between collision metrics from a commercially available micro-sensor technology unit (MST) and the count of collisions coded by expert video analysts in professional rugby union. Forty-four professional rugby union players wore MST units during match play. We analyzed 245 combined data files from 11 competitive matches, resulting in the inclusion of a total of 9202 individual collision events. Collision metrics (the count of collisions and the Collision Load™) were analyzed via the manufacturer's software. Each match was also video recorded and evaluated by two expert video analysts. Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to determine the relationship between the count of collisions coded by the expert video analysts, and both MST collision metrics. One-way ANOVA was used to determine whether differences in the Collision Load™ for individual collision events existed between different playing positions. Very large-nearly perfect correlations were observed between the count of collisions coded by the expert video analysts and both MST collision metrics (the count of collisions: r=0.91, 90% CI=0.89-0.93; the Collision Load™: r=0.89; 90% CI=0.87-0.91). Differences in the Collision Load™ for individual collision events were identified between different playing positions. Collision metrics registered by the MST software relate very strongly with the count of collisions coded by expert video analysts. The typical Collision LoadTM per individual collision event varies depending on player position. The application of automated collision detection for rugby union appears feasible.

Parametric Method to Define Area of Allowable Configurations while Changing Position of Restricted Zones

The article presents the findings related to the development of the module for automatic collision detection of the manipulator with restricted zones for virtual motion modeling. It proposes the parametric method for specifying the area of allowable joint configurations. The authors study the cases when restricted zones are specified using the horizontal plane or front-projection planes. The joint coordinate space is specified by rectangular axes in the direction of which the angles defining the displacements in turning pairs are laid off. The authors present the results of modeling which enabled to develop a parametric method for specifying a set of cross-sections defining the shape and position of allowable configurations in different positions of a restricted zone. All joint points that define allowable configurations refer to the indicated sections. The area of allowable configurations is specified analytically by using several kinematic surfaces that limit it. A geometric analysis is developed based on the use of the area of allowable configurations characterizing the position of the manipulator and reported restricted zones. The paper presents numerical calculations related to virtual simulation of the manipulator path performed by the mobile robot Varan when using the developed algorithm and restricted zones. The obtained analytical dependencies allow us to define the area of allowable configurations, which is a knowledge pool to ensure the intelligent control of the manipulator path in a predefined environment. The use of the obtained region to synthesize a joint trajectory makes it possible to correct the manipulator path to foresee and eliminate deadlocks when synthesizing motions along the velocity vector.

46. Medical commissioning of a Light Ion Beam Therapy facility: The MedAustron experience of starting up using innovative technology

Introduction One of the methods of acquiring equipment for a Light Ion Beam Therapy (LIBT) facility is to establish collaboration between the customer and one or more manufacturers, so all parties work towards developing the best equipment for the facility. Following this strategy the specifications for a dual particle synchrotron-based facility including accelerator, beam delivery system (BDS), patient alignment systems (PAS), treatment planning systems (TPS), and medical software treatment system have been developed at MedAustron and cooperation activity with the correspondent manufacturers was established. The advantage of having multiple manufacturers was that the MedAustron could select the best equipment available for each component, but on another side the drawback was that in many cases the delivered equipment was at the level of “working prototype” and the acceptance and even commissioning process was used to bring with common effort the prototype to the status of a medical product. This type of implementation requires careful planning and distribution of measurement equipment and human resources. For example, to save time the commissioning of BDS was performed in one treatment room and the commissioning of PAS was simultaneously done in the second room. This allowed effectively using beam time and on later stage to “copy and paste” the calibration results from one room to another. The paper is describing the MedAustron experience in commissioning of a LIBT facility. Methods The major tasks for commissioning of LIBT facility are to calibrate the various parameters of the BDS and PAS and test these systems under varying clinical conditions, to determine appropriate intervention thresholds, acquire data for entry into the TPS, and perform end-to-end tests for planned patient treatments. Since MedAustron is a dual particle facility, the BDS in two fixed beam rooms is based on the nozzles without movable snouts and hence the same setup is used for carbon ions and protons. In order to preserve ballistic capabilities of protons in a dual-particle facility, the patient needs to be positioned as close as possible to the nozzle and we chose as design a non-isocentric treatment planning and patient positioning system to reduce the air gap. This workflow is supported by a collision avoidance system at different stages of the treatment. It starts with an automated collision detection integrated into the treatment planning phase. In the treatment room robotic table movements, imaging and beam delivery are supported by the record and verify system and checked upfront for collision. Finally, during robot movements the same checks are performed in real time for avoiding potential collision. Results All involved systems were successfully commissioned and are already in clinical routine operation beginning with the first patient. Using TPS RayStation and specific software there is the possibility at the planning stage to reduce the air gap for each specific proton beam. All parts involved like e.g. the treatment room, patient position system, nozzles, the patient as avatar are modelled and the treatment position is checked for collisions and consequently potential collisions are displayed. In addition the Record and Verify system supports the whole workflow starting from patient step-on, position verification with the ImagingRing™ system and application of the correction vector at the treatment position including the non-isocentric setup. The patient positioning system and the patient position verification system (ImagingRing™) including the tracking camera for correction of the table sag due to the patient weight and application of the correction vector from image registration were also additionally commissioned for that purpose. Conclusions The MedAustron LIBT facility was successfully commissioned, including setup for non-isocentric proton treatments. In addition the whole workflow was tested via several end-to-end test procedures. With all the effort spend and the highly integrated workflow a high quality of proton treatment within a dual particle facility could be achieved. All patients treated up to now at MedAustron benefited from this possibility.

EMERGENCY PRECAUTION SUPPLY BASED ON WIRELESS ALERT SYSTEM

The system envisioned is an automatic collision detection and warning system relying on GPS module and a GSM modem. The vehicle to be safeguarded is to be fitted with the system sturdily ensuring good mechanical coupling with the entire chassis. In the case of an accident the system detects it using the fact that the vehicle would be suddenly decelerated in such a condition. An accelerometer continuously monitors the acceleration of the vehicle and will detect decelerations greater than threshold value and send the data to the microcontroller via an ADC. The controller compares this with the threshold set value and immediately sends an SOS message to preset numbers. With this message the controller also transmits the GPS coordinates of the vehicle which it continuously obtains from the GPS module. This system will highly aid the search and rescue of vehicles that have met with an accident.

Proof of Concept of Automated Collision Detection Technology in Rugby Sevens.

Clarke, AC, Anson, JM, and Pyne, DB. Proof of concept of automated collision detection technology in rugby sevens. J Strength Cond Res 31(4): 1116-1120, 2017-Developments in microsensor technology allow for automated detection of collisions in various codes of football, removing the need for time-consuming postprocessing of video footage. However, little research is available on the ability of microsensor technology to be used across various sports or genders. Game video footage was matched with microsensor-detected collisions (GPSports) in one men's (n = 12 players) and one women's (n = 12) rugby sevens match. True-positive, false-positive, and false-negative events between video and microsensor-detected collisions were used to calculate recall (ability to detect a collision) and precision (accurately identify a collision). The precision was similar between the men's and women's rugby sevens game (∼0.72; scale 0.00-1.00); however, the recall in the women's game (0.45) was less than that for the men's game (0.69). This resulted in 45% of collisions for men and 62% of collisions for women being incorrectly labeled. Currently, the automated collision detection system in GPSports microtechnology units has only modest utility in rugby sevens, and it seems that a rugby sevens-specific algorithm is needed. Differences in measures between the men's and women's game may be a result of physical size, and strength, and physicality, as well as technical and tactical factors.

On-board model-based automatic collision avoidance: application in remotely-piloted unmanned aerial vehicles

This paper focuses on real-world implementation and verification of a local, model-based stochastic automatic collision avoidance algorithm, with application in remotely-piloted (tele-operated) unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Automatic collision detection and avoidance for tele-operated UAVs can reduce the workload of pilots to allow them to focus on the task at hand, such as searching for victims in a search and rescue scenario following a natural disaster. The proposed algorithm takes the pilot's input and exploits the robot's dynamics to predict the robot's trajectory for determining whether a collision will occur. Using on-board sensors for obstacle detection, if a collision is imminent, the algorithm modifies the pilot's input to avoid the collision while attempting to maintain the pilot's intent. The algorithm is implemented using a low-cost on-board computer, flight-control system, and a two-dimensional laser illuminated detection and ranging sensor for obstacle detection along the trajectory of the robot. The sensor data is processed using a split-and-merge segmentation algorithm and an approximate Minkowski difference. Results from flight tests demonstrate the algorithm's capabilities for tele-operated collision-free control of an experimental UAV.

SU‐E‐T‐465: Implementation of An Automated Collision Detection Program Using Open Source Software for the Pinnacle Treatment Planning System

Purpose:Potential collisions between the gantry head and the patient or table assembly are difficult to detect in most treatment planning systems. We have developed and implemented a novel software package for the representation of potential gantry collisions with the couch assembly at the time of treatment planning.Methods:Physical dimensions of the Varian Edge linear accelerator treatment head were measured and reproduced using the Visual Python display package. A script was developed for the Pinnacle treatment planning system to generate a file with the relevant couch, gantry, and isocenter positions for each beam in a planning trial. A python program was developed to parse the information from the TPS and produce a representative model of the couch/gantry system. Using the model and the Visual Python libraries, a rendering window is generated for each beam that allows the planner to evaluate the possibility of a collision.Results:Comparison against heuristic methods and direct verification on the machine validated the collision model generated by the software. Encounters of <1 cm between the gantry treatment head and table were visualized as collisions in our virtual model. Visual windows were created depicting the angle of collision for each beam, including the anticipated table coordinates. Visual rendering of a 6 arc trial with multiple couch positions was completed in under 1 minute, with network bandwidth being the primary bottleneck.Conclusion:The developed software allows for quick examination of possible collisions during the treatment planning process and helps to prevent major collisions prior to plan approval. The software can easily be implemented on future planning systems due to the versatility and platform independence of the Python programming language. Further integration of the software with the treatment planning system will allow the possibility of patient‐gantry collision detection for a range of treatment machines.

Generation of safe tool-path for 2.5D milling/drilling machine-tool using 3D ToF sensor

The complexity of multi-axis, milling and drilling CNC machines and the demand of high precision for complex parts production increase the importance of safe and efficient tool-paths generation during manufacturing. In these machines, multi-tool working in the same area, or static un-programed machine elements, such as fixtures, another work-part may cause collision problems. It is important to know the collision risks in advance during production in order to avoid unexpected production stops, and machinery damage. This research study is focusing on automatic collision detection and avoidance for safe non-functional (rapid) tool-path generation in a static 2.5D milling or drilling machining environment, as an initial step toward complex, dynamic multi-axis machine-tool manufacturing. A 3D vision based Time of Flight (ToF) sensor provides the depth information about the manufacturing scene that are exploited by the method presented for taking an effective decision to automatically detect and avoid collisions in order to achieve safe tool-path during production. The concept presented opens up new areas for research and application of ToF camera in a CNC manufacturing environment for tool-path planning. The results obtained are for traversal safe tool-paths in a static environment, which will be adapted to more complex and dynamic real machining scenarios by integrating it with STEP-NC technology in future.

AUTOMATIC COLLISION DETECTION FOR AN AUTONOMOUS ROBOT USING PROXIMITY SENSING TECHNOLOGY ON AN AVR HARDWARE PLATFORM

This work is concerned about making an anti-collision device. Primary goal of anti-collision device is to identify the collision and report it to control panel. Automatic collision detection is an advance area of research. Collision are catastrophic and a mass destructive force. This will harm property and life both. Now day collision detection is the one of most important algorithm used in autonomous vehicle development phases. Actuator takes Input through sensor module. To belt that system, we are using proximity sensor, AVR controller and motors. This program code simulated using proteus software as real like environment to identifying anti-collision.

Automatic Accident Alert and Safety System using Embedded GSM Interface

The system envisioned is an automatic collision detection and warning system relying on GPS module and a GSM modem. The vehicle to be safeguarded is to be fitted with the system sturdily ensuring good mechanical coupling with the entire chassis. In the case of an accident the system detects it using the fact that the vehicle would be suddenly decelerated in such a condition. An accelerometer continuously monitors the acceleration of the vehicle and will detect decelerations greater than threshold value and send the data to the microcontroller via an ADC. The controller compares this with the threshold set value and immediately sends an SOS message to preset numbers. With this message the controller also transmits the GPS coordinates of the vehicle which it continuously obtains from the GPS module. This system will highly aid the search and rescue of vehicles that have met with an accident.

Automatic Controlling Of Train Using Wireless Protocol Zigbee

In INDIA railways is one of the important means of transport. Driver of the train has to look out to get the status of the signal, if he fails to see the signal major mishaps could take place. There are different systems in use today including AWS (auxilliary warning system), ACD (automatic collision detection). AWS system is in use by western railway while ACD is used by Konkan railway.AWS system has a drawback of theft of trackside equipment while ACD system is based on GPS system where satellite is US owned. Proposed system focusses on automation of train controlling to avoid accidents. Designed system involves transfer of the status of signal directly to the engine which will control speed of the train as per the status of the signal. System has been designed to provide safe travelling especially during bad weather. System is based on wireless protocol ‘Zigbee’. Low power consumption, low latency time of 30 ms and excellent security features as Zigbee uses 128AES, use of DSSS modulation technique in Zigbee makes this system reliable and safe. System is operating within a range of 120m

Semi-Automatic segmentation of multiple mouse embryos in MR images

BackgroundThe motivation behind this paper is to aid the automatic phenotyping of mouse embryos, wherein multiple embryos embedded within a single tube were scanned using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).ResultsOur algorithm, a modified version of the simplex deformable model of Delingette, addresses various issues with deformable models including initialization and inability to adapt to boundary concavities. In addition, it proposes a novel technique for automatic collision detection of multiple objects which are being segmented simultaneously, hence avoiding major leaks into adjacent neighbouring structures. We address the initialization problem by introducing balloon forces which expand the initial spherical models close to the true boundaries of the embryos. This results in models which are less sensitive to initial minimum of two fold after each stage of deformation. To determine collision during segmentation, our unique collision detection algorithm finds the intersection between binary masks created from the deformed models after every few iterations of the deformation and modifies the segmentation parameters accordingly hence avoiding collision.We have segmented six tubes of three dimensional MR images of multiple mouse embryos using our modified deformable model algorithm. We have then validated the results of the our semi-automatic segmentation versus manual segmentation of the same embryos. Our Validation shows that except paws and tails we have been able to segment the mouse embryos with minor error.ConclusionsThis paper describes our novel multiple object segmentation technique with collision detection using a modified deformable model algorithm. Further, it presents the results of segmenting magnetic resonance images of up to 32 mouse embryos stacked in one gel filled test tube and creating 32 individual masks.

An Automatic Collision Detection and Avoidance Module for Inland Navigation

Based on the positional data of other inland vessels which is available through the fusion of radar object tracking and AIS (Automatic Identification System) a model-based prediction of their kinematic states is presented. Information about the river shape is fed into the prediction model according to the type of vessel and its navigational situation. Together with the future states of our own vessel, which are known because it is automatically steared along a guiding line, ranges of encounter are calculated. Furthermore, a path planning algorithm based on nonlinear dynamic optimization is presented that is capable of calculating collision-free paths in real-time that account for the vessel's constrained dynamics. Practical results of the discussed automatic collision detection and avoidance module as part of an integrated navigation system for inland vessels are shown concluding the contribution.

Ecological Interface Design in Aviation Domains: Work Domain Analysis of Automated Collision Detection and Avoidance

This paper describes Work Domain Analysis (WDA) applied to the domain of automated midair collision detection and avoidance as a first step in the design of improved ecological interfaces for automated traffic alerting displays. Three abstraction hierarchies (AH) modelling the aircraft, collision environment, and a traffic alerting system are presented, and the challenges of adapting the AH to enhanced displays will be examined. It will be shown that WDA is a feasible framework for establishing information requirements of flight and automated collision dynamics. Ecological Interface Design (EID) can then be applied to develop displays that invoke a greater trust in the automation.

Graphical treatment simulation and automated collision detection for conformal and stereotactic radiotherapy treatment planning.

The purpose of this work is to develop a "room's eye view" graphical simulation program with an automated collision detection option, to assist a treatment planning user to visualize the treatment setup checking at the same time the feasibility of his plan. The program simulates the treatment process using accurate three-dimensional graphical models of the gantry, table, and that of an average patient. This allows the use of any mechanical movement concerning the radiotherapy unit. The simulation of the mechanical movements and their limitations are according to IEC standards and thus compatible with any radiotherapy machine. Graphical methods for collision detection between the models guarantee speed and accuracy. The module simulates the treatment setup with accuracy better than 2 degrees for any tested case. When a collision takes place a warning message is displayed. In this paper a software tool is developed that can be used as a stand-alone program or embedded in any treatment planning system. The visualization of the treatment fields prior to treatment permits the geometric feasibility of the plan, thus adding one more step toward the automation of the treatment process.

Motion Simulation With Working Model 2D and MSC.visualNastran 4D

Motion Simulation With Working Model 2D and MSC.visualNastran 4D