Automatic Braking System Research Articles

Vehicle Trajectory Estimation Method by Drive Recorder Images and Point Cloud of Surrounding Environment

The on-the-spot inspections after accident are based on information obtained from the brake marks left on the road and the damage situation of the surroundings. However, this method is affected by the situation before the accident and cannot estimate quantitative guessing. Moreover, technologies such as automatic braking system and lane keeping system, have been developed actively. In developing these technologies, vehicle trajectory is one of the most important data. In this paper, we propose a novel method of estimating vehicle trajectory by using drive recorder images and point cloud which is measured by Mobile Mapping System and LiDAR. In the evaluation experiments, we confirmed the effectiveness of our method by comparing the vehicle poses estimated with RTK-GPS and showing the average errors are within one meter.

Compositional Falsification of Cyber-Physical Systems with Machine Learning Components

Cyber-physical systems (CPS), such as automotive systems, are starting to include sophisticated machine learning (ML) components. Their correctness, therefore, depends on properties of the inner ML modules. While learning algorithms aim to generalize from examples, they are only as good as the examples provided, and recent efforts have shown that they can produce inconsistent output under small adversarial perturbations. This raises the question: can the output from learning components lead to a failure of the entire CPS? In this work, we address this question by formulating it as a problem of falsifying signal temporal logic specifications for CPS with ML components. We propose a compositional falsification framework where a temporal logic falsifier and a machine learning analyzer cooperate with the aim of finding falsifying executions of the considered model. The efficacy of the proposed technique is shown on an automatic emergency braking system model with a perception component based on deep neural networks.

Design, Implementation and Assessment of a New Automatic Hydraulic Braking System

In this research, a new automatic braking system was designed and tested to prevent collisions between a driver’s vehicle andobstacles (vehicles, pedestrians). The primary objective of this work is to develop a safety car braking system using ultrasonicsensor and to design a vehicle with that can manage less human attention to the driving. An appropriate mechanism was used tooperate and control the brake system automatically and it different from the previous systems which operate brake pedalaccording to signals incoming. A suitable electric pump is used to provide fluid flow and pressure value and two solenoid valvesare used to control the direction of brake fluid in the hydraulic brake system.The proposed system operated using three parts; sensing part, the second part depends on using a control unit and another partdepends on a suitable actuator. It can detect the distance between obstacles and the driver’s vehicle by the ultrasonic sensor andusing a hydraulic pump and solenoids valves to operate the brake system if the driver does not push the brake pedal in the righttime to stop the vehicle, this system can automatically stop the vehicle without driver input. The performance of the system wasexcellent and the errors between measured braking time and theoretical braking time were between one and two percent.

Study regarding the influence of passive safety systems on the occupant in the case of Automatic Emergency Braking System activation

Study regarding the influence of passive safety systems on the occupant in the case of Automatic Emergency Braking System activation

Design of Vehicle Automatic Braking Systems Considering Drivers’ Braking Characteristics

Design of Vehicle Automatic Braking Systems Considering Drivers’ Braking Characteristics

Метод проектирования автоматизированных тормозных систем

Метод проектирования автоматизированных тормозных систем

Real-world effects of rear automatic braking and other backing assistance systems

Objective: To evaluate the effects of rearview cameras, rear parking sensors, and rear automatic braking systems on backing crashes. Method: Negative binomial regression was used to compare police-reported backing crash involvements per insured vehicle year in 23 US states during 2012–2015 among General Motors vehicles with Rear Vision Camera alone; Rear Parking Assist alone (rear parking sensors); Rear Vision Camera and Rear Parking Assist; or the Rear Vision Camera, Rear Parking Assist, and Rear Automatic Braking to vehicles with none of these systems. Modeling controlled for other backing assistance systems on vehicles and factors that may affect crash risk. Results: The combination of Rear Vision Camera and Rear Parking Assist reduced backing crash involvement rates by 42%. When Rear Automatic Braking was added to the Rear Vision Camera and Rear Parking Assist, vehicles with all three systems had backing crash involvement rates that were 78% lower than vehicles with none of the systems. On vehicles with Rear Parking Assist alone or Rear Vision Camera alone, backing crash involvement rates were reduced 28% and 5%, respectively, but these reductions were not statistically significant. Conclusions: Rearview cameras and rear parking sensors are preventing some backing crashes, but their effectiveness may be constrained in part by drivers not using or responding to the systems appropriately. Rear automatic braking adds to the effectiveness of these systems because it does not rely entirely on appropriate driver response. Practical applications: Rear parking sensors and rearview cameras are available on most new vehicles, but availability of rear automatic braking is limited. If more vehicles were equipped with rear automatic braking that performed like the system evaluated in the current study, many backing crashes that still occur among vehicles with rearview cameras and rear parking sensors could be prevented.

RAMS Analysis of Train Air Braking System Based on GO-Bayes Method and Big Data Platform

The RAMS (reliability, availability, maintainability, and security) of the air braking system is an important indicator to measure the safety performance of the system; it can reduce the life cycle cost (LCC) of the rail transit system. Existing safety analysis methods are limited to the level of relatively simple factual descriptions and statistical induction, failing to provide a comprehensive safety evaluation on the basis of system structure and accumulated data. In this paper, a new method of safety analysis is described for the failure mode of the air braking system, GO-Bayes. This method combines the structural modeling of the GO method with the probabilistic reasoning of Bayes methods, introduces the probability into the analysis process of GO, performs reliability analysis of the air braking system, and builds a big data platform for the air braking system to guide the system maintenance strategy. An automatic train air braking system is taken as an example to verify the usefulness and accuracy of the proposed method. Using ExtendSim software shows the feasibility of the method and its advantages in comparison with fault tree analysis.

Development of test scenarios and bicyclist surrogate for the evaluation of bicyclist automatic emergency braking systems

Purpose To support the standardized evaluation of bicyclist automatic emergency braking (AEB) systems, test scenarios, test procedures and test system hardware and software tools have been investigated and developed by the Transportation Active Safety Institute (TASI) at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis. This paper aims to focus on the development of test scenarios and bicyclist surrogate for evaluating vehicle–bicyclist AEB systems. Design/methodology/approach The harmonized general estimates system (GES)/FARS 2010-2011 crash data and TASI 110-car naturalistic driving data (NDD) are used to determine the crash geometries and environmental factors of crash scenarios including lighting conditions, vehicle speeds, bicyclist speeds, etc. A surrogate bicyclist including a bicycle rider and a bicycle surrogate is designed to match the visual and radar characteristics of bicyclists in the USA. A bicycle target is designed with both leg pedaling and wheel rotation to produce proper micro-Doppler features and generate realistic motion for camera-based AEB systems. Findings Based on the analysis of the harmonized GES/FARS crash data, five crash scenarios are recommended for performance testing of bicyclist AEB systems. Combined with TASI 110-car naturalistic driving data, the crash environmental factors including lighting conditions, obscuring objects, vehicle speed and bicyclist speed are determined. The surrogate bicyclist was designed to represent the visual and radar characteristics of the real bicyclists in the USA. The height of the bicycle rider mannequin is 173 cm, representing the weighted height of 50th percentile US male and female adults. The size and shape of the surrogate bicycle were determined as 26-inch wheel and mountain/road bicycle frame, respectively. Both leg pedaling motion and wheel rotation are suggested to produce proper micro-Doppler features and support the camera-based AEB systems. Originality/value The results have demonstrated that the developed scenarios, test procedures and bicyclist surrogate will provide effective objective methods and necessary hardware and software tools for the evaluation and validation of bicyclist AEB systems. This is crucial for the development of advanced driver assistance systems.

New testing methods of automatic emergency braking systems and the experience of their application

This article offers testing methods of automatic emergency braking systems (“AEBS”) for automobiles. Checking of the “AEBS” is carried out during the vehicle’s moving towards different static “targets”. It is estimated a possibility of the “AEBS” to recognize different “targets”, the warning moment of collision situation and automatic braking effectiveness. The test drives are performed on different support surfaces. To avoid the damage of an automobile during the crash with the “target” or the “soft target” is used. This target is made of cardboard material. Besides, avoidance of crashing may be achieved by performing the maneuver “detour of obstacle”. The method of synchronization of a collision warning signal with a parametric record of arrival is described also. There were performed tests of the “AEBS” of “Infiniti QX 60 Hi-tech” automobile model. Also there we analyzed reasons of the “AEBS” failures in various conditions. It was estimated that the technical vision units of the “AEBS of “Infiniti QX 60 Hi-tech” automobile model recognize the “soft target” as the obstacle.

Development of Automated Braking System for Collision Avoidance of Vehicles

The main objective of this paper is to develop an automated braking system to avoid frontal collision of the vehicle due to driver inattentiveness. The working model comprises of automated braking system which includes ultrasonic sensor, bike brake system, high torque motor, microcontroller, motor driver, battery, double acting cylinder and solenoid valves. An algorithm is proposed for automated braking system. The proposed working model is validated with experimental results. The ultrasonic sensor is validated for distance measurement and the sensor predicts the distance with an error of 3.31 percent.

Design and Fabrication of Automatic Brake in Vehicle

In this project work the design and construction of a model of automatic braking system for vehicles in hill station is to be developed. The mechanism has been developed to stop the vehicle from rolling back word when the vehicle is moving in the hill roads. This construction made of two phases in a first deigns of ratchet and pawl mechanism, frame, shaft, etc. is done and in second sensor selection and interference is done. Ratchet and pawl mechanism has been fabricated and assembly with sensor interface is tested. The proposed mechanism is to reverse break using ratchet gear. By reverse locking the differential is disengaged from the axle. Thus the power is directly transmitted to the axle and hence to the wheels. This will considerably reduce the power loss in some occasions when unwanted loss is happening due to the transmission if power from the shaft to the ratchet gear and then to the axle and hence to the wheels. So in mechanism the unwanted power loss in the due course of transmission through the gear wheel is reduced.

An Approach to Modeling and Analyzing Human-Centric Systems and Its Application

Human-centric design is based on the psychological and physical needs of the human users. Model-driven engineering provides formal model to be analyzed. How to combine formal model with human-centric design methodology is a crucial issue and yet it has not been settled. In fact, the difficulty of this problem is lacking of formal representations of the human-centric property. The intention of our research is to provide some new approaches to effectively model and analyze the human-centric system. So we proposed model-based methodologies for modeling and analyzing the human-centric system, which aim to use hierarchical model framework to effectively build systems. This paper mainly addresses two issues. The first one is the modeling of human-centric system by the hierarchical model framework. Then we selected the automatic train control braking system as the application to build hierarchical model based on five corresponding sub-models and provide the new braking modes and new braking strategies.

Hardware Simulation of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems Based on Fuzzy Logic

Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) is a system that has the function of helping the driver to be safe the trip without reducing the convenience. The subsystems developed in ADAS among other Automatic Braking System (ABS) which functions to make braking decisions when there is an object in front of it, Rear-end Collision Avoidance System (RCAS) that serves to avoid rear-end collision, Active Lane Keeping Assist (ALKA) which serves to keep the vehicle from getting off lane from its proper lane, and Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) which serves to adjust the distance of the car with another car in front. This paper discusses the development of fuzzy logic based algorithms for those subsystems. The developed algorithm test was conducted using experimental car. The test results on the three variations of speed: slow-speed, medium-speed, and high-speed shows that the algorithm developed of ABS, RCAS, ALKA, and ACC can work according to design.

Growth strategy from the suppliers' viewpoint: a case study of Denso and Hitachi Automotive Systems

This paper aims to examine and compare the growth strategies of two Japanese mega suppliers involved in research and design of automatic braking systems, and to assess their impact on inter-firm relations and transactions. The case study approach of this paper is based on in-depth interviews and archive analysis, and draws a comparison between Denso's wide customer scope strategy and Hitachi Automotive Systems' wide product portfolio strategy. In order to analyse the relevance of these two approaches, we use the growth strategy cup framework, which consists of three parameters: customers, products, and core competences. Our findings show that Denso was successful in terms of economies of customer scope, while Hitachi Automotive Systems was more dynamic in new combination-oriented innovation. In addition, our paper discusses why Hitachi Automotive Systems managed to develop an automatic braking system faster than the Toyota Group.

Growth strategy from the suppliers' viewpoint: a case study of Denso and Hitachi Automotive Systems

This paper aims to examine and compare the growth strategies of two Japanese mega suppliers involved in research and design of automatic braking systems, and to assess their impact on inter-firm relations and transactions. The case study approach of this paper is based on in-depth interviews and archive analysis, and draws a comparison between Denso's wide customer scope strategy and Hitachi Automotive Systems' wide product portfolio strategy. In order to analyse the relevance of these two approaches, we use the growth strategy cup framework, which consists of three parameters: customers, products, and core competences. Our findings show that Denso was successful in terms of economies of customer scope, while Hitachi Automotive Systems was more dynamic in new combination-oriented innovation. In addition, our paper discusses why Hitachi Automotive Systems managed to develop an automatic braking system faster than the Toyota Group.

Motion Control of Cycling Wheelchair With Continuously Variable Transmission and Clutch

The cycling wheelchair, which is pedaled like a bicycle, is an effective device for improving its user's activities of daily living. It is commercially available in Japan, and is currently being used by hospitals and rehabilitation facilities. However, many patients, particularly those with lower-limb disabilities, would like to use it both indoors and outdoors. Indoor use requires relatively slow forward and backward movement combined with a small turning radius, all of which increase maneuverability in confined spaces. In contrast, outdoor use requires the cycling wheelchair to move faster with bicycle-like mobility and a freewheel mechanism for comfortable driving, although the latter precludes pedaling backward. In addition, the user would like to ascend slopes easily and descend them safely. Hence, the cycling wheelchair requires a transmission system that can change the gear ratio based on the environment, and an automatic braking system. In this letter, we discuss in more detail the assistive functions required of the cycling wheelchair, and we realize them by developing a new cycling wheelchair with a continuously variable transmission and clutch. In addition, we conduct experiments to illustrate the validity of the proposed cycling wheelchair and its control method.

Optimization of AEB Key Parameters in Car to Electric-Two-Wheeler Accidents

In order to determine the optimal value of key parameters of automatic emergency braking (AEB) system, an optimization method based on real accident simulation is proposed. Accident reconstruction of 65 car to electric-two-wheeler collision accidents was carried out by using PC-Crash. According to the different parameter values of AEB system radar, the virtual accident reconstruction results are obtained. The optimal value of key AEB parameters was determined by comparing the accident avoidance rate. The results show that: based on these 65 real rear end collisions, the final optimization results of the radar detection angle and detection distance in the AEB system are 90° and 120 m respectively.

Review Paper on Automatic Braking System with Pneumatic Bumper

Review Paper on Automatic Braking System with Pneumatic Bumper

The public's understanding of the functionality and limitations of automatic braking in Japan

Automated driving systems are increasingly widespread in the automotive industry. To operate automobiles that are assisted by such systems, drivers must correctly understand their functionality and limitations. Hence, focusing on the rapidly spreading technology of automated braking, this study seeks to clarify the general public's understanding of automatic braking systems. A total of 210 Japanese people responded to a questionnaire regarding how automatic brakes are operated, how they work, when they disengage, and so on. The proportion of those who misunderstood the operation of the system is not especially high, but there were a certain percentage of people who had misconceptions; e.g., some believed that automatic braking could detect pedestrians or bicycles. Moreover, respondents were under the impression that drivers cannot readily disengage automatic braking systems. If they mistakenly use the automatic brake, there is a possibility of posing a risk to the road transportation system.