Automatic Battery Research Articles

Design and Development of Electric-Bus Battery Swap Control System Based on Quantum Platform

It takes a long time to replenish energy for electric-bus by charging, while battery swap is an effective way with fast energy supplement ability. The process of electric-bus battery swap is complex, how to realize automatic, efficient and reliable battery swap is an urgent problem to be solved. This paper analyzed the electric-bus battery swap system, and then constructed the control model of battery swap according to state machine theory, finally developed a battery swap control system based on Quantum Platform framework. The battery swap control system has been applied to many electric-bus battery swap stations; it improves the station’s efficiency and reliability greatly, and provides a guarantee for the popularization and application of electric-bus.

Improved voltage control strategy for photovoltaic grid-connected system based on double-layer coordination control

An improved automatic voltage coordination control strategy (AVCCS) based on automatic voltage control (AVC) and battery energy storage control (BESC) is proposed for photovoltaic grid-connected system (PVGS) to mitigate the voltage fluctuations caused by environmental disturbances. Only AVC is used when small environmental disturbances happen, while BESC is incorporated with AVC to restrain the voltage fluctuations when large disturbances happen. An adjustable parameter determining the allowed amplitudes of voltage fluctuations is introduced to realize the above switching process. A benchmark low voltage distribution system including PVGS is established by using the commercial software DIg SILENT. Simulation results show that the voltage under AVCCS satisfies the IEEE Standard 1547, and the installed battery capacity is also reduced. Meanwhile, the battery’s service life is extended by avoiding frequent charges/discharges in the control process.

Experimental study of homogeneous nucleation from the bismuth supersaturated vapor: Evaluation of the surface tension of critical nucleus

The homogeneous nucleation of bismuth supersaturated vapor is studied in a laminar flow quartz tube nucleation chamber. The concentration, size, and morphology of outcoming aerosol particles are analyzed by a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and an automatic diffusion battery (ADB). The wall deposit morphology is studied by scanning electron microscopy. The rate of wall deposition is measured by the light absorption technique and direct weighting of the wall deposits. The confines of the nucleation region are determined in the "supersaturation cut-off" measurements inserting a metal grid into the nucleation zone and monitoring the outlet aerosol concentration response. Using the above experimental techniques, the nucleation rate, supersaturation, and nucleation temperature are measured. The surface tension of the critical nucleus and the radius of the surface of tension are determined from the measured nucleation parameters. To this aim an analytical formula for the nucleation rate is used, derived from author's previous papers based on the Gibbs formula for the work of formation of critical nucleus and the translation-rotation correction. A more accurate approach is also applied to determine the surface tension of critical drop from the experimentally measured bismuth mass flow, temperature profiles, ADB, and TEM data solving an inverse problem by numerical simulation. The simulation of the vapor to particles conversion is carried out in the framework of the explicit finite difference scheme accounting the nucleation, vapor to particles and vapor to wall deposition, and particle to wall deposition, coagulation. The nucleation rate is determined from simulations to be in the range of 10(9)-10(11) cm(-3) s(-1) for the supersaturation of Bi(2) dimers being 10(17)-10(7) and the nucleation temperature 330-570 K, respectively. The surface tension σ(S) of the bismuth critical nucleus is found to be in the range of 455-487 mN/m for the radius of the surface of tension from 0.36 to 0.48 nm. The function σ(S) changes weakly with the radius of critical nucleus. The value of σ(S) is from 14% to 24% higher than the surface tension of a flat surface.

Study on Power Train of Two Axles Four Wheel Drive Electric Vehicle

This paper is focused on design of a power train for two-axle four-wheel-drive (4WD) electric vehicle (EV). The purpose is to improve the energy efficiency, driving stability for an Utility Vehicle (UV) that is original equipped with a 500cc internal combustion engine. The designed power train is consisted of two 5kw brushless DC motors (BLDC) with the associated motor drivers, automatic manual transmission (AMT), AMT controllers, and 288V16AH Lithium-ion battery pack. The works include power train specification design, mechanism and controller design for the clutchless AMT, optimal transmissions gear-shifting strategy design, and finally, power split strategy design for the 4WD in terms of wheel slip ratio control. To guarantee AMT gear-shifting quality, the gear-shifting maps was applied in gear change process. The power split strategy design for the 4WD EV was based on sliding mode algorithm, it was shown through numerical simulation that slip ratio on each wheel can be controlled within an optimal value in ECE40 drive pattern.

Automatic Battery Swap System for Home Robots

This paper presents the design and implementation of an automatic battery swap system for the prolonged activities of home robots. A battery swap station is proposed to implement battery off-line recharging and on-line exchanging functions. It consists of a loading and unloading mechanism, a shifting mechanism, a locking device and a shell. The home robot is a palm-sized wheeled robot with an onboard camera and a removable battery case in the front. It communicates with the battery swap station wirelessly through ZigBee. The influences of battery case deflection and robot docking deflection on the battery swap operations have been investigated. The experimental results show that it takes an average time of 84.2s to complete the battery swap operations. The home robot does not have to wait several hours for the batteries to be fully charged. The proposed battery swap system is proved to be efficient in home robot applications that need the robots to work continuously over a long period.

Automatic Battery Replacement System for UAVs: Analysis and Design

Future Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UASs) are expected to be nearly autonomous and composed of heterogeneous Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). While most of the current research focuses on UAV avionics and control algorithms, ground task automation has come to the attention of researchers during the past few years. Ground task automation not only relieves human operators, but may also expand the UAS operation area, improve system coverage and enable operation in risky environments without posing a threat to humans. We propose a model to evaluate the coverage of a given UAS. We also compare different solutions for various modules of an automated battery replacement system for UAVs. In addition, we propose a ground station capable of swapping a UAV's batteries, followed by a discussion of prototype components and tests of some of the prototype modules. The proposed platform is well-suited for high-coverage requirements and is capable of handling a heterogeneous UAV fleet.

Electrochemical performance of compounds Ho 6Fe 23− xCo x ( x=0, 1, 3)

Alloys with composition of Ho 6Fe 23− x Co x ( x=0, 1, 3) were prepared and examined by X-ray diffraction technique and automatic battery testing instrument. The compounds Ho 6Fe 23− x Co x ( x=0, 1, 3) crystallized in cubic Th 6Mn 23-type structure with space group ▪ (No. 225). The electrochemical properties of these alloys such as discharge capacity, cycling performance and high rate dischargeability were investigated by battery testing instruments in alkaline electrolyte. Substitution of small amounts of Co for Fe in Ho 6Fe 23− x Co x improved the activation, discharge capacity and the high rate dischargeability. The alloy with x=3 (Ho 6Fe 20Co 3) had better discharge capacity, HRD and plateau pressure at discharge current density of 150 mA/g.

Design, development and construction of a low cost automatic 2 kva inverter system.

In this work, detailed techniques for the design and construction of a low cost automatic inverter system capable of converting 24Vdc to 220Vac 60Hz with a power handling capacity of 2 kVA have been presented with emphasis on the step-up transformer specification. The major modules of the inverter system consist of a driver and switching circuit; an automatic battery charger circuit; a battery voltage level indicator circuit; and a capacitive– inductive filter. Both solid-state and electromechanical relays were employed to provide automatic fast switching capabilities both in the presence or absence of public power supply (PPS) without voltage fluctuations supplied to the loads during the power switching process. Several experiments have been conducted with the automatic inverter system using different equipment with different power requirements. Analysis and results show that the designed and constructed inverter system has negligible output resistance with low power consumption and it is highly suitable for use in experimental and research laboratories as well as in domestic and industrial applications. KEYWORDS: Design and construction; automatic inverter system; automatic battery charger; battery voltage level indicator; driver and switching circuit.

Electrochemical performance of alloys Ho 5Fe 3Co 12and Ho 33.3Co 66.7

Alloys with composition Ho 5Fe 3Co 12and Ho 33.3Co 66.7 were prepared and examined by X-ray diffractometer and automatic battery testing instrument. The electrochemical properties of these alloys such as discharge capacity, cycling performance and high rate dischargeability were investigated by battery testing instruments in alkaline electrolyte. A comparison of the electrochemical performance of the Ho 5Fe 3Co 12 and Ho 33.3Co 66.7 alloys revealed that alloy Ho 5Fe 3Co 12 possessed a better electrochemical performance and had better discharge capacity, cycle stability and high rate dischargeability. The largest discharge capacity of alloy Ho 5Fe 3Co 12 was about 536.7 mAh/g at discharge current densities 450 and 600 mA/g, and that of alloy Ho 33.3Co 66.7 was 400 mAh/g at discharge current density of 300 mA/g.

Thermal and gasdynamic analysis of ablation of poly(methyl methacrylate) by pulsed IR laser irradiation under conditions of nanoparticle formation

We present comprehensive experimental and theoretical studies of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) ablation by single pulses of 9.17 µm laser radiation in a wide range of fluences. Ablation was carried out in a quartz cell through which nitrogen under atmospheric pressure was pumped. The composition of the ablation products was analysed with the use of an automatic diffusion battery. Both the irradiated surface and the substrate with the deposited ablation products were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Different aspects and stages of ablation have been investigated: laser heating and vaporization of the PMMA surface, mechanisms of ablation, dynamics of the laser-induced plume, nanoparticle formation in the plume and/or ejection from the irradiated surface. It has been found that the size distribution of nanoparticles formed during ablation changes its form from a single peak to a bimodal shape with increasing laser fluence. The transformation of the size distribution is analysed with the help of thermal and gasdynamic modelling which gives a basis for insight into the mechanisms and dynamics of ablation.

Evaluation of surface tension and Tolman length as a function of droplet radius from experimental nucleation rate and supersaturation ratio: Metal vapor homogeneous nucleation

Zinc and silver vapor homogeneous nucleations are studied experimentally at the temperature from 600 to 725 and 870 K, respectively, in a laminar flow diffusion chamber with Ar as a carrier gas at atmospheric pressure. The size, shape, and concentration of aerosol particles outcoming the diffusion chamber are analyzed by a transmission electron microscope and an automatic diffusion battery. The wall deposit is studied by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Using SEM data the nucleation rate for both Zn and Ag is estimated as 10(10) cm(-3) s(-1). The dependence of critical supersaturation on temperature for Zn and Ag measured in this paper as well as Li, Na, Cs, Ag, Mg, and Hg measured elsewhere is analyzed. To this aim the classical nucleation theory is extended by the dependence of surface tension on the nucleus radius. The preexponent in the formula for the vapor nucleation rate is derived using the formula for the work of formation of noncritical embryo [obtained by Nishioka and Kusaka [J. Chem. Phys. 96, 5370 (1992)] and later by Debenedetti and Reiss [J. Chem. Phys. 108, 5498 (1998)]] and Reiss replacement factor. Using this preexponent and the Gibbs formula for the work of formation of critical nucleus the dependence of surface tension on the radius R(S) of the surface of tension is evaluated from the nucleation data for above-mentioned metals. For the alkali metals and Ag the surface tension was determined to be a strong function of R(S). For the bivalent metals (Zn, Hg, and Mg) the surface tension was independent of radius in the experimental range. A new formula for the Tolman length delta as a function of surface tension and radius R(S) is derived by integration of Gibbs-Tolman-Koenig equation assuming that delta is a monotonic function of radius. The formula derived is more correct than the Tolman formula and convenient for the elaboration of experimental data. Using this formula the values of delta are determined as a function of R(S) from the experimental nucleation data. It is determined that all the metals considered are characterized by strong dependence of delta on radius; for the bivalent metals delta changes sign.

Design and performance characteristics of three continuous-flow condensation particle counters: a summary

Selection of the optimum condensation particle (nucleus) counter (CPC) for any application requires knowledge of the performance characteristics of available, usually commercial, instruments. Performance characteristics are a result of the design of a CPC. This paper describes the designs of three commercial CPCs that use continuous-flow, evaporation/condensation configurations. The paper reviews available data describing the performance of TSI 3010, 3022A, and 3025A CPCs. Data reported by a variety of investigators include detection efficiency as a function of monodispersed NaCl and Ag particles with diameters of 3–100 nm, effect on lower detection efficiency of ambient temperature from 0 to 40 °C, response time for step increase and step decrease of aerosol concentration, effect on detection efficiency of relative humidities of 0–50%, and effect on indicated concentration when feeding high-concentration aerosol to the CPCs. The reference standard is usually a Scheibel–Porstendörfer (1983) aerosol generator with an aerosol electrometer measuring the concentration of singly charged monodispersed aerosol exiting from a differential mobility analyzer. One set of such data has been obtained for Mo(CO) 6 aerosol. Limited data compare the CPCs' detection efficiency with an alternating gradient cloud chamber (NaCl aerosol) and an automatic diffusion battery (WO x aerosol).

98/01725 A mathematical model for the estimation of flue temperature in a coke oven: Choi, K. I. et al. Ironmaking Conf. Proc., 1997, 56, 107–113

The coke plants at the Kwangyang works has adopted an Automatic Battery Control (ABC) system which consists of four main parts, battery heating control, underfiring heat and waste gas oxygen control, pushing and charging schedule and Autotherm-S that measures heating wall temperature during pushing. The measured heating wall temperature is used for calculating Mean Battery Temperature (MBT) which is average temperature of flues for a battery, but the Autotherm-S system can not provide the flue temperatures of an oven. This work attempted to develop mathematical models for the estimation of the flue temperature using the measured heating wall temperature and to examine fitness of the mathematical model for the coke plant operation by analysis of raw gas temperature at the stand pipe. Through this work it is possible to reflect heating wall temperature in calculating MBT for battery heating control without the interruption caused by a maintenance break.

The development of a high-power automatic battery test facility

The design, development and operation of a microcomputer-controlled, 16-bit, 0.5 MW battery test facility is described. Discharge/charge profiles of up to 45 steps of constant power, current and resistance on discharge, and constant current or voltage on charge, can be programmed in any combination. The discharge uses a resistive load, allowing a maximum current of 16 000 A to be resolved to about 250 mA. However, control precision is limited by the current measuring shunts to better than ±0.2% of reading. Charging is carried out using a thyristor-controlled analogue supply to provide up to 3000 A at 50 V; the charger can be operated under local or remote control. Both charging and discharging can be carried out automatically, under computer control, or under manual supervision using a manual control console. Typical performance testing of submarine traction cells is reported, as is the load simulation testing of a helicopter engine starter transformer-rectifier unit.

Low Cost Digital Battery Life Cycle Tester

Design of a low cost automatic battery life cycle tester & its fabrication with necessary functional requirements is reported in this paper. Wide range of batteries can also be tested with some necessary changes.

Nimbus Power Systems (1960-1969)

The Nimbus program is a major research effort in the development of satellite technology for meteorological purposes. Global cloudcover information is provided by sensors mounted on a 3-axis stabilized, earthoriented spacecraft. Electrical power for the spacecraft and sensors is provided by a solar-conversion energy-storage subsystem. This paper describes the evolution of the power supply subsystems designed for use on the Nimbus spacecraft. The original design, generated during the period 1961-1963, used dissipative regulation techniques and simple battery protection circuits. Battery overcharge protection was provided by ground control of special spacecraft loads. This type of system was successfully flown on Nimbus 1 in August 1964 and on Nimbus 2 in May 1966. The second generation design, currently being fabricated for test and evaluation, is intended for operational flight use in late 1967. The system concept, based on research and development effort in the period 1962-65, incorporates nondissipative regulation techniques and automatic battery overcharge control. A new concept, intended for use in a third generation Nimbus power system, is presently being explored. Recent advances in power conditioning technology will allow substantial gains in terms of extended spacecraft life or increased load capability. The new technology, called maximum power point tracking, assures more optimum source-to-load energy transfer. Thus, the increase in available solar cell energy caused by periodic, large, low-temperature excursions of the Nimbus solar array can be fully utilized.

The Design of a Portable Instrument for the Detection of Atmospheric Pentaborane and Other Toxic Gases

A direct reading, automatic, and temperature insensitive instrument has been developed for the detection and recording of pentaborane in air down to and below 0.1 parts per million (ppm) sensitivity using the flame-emission principle. Toxic levels of many other volatile materials may also be detected with appropriate modification. A small hydrogen flame takes on a typical greenish cast in the presence of boranes, the radiation intensity being proportional to the pentaborane concentration. A multiplier phototube with an appropriate interference filter detects this energy and the amplified current at the multiplier anode is applied to a dc differential amplifying stage using field-effect transistors. A panel meter is applied to this circuit, and recorder and control outputs are provided. The hand-carried instrument can operate for an eight-hour period using a self-contained hydrogen supply and rechargeable silver-zinc batteries. An automatic battery charge and cutoff circuit is built into the device.

An automatic feeding battery for small animals

Behavioural work on rodents, and other small animals, frequently demands maintaining the animals on a rigorous feeding-fasting schedule, for many weeks or even months . In order to reduce the labour entailed in this work, we have developed and constructed a set of automatic feeding cages which make food available for set periods daily at preselected times . This mechanisation of the feeding routine has released the experimenters and laboratory staff for other duties and has been entirely successful in its operation. The method described in this paper has been applied for several years . During this period a number of cages and associated feeding mechanisms have been in use . It has been our practice to have animals constantly available for experimental purposes and rats were kept on a 22-hour hunger regime . Although bodyweight losses were marked during the first ten days, there was little loss thereafter for as long as three months .

Discussion on “Automatic reversible battery boosters”

Discussion on “Automatic reversible battery boosters”