Automated Transport System Research Articles

Mathematical Modeling for a Flexible Manufacturing Scheduling Problem in an Intelligent Transportation System

This paper presents a new mathematical model for a production system through a scheduling problem considering a material handling system as an intelligent transportation system by automated guided vehicles (AGVs). The traditional systems cannot respond to the changes and customer’s demands and for this reason, a flexible production system is used. Therefore, for this purpose, automated transportation systems are used for more flexibility in production. Thus, several AGVs are considered to perform various jobs among different machines and warehouses. In this production system, there are possibilities of failure and breakdown of AGVs and machines simultaneously. A modified rate is considered for determining the maintenance duration time as a percentage of the setup time when the maintenance time is dependent on the total setup time of machines and the total transfer jobs time of AGVs. Hence, we consider the probability of breakdown of AGVs and machines simultaneously and show the effect of these problems. The objective function is to minimize the maximum completion time (i.e., makespan or Cmax), the tardiness penalty, and the total transportation cost bearing in mind that the impact of new constraints with mathematical innovation on how failure and repair time are affected by the entire production scheduling. The proposed model belongs to mixed-integer linear programming (MILP). Finally, several small-sized problems are generated and solved by the CEPLEX solver of GAMS software to show the efficiency of the proposed model.

A fully automated inpatient transport system

BACKGROUND: The transport of the inpatients to and from locations inside the hospital can vary in complexity depending on the patient location, status, and logistical needs. Most transport systems have not developed at the same speed as other medically related technologies. We conducted a pilot study of a new automated transport system for patients within the hospital. METHODS: Our innovative system was introduced in January 2020. We present a retrospective case review of all in-patient transport request during April 15, 2020 through May 30, 2020 at the Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel. The system is fully automated and works via smartphone and electronic medical record integration. Transfer requests are processed on the basis of priority, proximity, and availably. RESULTS: During the study period there were 15, 581 transfer requests. Mean times to hospital destinations ranged from 9:25 to 28:02 minutes. Overall, mean times were quicker for emergency and surgical services. Trip times by priority code were likely influence by unmeasured confounders. There were no reported patient identification adverse events. Peak requests occurred during 0900-1500, and at the beginning of the week. CONCLUSION: Our automated in-patient transfer system appears to be efficient, safe, well received, and capable of servicing our large tertiary care medical center. Future controlled studies are needed to assess efficacy, adverse events, and clinical outcomes.

Выбор регулятора, работающего в скользящем режиме, для автоматизированной транспортной системы

The article presents the synthesis of sliding regulators for a reciprocating hydraulic system with a servo valve. Such regulators operate at the lower (first) level of the intelligent navigation and control system of the automated transport system. Two types of sliding regulators are proposed: static and dynamic. Static and dynamic sliding regulators are simulated in the MatLab SIMULINK software environment. Both regulators work efficiently and steadily. However, in the presence of interference, the dynamic sliding controller showed superiority over the static sliding controller in terms of noise immunity and stabilization accuracy.

Moving vehicle detection from video sequences for Traffic Surveillance System

In the current scenario, Intelligent Transportation Systems play a significant role in smart city platform. Automatic moving vehicle detection from video sequences is the core component of the automated traffic management system. Humans can easily detect and recognize objects from complex scenes in a flash. Translating that thought process to a machine, however, requires us to learn the art of object detection using computer vision algorithms. This paper solves the traffic issues of the urban areas with an intelligent automatic transportation system. This paper includes automatic vehicle counting with the help of blob analysis, background subtraction with the use of a dynamic autoregressive moving average model, identify the moving objects with the help of a Boundary block detection algorithm, and tracking the vehicle. This paper analyses the procedure of a video-based traffic congestion system and divides it into greying, binarisation, de-nosing, and moving target detection. The investigational results show that the planned system can provide useful information for traffic surveillance.

APM transport system concept for CPK terminals

The present article refers to selected challenges related to the need to ensure passenger transfer between terminals in the context of the planned construction of the Central Communication Port (CPK). The authors present the concept of using the modern public transport solution Innovia APM 300 as a potential automatic transport system for CPK airport terminals. The article presents Bombardier's product - Innovia APM 300 system, its characteristics, aspects relevant for development and its components. The solution proposal was based on the example of APM system, implemented at Munich airport. In this article, the structure of the line connecting the main terminal and the satellite terminal is proposed, the analysis is made in terms of transport needs, rules of traffic organization are proposed and other aspects important for system planning are indicated. The article briefly outlines the legal status for the approval of the system in Polish conditions.

Influence of Individual Perceptions on the Decision to Adopt Automated Bus Services

The rapid development of automated buses holds great potential for the development of transportation systems. As research into innovative forms of automated transportation systems gains momentum, it is important to understand the public’s perceptions of such public transport systems. Previous studies have contributed based on hypothetical scenarios, but not based on real observations. Based on an online survey in Stockholm in March 2019, the current research addresses this gap by investigating the public’s perceptions from a real, fully operational, automated public transportation service operated in a mixed traffic environment on public roads. The respondents were selected along the automated bus line in Barkabystaden, Stockholm. Our findings indicate that (1) The presence of onboard operators has a positive impact on respondents’ perceived safety, (2) People who have not taken automated buses before have a more negative perception of driving speed of the bus service than people who have taken the buses before, (3) Attitudinal factors, such as public perceptions of safety, driving speed, reliability, and convenience, have a significant influence on the acceptance of the new bus system, (4) As an emerging and innovative transportation mode, automated buses are expected to attract a high share of regular public transportation mode users and the younger generations in the future, (5) Social-demographic characteristics such as gender and income had no significant impacts on the adoption of the new technology. The results provide the characteristics of early bus adopters and their travel behavior and help to prioritize possible investments and allow the policymakers and private industries to identify the special needs of users.

Transport safety and human factors in the era of automation: What can transport modes learn from each other?

One of the main aims of introducing automation in transport is to improve safety by reducing or eliminating human errors; it is often argued however that this may induce new types of errors. There is different level of maturity with automation in different transport modes (road, aviation, maritime and rail), however no systematic research has been conducted on the lessons learned in different sectors, so that they can be exploited for the design of safer automated systems. The aim of this paper is to review the impact of key human factors on the safety of automated transport systems, with focus on relevant experiences from different transport sectors. A systematic literature review is carried out on the following topics: the level of trust in automation – in particular the impact of mis-aligned trust, i.e. mistrust vs overreliance, the resulting impact on operator situation awareness (SA), the implications for takeover control from machine to human, and the role of experience and training on using automated transport systems. The results revealed several areas where experiences from the aviation and road domain can be transferable to other sectors. Experiences from maritime and rail transport, although limited, tend to confirm the general patterns. Remarkably, in the road sector where higher levels of automation are only recently introduced, there are clearer and more quantitative approaches to human factors, while other sectors focus only on mental modes. Other sectors could use similar approaches to define their own context-specific metrics. The paper makes a synthesis of key messages on automation safety in different transport sectors, and presents an assessment of their transferability.

Statistical Analysis of Inventory Management Systems on Organizational Performance

The main purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of physical distribution management on organizational performance by Rutungu Distributors Ltd, Kampala (U). The study assessed the relationship between order processing and organizational performance in Rutungu Distributors Ltd in an attempt to establish the relationship between storage and organizational performance in the organization. It also sought to find out the relationship between other aspects of inventory management on organizational performance within the company. The research used a case study design approach which was correlational considering both quantitative and qualitative approaches in the data collection, presentation, and analysis. The population of the study was several categories of employees of the company. Findings from the study depicted that there is a positive significant relationship between order processing and organizational performance implying that when a customer submits an order, it is verified to ensure the necessary information is included and processed promptly. Storage and organizational performance; this means that the company can reduce damage through good materials handling. There was a positive significant relationship between inventory control and organizational performance as a result of heavy investment in inventory control practices and procedures. There was also a positive significant relationship between transportation and organizational performance showing that the company has an effective automated transportation system, observes well-coordinated fleet management practices, and also has a good vehicle maintenance policy. The study thus recommends the company to continue reducing the time it takes to get an order to a customer’s premises and to replenish its stores as it is what every company desires, but while faster fulfilment and small order sizes make customers, and store managers happy, faster fulfilment comes at a cost.

The Concept of Automatic Transport System Utilizing Weight Sensor

The current pandemic situation insists that people find a way to create a physical distance, limiting the number of people in a closed room. The human need for commuting has led to the idea of an automatic transport system that can transport people and goods without the assistance of a driver. This idea can lead to a new normal and reduced cost of manufacturing in the industry. The paper discussed the concept of an automatic transport system using a weight sensor. An automatic vehicle is designed to transport loads of different packages and be allocated automatically based on the weight of the package. The system is designed to be as simple as possible to increase the scope for implementation.

The Concept of Automatic Transport System Utilizing Weight Sensor

The current pandemic situation insists that people find a way to create a physical distance, limiting the number of people in a closed room. The human need for commuting has led to the idea of an automatic transport system that can transport people and goods without the assistance of a driver. This idea can lead to a new "normal" and reduced cost of manufacturing in the industry. The paper discussed the concept of an automatic transport system using a weight sensor. An automatic vehicle is designed to transport loads of different packages and be allocated automatically based on the weight of the package. The system is designed to be as simple as possible to increase the scope for implementation.

Speed Control of Segmented PMLSM Based on Improved SMC and Speed Compensation Model

A segmented control model including an improved sliding model control (SMC) and a speed compensation model is applied into the speed control of a segmented permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM) to improve the speed precision during the drive process and reduce the speed loss during the switch process. During the drive process of segmented PMLSM, an improved SMC with a disturbance observer (DOB) is used to suppress the speed fluctuation, and a DOB is added to suppress the oscillation caused by the switch part of SMC. During the switch process of a segmented PMLSM, a speed compensation model based on the position feedback of permanent magnet (PM) actuator is designed to reduce the speed loss of a segmented PMLSM, so the speed of PM actuator could be kept at the reference speed when the PM actuator absolutely quits the stator windings. Finally, the simulation and experiment are conducted to verify the control performances of proposed control model, the results indicate that the speed fluctuation of PM actuator and the speed loss during the switch process are mitigated. Therefore, this proposed control model could satisfy requirements of high-stability and celerity of segmented PMLSM in a long-distance automatic transportation system.

Construction of automatic chair transport system

Construction of automatic chair transport system

СОСТОЯНИЕ И ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ ПО ПЕРСПЕКТИВЕ РАЗВИТИЯ СРЕДСТВ ДОСТАВКИ НОСИТЕЛЕЙ СВЕДЕНИЙ ОГРАНИЧЕННОГО ДОСТУПА

The object of research is to ensure the protection of information from unauthorized access. The subject of the study is to ensure the protection of information from the threat of compromise when delivered into the special case by courier. The purpose of the study is to develop proposals for improving the devices of delivery of carriers of information of limited access by courier in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The methodology of research is based on modeling of situations of transportation of information carriers and a systematic approach to methods and means of protection of state secrets. Proposals were outlined to improve the means of delivery of carriers of limited access information, in fact two promising studies. The first area of research is the development and implementation of an automated system in the army of transportation of types of carriers of information of limited access that are used today in the army. The second direction of research is the development and replacement of types of carriers of information to the new ones made of materials with self-destructive structure under certain conditions. The analysis of technical solutions for the automated transportation system. It was determined a universal remedy for the destruction of carriers of information is a combustible mixture, providing the combustion reaction according to the type of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis. To protect the environment and courier from the combustion process justified the use of composite heat resistant materials. Technical means of recording parameters indirectly characterizing the presence of delivery threat factors were identified. The main working elements of the model of the system of transportation and destruction of documents are formulated. The tests of the demonstration sample of the special case were carried out, which show the rationality of approaches in the development and design of the system. Application of the developed delivery system can be a special unit of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation provides delivery of carriers of information of limited access unit of the service of protection of state secrets of the Army, Federal guard service, Federal security service, the State courier service of the Russian Federation, security agencies of banks and private firms.

A simulation model for the need for intra-plant transport operation planning by AGV

Abstract Intra-plant transport has an important role in the systems of enterprise logistics. At present, automated transport systems (AGV) are used for its efficient operation, with minimal operator attendance. For the proper and reliable functioning of such a transport system, there is currently a wide range of methods, of which the method of computer simulation is increasingly dominant. In the application, however, it is necessary to take into account that the functioning of AGV systems is a very demanding process with high demands on the used simulation software. Within the article, it will be described the use of the method of additional programming, as an effective tool in the creation of a simulation model of the AGV system for the need of its planning. The model presents the possibilities of increasing of the output of the analyzed production process to more than 70%, and at the same time it indicates insufficient use of workplaces that in one case reaches the value about 10%. The application of this model pointed to the reduction of the number of workplaces by one and with this related increase of output of other workplace.

Design and application of automated mechanical arm and intelligent transport vehicle

At present, the constant development of industrialization has ushered in a wide use of vehicle-mounted mechanical arms in all walks of life. Yet there are still some deficiencies, such as large load, low intensity, poor efficiency, etc. In such case, an armtype automated transport system is designed to improve its dynamic performance. The multi-degree-of-freedom mechanical arm is used as the mechanical structure to realize loading and unloading and the single-chip microcomputer is used as the main controller. Loading and unloading can be realized through smooth and flexible movements and the motion control of mechanical arm and automated transport vehicle is achieved through Raspberry Pi. The traditional mechanical arms are optimized in their structure and precision to increase their precision and enable them to meet different system requirements with applicability, economy, robustness and scalability.

ASSESSMENT OF THE DETERMINATION DETAILS OF CONNECTED TRIBOSYSTEMS CONNECTED

In the course of their work, rotary feeders were studied, which continuously submitted the cod in the boiler of alkaline solution at a temperature of 160°C and a pressure of 1.2 MPa. At the same time, under pressure of the hydro-abrasive stream of alkali, wear and increase of the gap in the feeder occurs, which makes it impossible to operate the automated transport system. To reduce the gap in the feeder, the mechanism of the add-on of the rotor is used, which allows to continuously compensate for the gaps formed during wear during the year. The total amount of wear of the rotor and the body, which is used to compensate for wear in the nodes of friction, depends on the initial conicity and the magnitude of the axial displacement of one of the parts.During operation, under the action of an alkaline hydroabrasive medium, an increase in the clearance between the rotating rotor and the body occurs, which is accompanied by an increased alkali flow through the feeder and the cessation of the loading of the boiler's chip. To compensate for the gap, a special mechanism of the additive is provided, with the help of which the movement of the rotor in the axial direction to the depth of the conical body by 1-2 mmreduces the gap by 25-50 microns.Mathematical dependences are obtained for determining: the total wear of the connecting parts, the values of the angles of the taper and the biases of the joints. For automation of technological processes it is expedient to use in friction knots connecting conic surfaces which provide for a long time the cyclic compensation of the gap formed as a result of wear. The angles of the taper and the slopes on the interconnected surfaces are kept constant on both the rotating part and the non-rotating part. The angles of the taper and the slopes on the interconnected surfaces that came out of the connection vary from the original values. The total amount of wear of the rotor and the body that goes on to compensate for wear in the nodes of friction depends on the initial conicity and the magnitude of the axial displacement of one of the parts. Mathematical dependences are obtained for determining: the total wear of the connecting parts, the values of the angles of the taper and the biases of the joints. сопрягаемых деталей, величины углов конусности и уклонов сопряжений.

The Trolley, The Bull Bar, and Why Engineers Should Care About The Ethics of Autonomous Cars [point of view

Everyone agrees that autonomous cars ought to save lives. Even if the cars do not live up to the most optimistic estimates of eliminating 90% of traffic fatalities [1], eliminating at least some traffic fatalities is one of the key promises of automated driving. Indeed, the first two principles of the German Ethics Code for Automated and Connected Vehicles lead with this goal as a normative imperative [2].The primary purpose of partly and fully automated transport systems is to improve safety for all road users. The licensing of automated systems is not justifiable unless it promises to produce at least a diminution in harm compared with human driving [...].

Stability Analysis of Following Vehicles on a Highway for Safety of Automated Transportation Systems

The development and integration of advanced control technologies in vehicles and infrastructure can make intelligent (or automated) transportation systems much more safe and efficient. This paper focuses on a proper approach to stability and control of two adjacent vehicles following each other on the same traffic lane of a highway to ensure the functional safety of their automated driving systems. These vehicles are as entirely automated as they have the ability to follow a line path at a high speed and reduce the distance that separates them while adjusting their dynamic responses automatically without intervention from humans (i.e. drivers). To meet requirements for driving safety and stability, this paper explores a new approach to string stability of (any) two adjacent vehicles traveling in the same direction based on using optimal control and Lyapunov stability theories. Therefore, sufficient conditions for string stability of a vehicle traffic using continuous-time Lyapunov function and matrix Riccati equation are presented. The search for a quadratic Lyapunov function is formulated as a convex optimization problem in terms of a linear invariant system towards a quadratic optimal criterion. The analysis of these methods for minimizing the desired performance criteria is also given. Finally, the paper ends with a conclusion and perspective for future work.

Signs and Pedestrian Safety in Automated Transportation Systems

Motor-vehicle accidents have caused many safety concerns ever since cars have been on the road. With the implementation of cooperative and automated vehicles (CAVs) merging into the current crosswalks, signals, and concrete rules, the vehicle-pedestrian interactions create noteworthy safety issues. Through observational findings, intersections with higher signage and pedestrian signals had less likely of a chance for pedestrians to run into an altercation when compared to intersections with just crosswalks and no pedestrian signals. This research presents an optimization framework and an analytical solution with field observations to study whether the implementation of more pedestrian signals could have a great effect on vehicle/pedestrian incidents. The research implements the integrated methods of case studies, modeling and simulation using mathematical and statistical software on correlations and probabilities. This study adds minimal interference to the observations as they naturally occur. The study setting is non-contrived and maintained as natural environment. The collected data is continuous time series and measured using Chi-Square for analysis. After the identification of possible interactions between CAVs and pedestrians based on the data surveyed around the Illinois State University (ISU), this study finds that the safety of pedestrian relies on the intersection design of signs and signals more than the intelligence of CAVs (significance level = 95%). This paper also discusses law enforcement and autonomous driving as a means of lowering pedestrian incidents at intersections. The developed mathematical analysis model and simulations help to verify the influences of transportation signs and intersection designs. The investigation innovatively demonstrates the feasibilities of different methods to protect the pedestrian safety while they enter intersections. The findings from this research can provide decision support for future transportation design and implementation rules of CAVs.

Komplex kapcsolatú járműrendszerek megbízhatósági kérdései

This paper is closely connected to EFOP project called Dynamics and Control of Autonomous Vehicles meeting the Synergy Demands of Automated Transport Systems (EFOP-3.6.2-16-2017-00016), in which the following research consortium is taking part: Széchenyi István University, John von Neumann University, University of Dunaújváros and Óbuda University. The aim of the research is to elaborate mathematical methods and procedures which support design of technical systems and system elements with increasing complexity introduced in autonomous vehicles and transportation systems taking into operational safety and maintenance risk factors into account. This includes investigation of reliability and development of the joint risk assessment methods of vehicle sensor networks.