Abstract
One of the main aims of introducing automation in transport is to improve safety by reducing or eliminating human errors; it is often argued however that this may induce new types of errors. There is different level of maturity with automation in different transport modes (road, aviation, maritime and rail), however no systematic research has been conducted on the lessons learned in different sectors, so that they can be exploited for the design of safer automated systems. The aim of this paper is to review the impact of key human factors on the safety of automated transport systems, with focus on relevant experiences from different transport sectors. A systematic literature review is carried out on the following topics: the level of trust in automation – in particular the impact of mis-aligned trust, i.e. mistrust vs overreliance, the resulting impact on operator situation awareness (SA), the implications for takeover control from machine to human, and the role of experience and training on using automated transport systems. The results revealed several areas where experiences from the aviation and road domain can be transferable to other sectors. Experiences from maritime and rail transport, although limited, tend to confirm the general patterns. Remarkably, in the road sector where higher levels of automation are only recently introduced, there are clearer and more quantitative approaches to human factors, while other sectors focus only on mental modes. Other sectors could use similar approaches to define their own context-specific metrics. The paper makes a synthesis of key messages on automation safety in different transport sectors, and presents an assessment of their transferability.
Highlights
There is different level of maturity with automation in different transport modes, no systematic research has been conducted on the lessons learned in different sectors, so that they can be exploited for the design of safer automated systems
This paper aims to review existing research in different transport domains regarding the conditions for safe automation with respect to key human factors affecting driver/ operator performance, in order to identify lessons learnt in different modes and their transferability to other modes
The present research aimed to review key human factors related to the safe deployment of automated systems in different transport modes, in order to identify common challenges and opportunities for transfer of knowledge between transport modes
Summary
Aviation and maritime sectors, there are between 0.05 and 0.35 fatalities per billion passenger-kilometres of travel (EU Agency for Railways, 2016), in a relatively low number of accidents but with many fatalities per accident, attracting the public interest. Road traffic fatality risk is more than 20 times higher than that of other transport modes, estimated at 5.8 per billion vehicle-kilometres of travel (ETSC, 2016), with ∼70 fatalities occurring on European Union’s (EU) roads every day. 80 % of accident causes are attributed to human causes, a share that has been increasing over time with the deployment of automation (Nagel, 1988). Recent research demonstrated that while investigating maritime accidents due to automation failure, 60 % of these accidents were still caused by human errors (Pazouki et al, 2018)
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