Authoritative Parenting Style Research Articles

THE CORRELATION BETWEEN PARENTING STYLE AND STUDENT DEF-T INDEX

ABSTRACTBackground: Children at primary school age have a special phase in their oral cavity, namely transition phase which is marked by the change of deciduous teeth to permanent teeth. Damage that occurs during this period can affect the condition of the oral cavity and cause various diseases in the future. One of the diseases that often occurs is caries. Based on Riskesdas, the prevalence of caries in Indonesia on 2018 is 57.6% and 59.6% in South Kalimantan. The incidence of caries in children cannot be separated from the parenting provided by parents. Parenting styles are divided into authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting styles. Purpose: To analyze the relationship between parenting style and def-t index of students at SDN Kebun Bunga 4 Banjarmasin. Material and Method: This study used an analytical observational method with a cross-sectional approach. The research sample was 33 students in grades 1-3rd at SDN Kebun Bunga 4 Banjarmasin. Data collection included primary data obtained through direct examination of the students' oral cavity and filling out the PSDQ (Parenting style and Dimensional Questionnaire) to determine parenting styles. The data then processed and analyzed using the SPSS application with Spearman test. Results: The results showed that most parents practice authoritative parenting. The def-t index of students is 6.3 in high category, and there are no parents with authoritarian parenting. Spearman's correlation test showed there was no relationship between parenting style and students' def-t index (p value = 0.371). Conclusion: There is no relationship between parenting styles and students' def-t index.Keywords : Authoritarian, authoritative, parenting style, permissive, student def-t index

Parenting Styles: Interaction with Hyperactivity

Abstract Hyperactivity is a mental health disorder that causes drastic fluctuation level of concentration and hyperactivity (Snyder, 2006). People with hyperactivity have difficulty concentrating, sitting position, in dedicating attention, stay organized, following instructions, memorizing the details and management of impulsiveness (Smith, 2016). Participants were from primary school students in Kosovo, N=200 Children age 9-11 and N=200 parents, they completed the following instruments, PSDQ questionnaire; (Robinson, Mandleco, Olsen, & Hart, 2001) this instruments was for measuring parenting styles, and Children behavioral checklist version for parents (Achenbach and Rescorla, 2007). The results shown that hyperactivity of children was positively correlated with authoritarian and tolerant parenting styles. In the survey results show that 74.0% of children participate in extra-curricular activities, and 26.0% did not participate in extra-curricular activities.Regression analysis explain 32% of variance for hyperactivity factor as a depended variable predicted by Gender and authoritarian parenting style. Also male has higher mean of hyperactivity than female and results was significantly different with p=.030* Conclusion is that parents who set strict rules authoritarian parents and tolerant parents can have a hyperactive children. Usually there is no need for special treatment for parents, already they have to be empathic with their children, collaboration with peers, relatives and parent-child cooperation which will give positive effect.

The Analysis of Parenting Patterns in Instilling Morals of Early Childhood

This study aims to determine the parenting style of parents in instilling morals in children from an early age. The research method used is a qualitative and descriptive analysis approach. Observation, interviews, and questionnaires were used to collect data. And data analysis techniques such as data reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results found indicate that there is a diversity of parenting styles carried out by student parents in instilling morals in children from an early age; among these parenting styles are democratic, permissive, and authoritarian parenting styles. The democratic parenting pattern shows the greatest level of acceptance compared to the permissive and authoritarian types. So, it can be concluded that, based on the existing research data, parents have a tendency to instill morals at an early age by using democratic parenting.

DETERMINANTS OF PARENTING STYLES ADOPTED BY MOTHERS OF PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN ACCORDING TO CHILD AND MOTHERS VARIABLES

The parent- child relationship has a major influence on most aspects of child development. The present study is conducted to know the Determinants of Parenting Styles adopted by fathers according to Child variables. Sample consists of 220 mothers of pre-school age children selected from Thirupati and Hyderabad. Multi stage systematic random sampling technique was used to select sample. Sample mothers were administered with Parental Attitude towards their Own Upbringing Scale andParenting Styles Questionnaire.The results of linear regression analysis revealed that the major determinants of child variables for adoption of parenting styles adopted by mother, birth order of the child showed significant contribution towards adoption of authoritarian and authoritative parenting style. Only birth order showed significant contribution towards permissive parenting style. Age of the mother, education of the mother, occupation of the mother and attitude of the mother were contributing significantly towards authoritarian and permissive parenting styles adopted by mothers of pre-school children.

Parenting styles and disruptive behaviors in children in times of pandemic

The objective of this investigation was to determine the factors involved in the development of disruptive behaviors in children related to the parenting styles of their parents during confinement, among 96 students from 5th - 6th grade and their caregivers, through a systematic review, to obtain statistical data, the Family Educational Practices Identification Scale (PEF) and the Positive Parenting Scale (e2p). It is evident how the confinement due to COVID-19 generated high levels of intrafamily conflicts due to the alteration of parenting styles in the family circle and the psychosocial factors immersed in them, such as daily life and social isolation. Finally, results were evidenced that show a preponderance of an authoritarian and permissive parenting style, which are significant for the development of disruptive behaviors. The confinement generated difficulties such as situations of stress, anxietyand intra-family conflicts, making it impossible for the family to fully develop, improving their daily routines and communication.

Childhood Obesity among Socioeconomically Vulnerable Families: A Path Model Using Parenting Behavior and Its Associates

Using path analysis, we aimed to examine whether parenting self-efficacy and parenting styles would be significant associates with parenting behavior, and the parenting behavior would be significantly associated with the obesity status of children from socioeconomically vulnerable families.A cross-sectional study was conducted with 61 parents and their children enrolled in public welfare systems in a community in Seoul, South Korea. Parenting behavior was defined as encouraging a child’s healthy eating habits and was measured using the Child Feeding Questionnaire.In the path model, higher levels of parenting self-efficacy and lower levels of authoritarian parenting were significantly associated with a higher level of parenting behavior, which was significantly associated with lower child body mass index z-scores.Community health nurses need to provide intervention strategies for increasing parenting self-efficacy and decreasing authoritarian parenting styles to promote parenting behaviors and childhood obesity prevention among socioeconomically vulnerable families.

Study the Relationship between Parenting Style and Child-Parent Relationship on Students' Achievement at the Elementary Level

This study aims to find the relationship of parenting style, child parent relationship and student achievement at elementary level. Questionnaires were used for collection of data and sample were comprised 500 parents and 500 students selecting by the random sampling. The results shows that majority of the parent use authoritative parenting style (PS) and student response reveal that their relationship with parent was positive relation. The relationship of PS with child-parent (CP) relationship was positive weak relationship and parenting style with student achievement score was negative weak relationship). Results also show significantly weak and negative relationship between PS and child parent relationship. A majority style of parents is authoritative and child parent relation was positive relation. This reflects the fact that the student has positive relation with their parent and parent has mutually understanding with their child.

“Inside-out mechanisms of parental practices and children’s externalizing problems: the role of authoritarian parenting style, parental irrational beliefs, emotion regulation, and distress“

“Inside-out mechanisms of parental practices and children’s externalizing problems: the role of authoritarian parenting style, parental irrational beliefs, emotion regulation, and distress“

Мікросоціальні (сімейні) фактори ризику та протекції у виникненні синдрому подразненого кишечника в дітей

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a stress-sensitive gastrointestinal disorder, which occurs as a result of the complex interaction of individual physiological, psychological and psychosocial factors. A tendency of IBS to cluster in families is caused not only by genetic predisposition but also by epigenetic mechanisms of psychosocial transmission of somatic symptoms from parents to children. Purpose - to determine the role of certain microsocial risk factors in the development of IBS in children. Materials and methods. The study involved 54 patients aged 6 to 12 years old with a diagnosis of IBS established in accordance with the Rome IV criteria, as well as 50 practically healthy children from the control group. For a detailed study of perinatal and microsocial risk factors and prevention of IBS, the developmental histories of children were analyzed and the «family history» method was used (descriptive and phenomenological collection of life history from the patient’s parents). Data were processed using Microsoft Excel 2016 and analyzed with GraphPad (Prism 5.0). Results. Perinatal risk factors that can lead to the development of IBS in children are birth from the first in order of delivery, caesarean section, breastfeeding for less than 3 months. There is also a correlation between an increased risk of IBS in children and the presence of psychosomatic disorders in infants and young children, a tendency to somatization in the mother; the frequency of visits to doctors by the child and mother more than 6 times a year; authoritarian parenting style by the mother and hyperprotective parenting style by the father; frequent overeating and food intolerances. On the contrary, birth from a multigravid woman, absence of psychosomatic disorders of infants and toddlers, parental emotional warmth and democratic parenting may be protective of the development of IBS in children. Conclusions. A number of microsocial factors have been identified that are associated with an increased risk of IBS. Awareness of those factors and consequently their correction may be important for the prevention of IBS in children. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the participating institution. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. No conflict of interests was declared by the authors.

Traditional echoes, contemporary shifts: Chinese college students' views of the “good mother”

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this research was to investigate contemporary Chinese college students' perceptions of the “good mother.”BackgroundIncreased lifestyle and self‐fulfillment choices have recently become available for college‐age students in China. However, there is government, societal, and family pressure for women to be married, ideally by 25 years of age, and to bear children as a patriotic and socially stabilizing duty.MethodA qualitative study using thematic analysis to code data from semistructured interviews with 20 male and female college students.ResultsFive attributes of a good mother were identified: “is a guide,” “is loving,” “communicates with her child as with a friend,” “is not overcontrolling,” and “balances paid work and time with her child.”ConclusionThis study contributes to ongoing research across cultures and societies, which aims to understand what young adults believe to be a “good mother” and how this may affect their future parenting practices. Within the Chinese context, perceptions of a “good mother” include traditional echoes—for example, mother as primary caregiver—mixed with contemporary ideas—for example, pursuing the right to seek personal fulfillment and financial autonomy and a move away from a top‐down authoritarian style of parenting. Gendered perceptions of physical punishment, childrearing anxiety, and parental sacrifice were identified.ImplicationsFuture policymakers should provide greater social and workplace options and implement support services to alleviate the anxiety women experience in their dual aspirations to succeed in paid work and to be good mothers. Educating men regarding their contribution to caregiving and the fostering of family harmony should also be prioritized.

COPING STRATEGIES AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH PARENTING STYLES

Background 
 There is a strong correlation between parenting styles and the outcomes of adults; the most common coping mechanism was a spiritual connection.
 Objectives 
 The present study aimed mainly at finding out the correlation between parenting styles and coping mechanisms and also to find out the most used parenting styles and coping mechanisms among the study sample. The study had a sub-aim of knowing the difference between the parenting styles perceived by the study sample compared with what has been found in the literature around the globe.
 Methods
 The study used a convenient sample of Koya University students who lived in the dormitories of the university campus. The sample comprised 411 students, 191 males and 220 females. For measuring the different styles of parenting and for measuring the different mechanisms of coping used by the study sample, a coping questionnaire was used. In addition, T-test and Pearson correlation techniques in Statistical Package for Social Sciences were also used to analyze the data frequency percentage.
 Results
 The study results showed a significant correlation between parenting styles and coping mechanisms; the passivity coping mechanism was positively correlated to the authoritative and permissive mothers’ parenting styles and positively correlated with the authoritative fathers’ parenting style. The population perceived the authoritarian parenting style to be the most used parenting style by both mothers and fathers. The most common coping mechanism among Koya University students was passivity. 
 Conclusion
 The study findings indicated that the most used coping mechanisms by the study sample were passivity coping mechanisms, and the most common parenting style appraised by the study sample was the authoritarian parenting style.

Permissive and Authoritarian Parenting Styles as Predictors of Moral Behaviour Among Secondary School Adolescents in Obio/Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State, Southern Nigeria

The study investigated parenting styles, emotional support and moral behaviour among secondary school adolescents in Obio-Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers state. A sample of 800 students from a population of 15,337 junior secondary school students was used for the study. Simple random and proportionate stratified sampling techniques were used to compose the sample. Six research questions were answered while six corresponding null hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. Three instruments were used for the study. They are the Moral Behaviour Questionnaire (MBQ), the Parenting Styles Survey (PSS), and the Parental Emotional Support Questionnaire (PESQ). The instruments were validated by the researcher’s supervisor and three experts in Psychological Measurement and Evaluation. The reliabilities of the instruments were tested using Cronbach alpha reliability method of internal consistency. Reliability coefficient of the items in the authoritative parenting style at 0.66; authoritarian parenting style at 0.61; permissive parenting style at 0.73; uninvolved parenting style at 0.74; parental emotional support at 0.77; and the moral behaviour at 0.65 were high enough to guarantee their use for the study. Research questions 1 to 5 were answered using simple regression while their corresponding null hypotheses were tested using t-test associated with regression. Research question 6 was answered using multiple regression while its corresponding null hypothesis was tested with Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The results of the study are that parenting styles and parental emotional support predict moral behaviours of students. Based on the findings, some recommendations were made, one of which is that parents, especially mothers should be more intentional in spending time and getting involved with their children so as t enhance the development of their children’s moral behaviour. This study has established empirically that the parenting styles predict moral behaviour.

Perceived Parenting Styles and Emotional Control as Predictors of Peer Bullying Involvement

In our study we tested a model of the relationships among students’ perceived parenting styles, their emotional control and peer bullying involvement, since family characteristics are understudied and unclear in comparison with individual and school factors of peer bullying. Our sample included 202 students from 7th and 8th grade from 14 lower secondary schools. The resulting model showed that the authoritative parenting style positively predicted emotional regulation and observation of bullying. The authoritarian parenting style positively predicted relational and physical bullying with teasing and observation of bullying, and negatively emotional control. Emotional control as a mediating variable negatively predicted all forms of involvement in peer bullying. The results indicate the importance of promoting self-regulation skills in adolescents. Some practical implications for parents and school staff are discussed.

Analyzing the Extent of Authoritarian Parenting on Academic Achievement: Ethical Lens

Parenting Styles loosely define psychological constructs for describing common tactics and methodologies for child-rearing; however, not all are equal. The parenting style a child is raised with can have significant, and sometimes detrimental effects, on all aspects of the child’s life, such as academic success. The majority of parenting strategies fall into four categories: authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and uninvolved, with the former two displaying firmness and demandingness and the latter two displaying a lack of control or strictness. Among Authoritarian and Authoritative parenting, there is a crucial difference between warmth and responsiveness displayed with the child (e.g. an Authoritarian parent is much less likely to openly communicate or have emotional interactions with their child as opposed to an Authoritative parent). This difference of emotional warmth between authoritarian and authoritative parenting styles creates a prominent disparity between the two styles. The discrepancies posed by these parenting styles then have significant implications on the academic success and wellbeing of children.

Exploring Parental Pressure on Academic Performance among Adolescents

Adolescents experience many issues during development phases, such as career, academic struggle, mental health, and social skills. In addition, other aspects can impact the outcome of adolescents, such as parents, family, friends, and environment. Parenting style is one of the significant factors influencing adolescent academic performance. Therefore, how parents treat their children will determine their academic performance. This study aims to explore the parental pressure on academic achievement among adolescents. This study employed qualitative research through an in-depth interview. The instrument has three sections, each containing five questions in the protocol document to guide the data gathering. Next, purposeful sampling was utilized to recruit participants who could provide in-depth and detailed information about the phenomenon. Findings demonstrate that a supportive parenting style will improve adolescents' academic achievement. On the other hand, the authoritarian parenting style often puts high expectations on their children's academic achievement, which eventually causes stress for them. Therefore, parental involvement remains essential for positive youth development, especially in education, and should be more flexible in raising their children. Hence, parents must be aware of their children's academic or practical abilities. This will help students be more successful in their life because they do something they are interested in.

Are my parents psychopaths? How Mental health and self-esteem is impacted by perceived dark traits in parents

Relationships between parents and their descendants are necessary for healthy socio-emotional development. For a better understanding of these relationships, past studies found that personality traits significantly impact parenting constructs, such as attachment patterns, parental care, and relationship satisfaction, suggesting that the psychological aspects of parents can affect their descendants. In our research (N = 250), we asked participants to rate how they perceive their parents regarding their aversive personality traits (i.e., Dark Triad), parenting style characteristics, relationship satisfaction, and their own well-being and self-esteem. We then developed two mediational models (SEM), one for mothers and one for fathers. In these models, we assessed how the Dark Triad impacted mental health and self-esteem, mediated by authoritarian parenting style and relationship satisfaction. The models presented a good fit (e.g., CFI > 0.90). Psychopathic traits positively influenced an authoritarian parenting style for both parents, leading to worse relationship satisfaction and affecting their descendants’ mental health and self-esteem. Furthermore, we also observed the indirect effects of parental psychopathy on our outcomes, which were higher for mothers than fathers. Overall, our study provides the first assessment of how parents’ higher levels of dark traits can influence their descendants’ mental health and self-esteem.

Mothers’ beliefs about emotions and authoritarian parenting as predictors of young children's behavioral problems

The current study extends key models of parent emotion socialization and child outcomes by testing the interaction between maternal emotion beliefs, authoritarian parenting style, and child gender as a predictor of child behavioral difficulties. In this research, we focus on three maternal emotion beliefs (children can control their emotions, children should be given autonomy to deal with their emotions, and children's anger is valuable) and their associations with preschoolers’ conduct and peer problems, as well as potential moderation of these linkages by mothers’ authoritarian parenting and child gender. Participants included a community sample of mothers and their preschool children (N = 103). Mothers reported their emotion beliefs and authoritarian parenting, and teachers reported on children's conduct and peer problems. Child negative emotionality was assessed through an observational task and was included as a covariate in all analyses. Maternal emotion control beliefs held as the only significant main effect of parenting on child outcomes that was not dependent upon child gender. Mothers’ beliefs about the value of anger related to girls’ peer problems when mothers also reported moderate and low levels of authoritarian parenting. Clinical implications suggest a particular focus on emotion beliefs and parenting style as uniquely important for preschool girls.

Authoritative parenting style positively correlates with increased adherence to COVID-19 health and safety guidelines by college students.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been inconsistency in choice behavior across people with regards to compliance with health and safety guidelines suggested by the CDC. The current study aimed to identify a possible correlation between parenting style experienced during childhood and opinions/actions regarding CDC COVID-19 health guidance. College students were given a self-report survey aimed to measure childhood experience, parent-child relationship, and COVID-19 pandemic behavior. Participants that identified with Authoritarian parenting scored higher on the COVID Behavior measure, indicating a higher degree of compliance compared to participants that identified with Authoritative parenting. Additionally, gender and race category differences on the COVID Behavior measure were observed. Specifically, African American/Black participants scored higher than White or Other race identifying participants on the COVID Behavior measure. Lastly, females identifying as African American/Black or Other race scored higher than males identifying as African American/Black or Other race on the COVID Behavior measure. These findings begin to illuminate some of the variables that might play a role in choice behavior with regard to compliance to health guidelines. Further investigation into these variables could inform us about what plays a role in choice behavior and how better to integrate this knowledge when messaging the public about health guidelines.

Structural Relationships Between Assertiveness and Parenting Styles With Mediating Self-esteem and Anxiety of Singleton Children

Objectives: This study aimed to develop an explanatory model of assertiveness based on parenting styles mediated by anxiety and self-esteem. Methods: This study is descriptive-correlational modeling with partial least squares. The statistical population included singleton children of the sixth grade of the elementary school in the 3rd District of Tehran in the academic year 2017-18. The sampling method was multi-stage sampling; eight schools (four all-boys and four all-girls) were randomly selected from all primary schools in the 3rd District of Tehran, then, a sixth-grade class was randomly selected in each school. The singleton students of those classes participated in the present study as the study sample. The sample size was 118 students (81 girls and 37 boys). The instruments of this research included the Persian forms of adaptive and aggressive assertiveness scales (AAA-S), the Baumrind parenting scale, Beck anxiety inventory (BAI), and Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES). To analyze the data, the SPSS software, version 26. Results: The results indicated that authoritative and permissive parenting styles had a significant effect on assertiveness among the parenting styles. The total effects indicated that authoritative and permissive parenting styles explained 0.22 and 0.20 of the variances of assertiveness. The results also showed that the authoritarian parenting style had no significant effect on assertiveness. Discussion: The suggested model was acceptably fit, according to the results of the study. Permissive and authoritative parenting styles had impact on assertiveness.

Parenting style of mothers with generalized anxiety disorder and behavioral problems in their children

The study aimed to examine the role of mother’s generalized anxiety disorder on their parenting style and its association with behavioral problems in their children. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional, matched-control group design, using purposive sampling method was employed. Total sample of forty mothers with their children were recruited. Twenty mothers diagnosed with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and the remaining 20 were healthy mothers, in study and healthy control groups respectively, all matched on age, gender and education. MINI International Psychiatric Interview (MINI 7.0), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), and Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) were administered on all mothers. Behavioral Assessment System for Children 3rd (BASC-3) was administered to assess presence of or possibility of developing behavioral problems in their children. Results and Conclusion: The study findings highlighted that as compared to healthy mothers who implemented more of authoritative style of parenting, mothers with GAD, on the other hand, employed more of authoritarian and permissive styles of parenting. Further, authoritative parenting style was significantly and negatively correlated with scores on HAM-A in the study group. Significant numbers of the children of mothers with GAD found to have clinically significant scores and were at-risk for developing internalizing problems, inattention/ hyperactivity, problems related to personal adjustment and emotional problems as compared to children of healthy mothers in the present study.