Authoritative Bodies Research Articles

Kepastian Hukum Hak Pengelolaan Atas Tanah Badan Pengusahaan Batam terhadap Pendayagunaan Pulau Rempang

The Basic Agrarian Law is a legal reform in the agrarian sector. In the utilization of islands, especially the management of small islands, permission must be obtained. Management Rights are partially delegated to government agencies including Local Governments, State-Owned Enterprises, Regional-Owned Enterprises, PT.Persero, Authority Bodies and other legal entities to be used according to their respective duties. The existence of Land Management Rights (HPL) does not guarantee an island to be utilized by interested parties, including the utilization of Rempang Island which will be used as a National Strategic Project (PSN). The existence of regulations governing special provisions in the management of small islands must also be considered and examined so that some parties do not feel disadvantaged. This research will answer the questions of (1) How is the legal certainty of the Batam Concession Agency's Land Management Rights in the utilization of Rempang Island, (2) How is the Batam Concession Agency's problem in the management and utilization program of Remapang Island. This research uses normative juridical research by reviewing the applicable laws and regulations and using secondary data as the main data.

Ecolinguistic dynamics of English loanwords in Chinese: a case study on terms for cement

Ecolinguistics explores the interplay between language and the environment, offering insights into how linguistic elements adapt and evolve. This study examines five cement-related English loanwords in Chinese to uncover the evolutionary mechanisms governing the adaptation of these loanwords by analyzing their ecological dynamics. The research quantitatively evaluates the ecology of these loanwords using two indicators: lexical niche breadth and overlap. The results are as follows: (1) The emergence of English loanwords in Chinese is intricately linked to specific social environments. As new concepts and items are introduced from abroad, the masses initially coin new loanwords, which are later standardized by authoritative bodies. (2) The vitality of the loanwords correlates with their niche breadth. The competition among lexical variants is influenced by niche overlap. The loanwords for cement are ranked by vitality values in descending order—ShuiNi (水泥/water mud): 3.221, YangHui (洋灰/foreign ash): 2.350, ShuiMenTing (水门汀/water-gate concrete): 1.385, HongMaoNi (红毛泥/red-hair clay): 1.202, and ShiMinTu (士敏土/sticky soil): 0.879. (3) The endangerment of the loanwords results from the synergistic interaction between external (nature, society, culture, psychology) and internal (sound, form, meaning, grammar) environments. Intense competition arises due to multiple synonyms for the same entity, and adaptation challenges occur when the loanwords do not precisely fit the entity. Among the five loanwords for cement, the first two exhibit higher vitality and continue to develop sustainably, while the last three show lower vitality and are gradually becoming endangered. As these loanwords undergo continuous evolution, a lexical ecocontinuum emerges: (i) extinct in the wild—ShiMinTu; (ii) critically endangered—HongMaoNi; (iii) endangered—ShuiMenTing; (iv) vulnerable—YangHui; (v) least concerned—ShuiNi.

Vitamin D-Do Diet Recommendations for Health Remain Strong?

How will the scientific community and authoritative bodies define future nutritional requirements for vitamin D? At the International Symposium on Nutritional Aspects of Musculoskeletal Health, the authors debated the strength of current evidence for setting vitamin D intake recommendations from diet: the positive side of the strength of the evidence (PRO) suggests there is a physiological requirement for vitamin D and the opposing view (CON) that in light of negative results from large, recent trials, particularly those with fractures and bone health outcomes, we are left rudderless. Should we provide recommendations based on empiric treatment of vitamin D for most groups and conditions? It is becoming increasingly evident that vitamin D plays a role in many physiological functions and processes associated with long-term human health; however, to what extent are these benefits apparent beyond what is needed for adequate nutritional status, measured as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, for active calcium absorption? The meeting attendees voted for the PRO vs. CON position at the end of the session.

Calculation of key parameters of tropospheric mapping function based on random forest method

The tropospheric mapping functions (MFs) play a crucial role in estimating the delay of electromagnetic waves as they traverse the troposphere, particularly in space geodetic techniques like GNSS and VLBI, where these waves are the primary measurement tool. Currently, empirical models that rely on non-meteorological parameters are commonly used to calculate MFs, offering convenience but often yielding less accurate results in regions with volatile climates. Such inaccuracies can lead to errors in slant total delays reaching the meter-level, subsequently affecting other data products. Although authoritative bodies periodically release essential meteorological parameters for MF calculation or provide ready-made MF products, these often come with a delay of several days or require specific authorization. To address this, we introduced a method leveraging the random forest (RF) model to rapidly derive key MFs from surface observations. Experimental results indicate that the RF model significantly enhances the accuracy of MFs, with improvements exceeding 60% for the hydrostatic component and over 20% for the wet component, effectively eliminating seasonal systematic deviations; although it is somewhat inferior to the MFs from VMF3-FC, RF does not require an internet connection and can independently train and construct models, making it very suitable for independently operated systems. We further trained a series of RF models using varied sample spaces and analyzed their performance under different combinations of feature dimensions and time spans. This analysis suggests that an optimal balance exists when considering the challenges in acquiring sample data, training time, model size, computational efficiency, and accuracy.

Institute of anti-corruption authorized state body of government and local government bodies: features of the legal regulation

The article analyzes the provisions of the Law of Ukraine “On the Prevention of Corruption”, the Model Regulation “On the Authorized Unit (Person) on Prevention and Detection of Corruption” and other specialized legislation from the point of view of regulating the activities of the anti- corruption officer of state authorities and local self-government bodies. The complex of measures to prevent and detect corruption, which are entrusted to the authorized persons in the implementation of their activities in state bodies, local self-government bodies, state enterprises, institutions, and organizations, has been studied. It was established that the anti-corruption commissioner exercises control over compliance with anti-corruption legislation in the relevant body, its territorial (inter-regional) bodies and legal entities belonging to the sphere of management of the relevant body through cooperation with the management, employees and other authorized bodies (persons) in accordance with the current legislation. It was found that in the current legislation of Ukraine there are two institutions of anti-corruption commissioners, different in terms of legal regulation, but unified in terms of the purpose of their activity. Namely, the first institute provides for the formation (definition) of authorized divisions (authorized persons) on issues of prevention and detection of corruption, in particular, at enterprises, institutions and organizations belonging to the sphere of management of a state body and regulates its activities, and the second institute of anti-corruption officers , specifically for legal entities whose anti-corruption programs are approved in accordance with the Law. It is emphasized that the fulfillment of a number of tasks by the authorized person is related to direct interaction with the management of the state authority or local self-government body, including on the issues of conflict of interest settlement, whistleblower protection, bringing guilty persons to disciplinary responsibility for violating the requirements of anti-corruption legislation, informing about the facts of committing such violations, managing corruption risks.

ЧРЕЗВЫЧАЙНЫЕ СИТУАЦИИ СОЦИАЛЬНОГО ХАРАКТЕРА В МЕХАНИЗМЕ АДМИНИСТРАТИВНО-ПРАВОВОГО РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ ОРГАНОВ ВНУТРЕННИХ ДЕЛ

World practice shows that terrorism and extremism, attacks on government institutions and govern-ment officials, riots and pogroms, sabotage and sabotage can take place in both leading and devel-oping countries of the world. Special state and law enforcement agencies have to act under extreme-ly dangerous conditions and conditions. The article examines the place of social emergencies in the mechanism of administrative and legal regulation of the activities of internal affairs bodies. The conclusion is made that the considered emergencies act as a legal fact in the form of illegal acts with an increased degree of public danger, giving rise to specific administrative legal relations that develop in the sphere of implementation by internal affairs bodies of state authority, which are not typical for everyday law enforcement activities. The criteria that distinguish social emergencies from everyday criminal situations are analyzed, and the author's definition of a social emergency is also given.

Optimizing green knowledge acquisition through entrepreneurial orientation and resource orchestration for sustainable business performance

PurposeConsidering the importance of green knowledge in firms' sustainability, this study investigates the mediating mechanism of green knowledge acquisition (GKA) and the moderating role of resource orchestration capability (ROC) in the relationship between green entrepreneurial orientation (GEO) and corporate sustainable performance (CSP).Design/methodology/approachUsing a sample of 388 executives from 195 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the UAE, this study used partial least squares structural equation modelling to examine the proposed relationships among the constructs.FindingsThe research shows that GEO affects CSP's environmental, economic, and social aspects of CSP. This study also highlights the mediating role of GKA in the relationship between GEO and CSP. The moderated mediation analysis results indicate that when ROC is elevated, GEO's indirect influence on environmental and economic performance through GKA is more pronounced.Practical implicationsThis study provides useful insights and a novel approach for manufacturing industries and authoritative bodies to alleviate environmental deterioration and improve CSP by encouraging GKA through green entrepreneurship.Originality/valueThis study enriches the existing literature on GEO, GKA, and CSP by focusing on environmental challenges and applying the resource-based view (RBV) framework. The study's findings broaden the theoretical basis for green entrepreneurship, provide guidance on enhancing CSP in manufacturing firms, and advance green entrepreneurship research.

Boundary Work, Journalism Education, and the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938

This article examines how the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938 became a catalyst for specialized accreditation in journalism. It analyzes the rhetoric and boundary work of the American Society of Newspaper Editors and the American Association of Schools and Departments of Journalism as they sought professional status for journalism. When the newspaper industry challenged the FLSA in court, these groups intensified efforts to develop an authoritative accrediting body. This study utilizes historical and archival documents to explore the dynamics surrounding journalism’s professionalization project. It demonstrates how regulatory pressures transformed soft power claims into institutionalized standards for journalism education.

The Construction of Order for Social Organizations to Carry out Social Innovation: Evolutionary Logic, Operational Mechanism and Path Choice

Social innovation refers to the innovative phenomenon of bringing new solutions and development opportunities in the field of social development through changes in the way of thinking, technical means and management mode by means of social forces such as organizations, institutions and social groups. During the 30 years of reform and opening up, the innovation practices led by social organizations and the social networks they build have gradually become an important main body of social innovation in China. The article analyzes the course of change of the management system of social organizations from the perspective of historical institutionalism, places the social innovation led by social organizations in the three-dimensional analytical framework of “system-course-behavior”, and examines the logical evolution of the order of social innovation and the mechanism of social innovation along the trajectory of the interaction between the government and social organizations. Under the operating mechanism consisting of the institutional arrangement of the authoritative body, spontaneous exploration and dynamic strategic choice of social organizations, the benign interaction between the government and society can reduce the cost and risk of social innovation, reduce the loss of resources and vicious competition, and achieve the balance and stability of social innovation order.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetes: Emerging evidence of benefit of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors agonists and incretin-based therapies.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global epidemic, affecting more than half of the people living with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The relationship between NAFLD and T2D is bidirectional and the presence of one perpetuates the other, which significantly increases the hepatic as well as extrahepatic complications. Until recently, there was no approved pharmacological treatment for NAFLD/ nonalcoholic steatohepatitits (NASH). However, there is evidence that drugs used for diabetes may have beneficial effects on NAFLD. Insulin sensitizers acting through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) modulation act on multiple levels of NAFLD pathogenesis. Pioglitazone (PPARγ agonist) and saroglitazar (PPARα/γ agonist) are particularly beneficial and recommended by several authoritative bodies for treating NAFLD in T2D, although data on biopsy-proven NASH are lacking with the latter. Initial data on elafibanor (PPAR α/δ agonist) and Lanifibranor (pan PPAR agonist) are promising. On the other hand, incretin therapies based on glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) and dual- and triple-hormone receptor co-agonists reported impressive weight loss and may have anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic properties. GLP-1 RAs have shown beneficial effects on NAFLD/NASH and more studies on potential direct effects on liver function by dual- and triple-agonists are required. Furthermore, the long-term safety of these therapies in NAFLD needs to be established. Collaborative efforts among healthcare providers such as primary care doctors, hepatologists, and endocrinologists are warranted for selecting patients for the best possible management of NAFLD in T2D.

Конституционный совет субъекта Российской Федерации: законодательство и практика

Federal Constitutional Law No. 7-FKZ of December 8, 2020, “On Amendments to Certain Federal Constitutional Laws” established that subjects of the Russian Federation have the right to decide tocreate constitutional (statutory) councils operating under the legislative (representative) bodies of state authority of the subject of the Russian Federation (part 7 art. 5). This study presents an analysis of the provisions of the laws of the subjects of the Russian Federation that established the status of the council, its powers and its member status.

Политические партии и иные общественные объединения как носители общественной власти

The article is dedicated to an analysis of the role of political parties and public associations in general in the system of public authority in Russia. Public associations, primarily parties, are viewed as a civil society institution that takes part in exercising public authority. The author reviews tendencies of increased complexity of relations between public associations and bodies of public authority, establishment of a social subsystem of public authority. The paper arrives at a conclusion on the need to expand the constitutional and legal regulation of such relations, gives recommendations.

Координация деятельности органов публичной власти как субъектов системы обеспечения безопасности дорожного движения

safety for. The problem of simultaneous assignment of coordination functions in the sphere of road safety to the Government Commission and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia is raised. The gap of federal legislation in terms of determining the coordination of local government activities in this area is noted. The mechanisms of coordination are analyzed on the example of coordination of legal acts, documents on the organization of road traffic, implementation of regional projects and implementation of state control (supervision) over the activities of executive bodies of public authority.

Cervical collar use in spinal cord injury management

AbstractBackgroundThe use of cervical collars in the management of acute cervical spine injuries has been part of standard practice in the trauma setting for decades, aimed at preventing secondary injuries.ObjectivesTo review the recent evidence challenging the routine use of cervical collars, addressing the limited scientific support, associated risks, and guidelines for their use.MethodsA comprehensive literature review was conducted, analyzing recent studies and guidelines from authoritative bodies such as the American Association for Neurological Surgeons and the Congress of Neurological Surgeons. The review focused on the efficacy, risks, and recommendations regarding cervical collar use in acute cervical spine injuries.ResultsRecent evidence questions the routine use of cervical collars, highlighting limited scientific support and several associated risks, including pressure ulcers and decreased venous return. Cervical collars may also be contraindicated in individuals with abnormal spinal structures, such as those with Ankylosing Spondylitis. The efficacy of cervical collars is debated, particularly concerning undiagnosed spinal fractures, where delayed diagnosis can result in permanent injuries. Despite these risks, cervical collars may be beneficial in low‐resource areas and when used effectively with early clearance post‐injury. Current guidelines recommend immobilizing patients suspected of cervical spine injury but stress the importance of proper evaluation of the need for immobilization. Recent guidelines advocate for spinal motion restriction over traditional immobilization, emphasizing the need for better risk assessment and implementation strategies.Conclusions/Clinical ImportanceRe‐evaluating the routine use of cervical collars is crucial due to potential risks and limited supporting evidence, with a focus on individualized assessment and adherence to updated guidelines favoring spinal motion restriction.

From science-policy interface to science-policy panel: The United Nations’ strengthening of the sustainable life cycle management of chemicals

In recent years, the chemical production and waste generation have been rapidly increasing, presenting substantial hazards to the ecosystem and human well-being. To address this issue, a series of multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) have been developed internationally, that provide essential decision-making support for the appropriate governance of chemicals and wastes in the participating countries. MEAs have established subsidiary bodies known as science-policy interface (SPI) institutions to provide evidence-based support and scientific assessments for environmental policies. However, the existing SPIs face limitations that hinder their ability to tackle the obstacles presented by the vast quantities of chemicals and wastes currently found in the environment. Therefore, the fifth session of the United Nations Environment Assembly made the decision to establish a science-policy panel to promote the effective management of chemicals and waste and to prevent pollution (SPP-CWP). This panel is intended to be an independent intergovernmental body, similar to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. The United Nations Environment Programme convened an ad hoc open-ended working group (OEWG) to design strategies for the SPP-CWP. Since 2022, three OEWG meetings have been conducted, and draft documents outlining the panel's scope, functions, operational principles, conflict of interest policy, institutional setup, work processes, and procedures have been formulated. In this article, we analyzed the background and development of the SPP-CWP and provided updates regarding the progress of the panel's establishment. We also suggested future trends for the SPP-CWP. We concluded that SPP-CWP will be a comprehensive and authoritative international body, providing policymakers with exhaustive reports, consequently strengthening the capacity of life cycle management of chemicals. Thus, the panel will effectively reduce or prevent waste production and pollution, promote material circulation, and minimize resource consumption, making significant contributions to the establishment of a circular economy and an environmentally friendly society.

The Ecology of English Loanwords in Chinese: A Case Study of Cement

From an ecolinguistic perspective, this study focuses on five English loanwords in Chinese related to the field of cement, as defined in the Modern Chinese Dictionary. The research quantitatively examines the ecological dynamics of these loanwords using two indicators: lexical niche breadth and overlap. The goal is to uncover the evolutionary mechanism governing their adaptation. The findings show: (1) The emergence of English loanwords is intricately linked to specific social environments. As new concepts and items are introduced from abroad, the masses initially make new loanwords, which are later standardized by authoritative bodies. (2) The vitality of loanwords correlates with their niche breadth. The competition among lexical variants is influenced by niche overlap. The loanwords for cement, ranked by vitality in descending order, are ShuiNi (3.221), YangHui (2.350), ShuiMenTing (1.385), HongMaoNi (1.202), and ShiMinTu (0.879). (3) The endangerment of loanwords results from a combination of external (social environment) and internal (language system) factors. Intense competition arises due to the presence of multiple synonyms for the same entity, and localization challenges occur when the loanwords do not precisely fit the entity. Among the five loanwords for cement, the first two exhibit higher vitality and continue to develop sustainably, while the last three show lower vitality and are gradually becoming endangered. As these loanwords undergo continuous evolution, a lexical ecocontinuum emerges: extinct in the wild—ShiMinTu; critically endangered—HongMaoNi; endangered—ShuiMenTing; vulnerable—YangHui; least concerned—ShuiNi.

Демократизм как базовый принцип в организации законотворческого процесса федеральной территории в России

Democratism is a key principle of constitutional and legal regulation of all innovations in the legislative process. Public authorities of Russia’s federal territories need guarantees for their participation in the legislative process. The legal status of the Sirius Federal Territory remains dubious, which violates the rights of its residents to participate in solving national issues. The principle of democratism is violated when its forms are implemented by public authorities of the federal territory. A balance of interests between society and the state would be achieved if citizens could exercise their legislative rights, directly or through representative bodies of public authority. First, guarantees should be established in the norms of the general effect; second, a procedure should be elaborated on regulatory legal acts, depending on the region and its status. A legislative process is not only a set of forms of activity that turns a legislative idea into a draft law. It also presupposes the implementation of this process based on constitutional principles, i.e., democratism. This principle should become comprehensive since it provides all subjects with equal participation in the legislative process. In addition, democratism encourages all residents and /or representative bodies for such participation. As a result, it should not be subjected to restrictions depending on the type of territory. If guarantees for the implementation of the legislative initiative right are violated in the legislative process, they can be regulated by federal legislation. This procedure could help residents of the Sirius Federal Territory and extend these guarantees to identical territories, e.g., closed administrative-territorial entities, university towns, etc. The ultimate effectiveness of the legislative process depends on democratism.

The perceptions and willingness of radiographers to extend their roles and become reporting radiographers in Abu Dhabi, the United Arab Emirates (UAE)

IntroductionThere has been an increase in the need for diagnostic imaging services globally, which is faster than the capacity of radiologists. The current workforce model is not sustainable due to the predicted aging of the population and the contraction of the healthcare workforce. By extending the role of radiographers to a specific range of radiological reporting tasks. It may be possible to meet demand and relieve some pressure on radiologists and increase radiographer satisfaction and retention. The purpose of this study is to investigate the perceptions, and willingness of the Abu Dhabi radiographers to extend their role as reporting radiographers in skeleton radiography. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among radiographers in the UAE. The on-line questionnaire was designed to obtain demographic information about radiographers, their qualifications, their professional experience, their postgraduate training, their plans for professional development, as well as their interest in future career opportunities related to extended roles. ResultsThis study had a response rate of 50% (n = 60). The government sector accounted for 75.3% of the survey's participants, while the private sector accounted for 24.7%. The main gains for role advancement were identified by 58.3% of the participants who were confident to start interpreting the upper and lower extremities in the emergency room (ER), and 86.3% were willing to be reporting radiographers. ConclusionIn conclusion, the Abu Dhabi radiographers are willing to extend their role in the interpretation of general X-ray images of skeletons. Implications for practiceCurriculum development in radiography and medical imaging education jointly with licensing health authority bodies is required to plan for the new radiographer reporting role.

Комунікаційні стратегії в державному управлінні: стан реалізації та проблеми

The article defines the current state of implementation of communication strategies by public administration bodies in Ukraine and identifies systemic problems. An analysis of the positive aspects and shortcomings in the development and implementation of communication strategies in the field of public administration is provided, as well as the requirements and factors that have a more significant impact on the content of communication processes in public administration are determined. The favorable perception of the public sphere was influenced not only by the information space formed by the Ukrainian mass media and officials, but also by the informational messages of Russian propaganda. The author provides suggestions for improving the communication strategy in the public sphere. It was established that when developing communication strategies, public authorities should ensure the reduction of uncertainty and the risk of failure when making strategic management decisions. It was determined that the essence of the interaction of public authorities with target audiences is to ensure an effective state policy and adaptation of state reforms to possible future changes in the external environment. Achieving these tasks is possible by: increasing citizens’ trust in state institutions and improving their image; raising citizens’ awareness of the processes taking place in state institutions; ensuring active participation of citizens in the processes of making management decisions and establishing feedback; establishing cooperation with national and international mass media, it is emphasized that this is impossible without improving the public sector, strengthening the presence of public institutions at the international level, optimizing internal communication and information exchange in public institutions. The development of relations with the public as a new social institution for Ukrainian society, bodies of public authority and local self-government, that is, the creation of conditions for ensuring communication with the community and significant participation of the community in solving local problems, defining the conceptual apparatus, principles and rules of institutional analysis, and as well as identifying the rules used by local self-government bodies. Keywords: communications in public administration, information, strategic communications, communication risks, communication channels, communication policy, communication infrastructure.

Local Self-Government Autonomy in Saint Petersburg

In modern history, public authority has expanded its political and legal interpretation. By an amendment to the Constitution of the Russian Federation from 2020 on improving the regulation of certain issues of the organization and functioning of public authority, the bodies of local self-government were included among the bodies of public authority. Based on Article 132 of the RF Constitution, LSG bodies entered the unified system of public authority in the Russian Federation and began to cooperate with state authorities for the most effective resolution of tasks in the interests of the population residing in the respective territory.The European Charter on Local Self-Governance defines and the Constitution of the Russian Federation enshrines the historical and legal basis for the establishment of local self-governance in a particular territory — its autonomy. The cultural and historical peculiarities of the inhabitants of these territories must be taken into account.The people of St Petersburg exercise their constitutional right to exercise power through local government. It has its own cultural code, which is expressed in special history, local customs and traditions, a multinational population, and a multitude of confessions. Local self-government is represented by 111 inner-city municipalities and 1 Council of Municipalities. Local government is regulated by the law on organization of local government in St Petersburg. The degree to which the residents’ right to power, and thus political stability in the region, depends on the quality of the local government’s performance of its powers.The 2019 municipal elections changed the quality of the representative bodies by supplementing them with independent, non-systemic deputies. This circumstance allowed for a different perspective on the specifics of local government and the functioning of LSG bodies. In the opinion of the authors, this renewal is not so much the desire of the population of the metropolis to change the composition of the representative bodies, but rather the consequence of a consistent government policy of centralizing local self-governance. After the incorporation of local self-governance into the system of public authorities and the artificial subordination of its legal nature to the needs of state power, the managerial principle of federal megacities of urban unity became the main reason, exploiting which, as a screen, the state power consistently deprives LSG bodies of independence, reducing the financial basis, the number of issues of local significance, and traditionally local functionality.The article attempts to determine the level of autonomy of LSG bodies of St. Petersburg, the direction of the vector of normative-legal regulation of state power in relation to the constitutional institution, to analyze the results of the findings, to draw conclusions and to assess the level of autonomy of local self-government in the political aspect, as well as the possible consequences of such state policy on the ground.The aim of this article is to provide scientific substantiation of necessity of certain decisions of state power bodies with the aim of preventing governmentalization of local self-government in St. Petersburg, to offer concrete measures for decision-making by state power bodies.