Authenticity Scale Research Articles

Further Validation of the Realness Scale: Are Celebrity Worshipers Unreal?

We administered the Realness Scale (RS), Celebrity Attitude Scale (CAS), and the modified Authentic Living Subscale (ALS) from the Authenticity Scale (AS) to undergraduate students from four American institutions of higher learning. We sought to further validate the RS by showing that it correlated positively with the ALS and negatively with the CAS. We also hypothesized that African Americans would score lower than Whites on the RS. Our results supported the first hypothesis, but we found only weak or non-existent support for the other two hypotheses. Discussion focused on reasons why our latter two hypotheses yielded mostly negative results and suggested improvements for future research.

The confluence of authenticity and mindfulness: Principal component analysis of the Authenticity Scale and the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire.

The confluence of authenticity and mindfulness: Principal component analysis of the Authenticity Scale and the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire.

Meaning in life and the quest for authenticity in touristic experiences among Turkish tourists

PurposeDiscussions of authenticity in touristic experiences indicate that it is a significant area in the search for meaning. This study aims to demonstrate that the quest for authenticity in a tourist experience begins in the pre-travel period by associating it with meaning in life.Design/methodology/approachData were collected via survey from 356 people planning to participate in tourism activities. The survey included demographic questions, the meaning in life scale and the quest for authenticity (QfA) scale, designed by previous researchers.FindingsThe analysis revealed that meaning in life levels significantly explained the quest for subjective authenticity (R2 = 0.303) and objective authenticity (R2 = 0.131) in tourist experiences. The search for objective authenticity in a tourist experience significantly mediated the relationship between meaning in life and subjective authenticity.Research limitations/implicationsThe research has several limitations. Primarily, the sampling group of the research consists of Turkish tourists who are planning to participate in tourism mobilities, and mostly females volunteered to respond in the data collection process. Hence it is necessary to study potential tourists from other countries for a more generalized conclusion. Second, the authors did not specifically ask the sample group which forms of tourism they are planning to participate in, heritage and culture, fair, etc. Subsequent studies may address this distinction and the explanatory power of the independent variable may differ according to plan to participate in different forms of tourism.Practical implicationsTourism has an important place in individuals' search for meaning in life and authenticity. Because it offers an environment/setting where individuals can find answers to these searches. As a result of modernism, individuals become alienated from themselves, and their environment and the meanings they attribute to life are sometimes blurred. Some individuals experiencing this tend towards tourist mobility. This process individuals go through also includes the need for authenticity. Thus, such tourist behaviors cause the emergence of different authentic products that can meet the expectations and wishes of individuals.Social implicationsOne of the main elements that encourages people to travel is quest for authenticity, which they feel is lacking in modern life. Thus, tourists are more likely to experience meaning in life based on subjective experiences than viewed objects.Originality/valueThe study offers three novel findings: individuals seek authenticity in tourist experiences in order to find meaning in life; quest for authenticity begins in the pre-travel process; and objective authenticity is necessary to seek subjective authenticity through meaning in life. While a few studies have investigated these variables, the authenticity literature has neglected the pre-travel phase. However, this needs attention to better understand authenticity in tourism.

Profiling Authentic Self-Development: Associations With Basic Need Satisfaction in Emerging Adulthood

Research on dispositional authenticity has accelerated in recent years. Using the Authenticity Scale and drawing upon Self-Determination Theory, we conducted a Latent Profile Analysis to determine whether two or more distinct classes of authentic self-development were identifiable across separate samples (Ns = 344 and 378) of emerging adults (18–22 year olds). We also tested whether multidimensional perfectionism and attachment insecurity were correlated with the classes of authentic self-development, and examined the association between class membership and levels of psychological need satisfaction and frustration. Our findings supported the presence of a 3-class configuration which we respectively labelled “Consolidated Authenticity,” “Unintegrated Authenticity,” and “Pre-Emergent Authenticity.” This class structure was replicated in a separate, independent sample. Results highlighted relevant variation in authentic self-development across the identified classes and yielded support for our model involving hypothesized influences on, as well as contemporary outcomes associated with, participants’ class membership.

Relationships among Traditional Gender Roles, Acceptance of External Influence and Self-Alienation: The Mediator Role of Internalized Sexism

This study dealt with the relationships among the frequency of messages about traditional gender roles that women receive throughout their growing up processes, their acceptance of external influence and their self-alienation. In addition, it was examined whether the relationship between traditional gender roles and acceptance of external influence, and the relationship between traditional gender roles and self-alienation, are established through internalized sexism. The participants of the study were 443 women studying at the undergraduate level at various universities of Turkey. For the study, the Traditional Gender Roles Subscale of the Socialization of Gender Norms Scale, the Internalized Sexism Scale and the Authenticity Scale's dimensions of Acceptance of External Influence and Self-Alienation were used. The results revealed the full mediating role of internalized sexism in the relationship between the frequency of traditional gender role messages and acceptance of external influence and self-alienation. The results were discussed and interpreted within the framework of the relevant literature, and suggestions were presented for future studies.

What is truly representative: the development of a Restaurant Authenticity Scale (RAS)

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to develop a restaurant authenticity scale (RAS), containing multiple restaurant attributes and authenticity conceptualizations. A four-step approach was used to develop this scale. Ultimately, the RAS contained 20 items and three dimensions: authenticity of ambiance, authenticity of cuisine, and authenticity of people. Findings from the current study show that the authenticity of cuisine dimension explained the greatest amount of variance of restaurant authenticity. With regard to theory, the current study has determined which items, authenticity conceptualizations, and dimensions should be included in the RAS. The current study offers guidance to restaurant practitioners by calling attention to key restaurant attributes which are critical to guests’ perceptions of restaurant authenticity.

Examining the structure of authenticity: A factor analytic study of the Authenticity Scale and Authenticity Inventory Subscales.

Authenticity has received much empirical research attention in recent years. It is currently often measured using one of two psychometric tools - The Authenticity Scale (AS) and The Authenticity Inventory (AI). Although the development of both was influenced by similar theoretical ideas, their operational definitions are different. The AS consists of three subscales of authentic living, self-alienation, and accepting external influence, whereas the AI consists of four subscales of awareness, unbiased processing, behavior, and relational orientation. In order to understand the overall construct of authenticity, including all its varied aspects, two studies were conducted. In study 1 (N=1049), the three AS and four AI subscales were subjected to Exploratory Factor Analysis. Results showed that the subscales from these two instruments all loaded highly on a two-component model, which we represented as a distinction between outer and inner expressions of authenticity. In study 2 (N=527) Confirmatory Factor Analysis found the two factor model to be a good fit. In addition, in study 2 we also investigated the association of these two factors with social desirability, showing that greater authenticity was associated with lower social desirability. Overall, our findings provide new insights into the conceptualization of authenticity and suggest that both authenticity tools measure aspects of this two-factor model. These results provide a new framework to synthesize previous data on authenticity more effectively, and to develop new tools for the understanding and assessment of authenticity.

Perceived organizational authenticity in LGBTQ communication: the scale development and initial empirical findings

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to develop an integrative concept of perceived authenticity that captures a more nuanced perception of authenticity among LGBTQ stakeholders and to examine the effects of perceived organizational authenticity on Pride campaign evaluations.Design/methodology/approachWith 400 LGBTQ/non-LGBTQ participants, we developed a perceived organizational authenticity (POA) scale - adapted from marketing literature - adding representativeness as the fifth dimension to the context of LGBTQ communication. We also examined the differences between LGBTQ participants and non-LGBTQ participants in perceiving authenticity and evaluating the Pride 2020 campaign in terms of brand attitude, skepticism and purchase intention.FindingsOur scale development resulted in a 20-item POA scale measuring five dimensions: continuity, credibility, integrity, symbolism and representativeness. We also found that POA increases brand attitude and purchase intention while mitigating skepticism toward the Pride 2020 campaign.Research limitations/implicationsThis study provides not only empirical support for perceived authenticity literature across communication disciplines including marketing as well as public relations, but it also propels an interdisciplinary approach to POA scale development.Practical implicationsThe POA scale can be used to measure the effectiveness of organizational communication as well as stakeholder perception of authenticity. This research provides guidelines regarding how POA of LGBTQ communication might be enhanced.Originality/valueThis study developed a POA scale in the context of LGBTQ communication. This study is innovative in developing a POA scale that can be used to measure the effectiveness of public relations and communication efforts, as well as perceived authenticity of LGBTQ communication.

Development of the Brand Authenticity Scale for Professional Sport Teams

PURPOSE This study aimed to identify the underlying dimensions of brand (professional sport team) authenticity and to develop a valid, reliable scale to measure these dimensions.METHODS A pool of 67 potential items was drawn through a literature review, content analysis, qualitative research (n=43), and an expert evaluation. The identified items were subjected to exploratory factor analysis (n=248) and confirmatory factor analysis (n=285). In addition, multiple regressions were conducted to examine the criterion validity of the scale.RESULTS The results showed that the brand authenticity scale for professional sport teams consists of 42 items representing 8 dimensions: continuity, originality, quality commitment, heritage, symbolism, credibility, stakeholder-related integrity, and consumer-related integrity. The study has proven evidences of internal consistency and convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity of the scale.CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that the scale developed in this study offers a vital foundation to understand the structure of brand authenticity in the context of sport fans and its impact on sport consumer behavior.

Relationships between Sense of Community, Authenticity, and Meaning in Life in Four Social Communities in France

This research explored the effects of sense of community and authenticity on meaning in life in social communities in France. The sample included one hundred participants from four social communities (i.e., political, religious, virtual learning, and mutual aid). The Meaning in Life Questionnaire, the Sense of Community Scale, and the Authenticity Scale were administered to the respondents. The correlational analyses indicated that sense of community and authenticity were more related to the presence of meaning (r = 0.29 and r = 0.54, respectively) than to the search for meaning (r = −0.39 and r = 0.03, respectively). In addition, no interaction effects were found between sense of community and the three dimensions of authenticity, suggesting that the level of authenticity did not influence the relationships between sense of community and presence of or search for meaning. The practical and research implications of the study for social communities in the field of existential psychology were discussed.

The Mediating Role of Psychological Flexibility in Explaining Authenticity and Life Satisfaction with Alexithymia

Within the scope of this study, the relationships among alexithymia, psychological flexibility, authenticity and life satisfaction of individuals were investigated. In addition, the possible meditating role of psychological flexibility on the relationships among alexithymia, authenticity and life satisfaction were investigated. The research model is the relational screening model, which is one of the descriptive models that aims to examine the mediating role of psychological flexibility in the relationships among individuals' alexithymia, authenticity and life satisfaction. As the data collection tools, "Personal Information Form", "Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20)", "Authenticity Scale", "Psychological Flexibility Scale" and "Life Satisfaction Scale" were used. The sampling group of the study was composed of 702 adult individuals between the ages of 18 and 67Whilst analysing the data, SPSS 22 Package Program was used to highlight the relationships between variables (Pearson correlation coefficient) and mediation test. In the study, Bootstrap analysis and Sobel test were used to measure the statistical significance of the mediating effects of the model. According to the research findings, while there was a significant negative relationship between alexithymia and psychological flexibility variables and authenticity and life satisfaction variables, a positive significant relationship was found among psychological flexibility, authenticity and life satisfaction. According to the mediation test, psychological flexibility had a partial mediating role in the relationships among alexithymia, life satisfaction and authenticity. Alexithymia explained 52% of authenticity and 21% of life satisfaction through psychological flexibility. The present article discusses the abovementioned research results within the framework of the relevant literature, and suggestions are made accordingly.

Краткая версия опросника аутентичности Керниса-Голдмана: адаптация в России

Aim. The first psychometric verification of the Kernis-Goldman Authenticity Inventory, which includes 45 statements and four scales in the initial version, such as Awareness, Unbiased processing, authentic Behavior, and Relational orientation, was carried out in Russia. The questionnaire was developed within the framework of the existential paradigm of personality psychology. Procedure and method. The study involved 704 respondents (144 male, 559 female, aged 17 to 32 years). To check the convergent validity, the Authenticity scale (subscales: Authentic living, Acceptance of external influence, and Self-Alienation) and the single-scale Moscow authenticity scale were used. Confirmatory factor analysis, parametric and nonparametric statistical methods were used. Results and conclusion. During the adaptation, the Authenticity inventory was reduced to 32 points (per 8 in each of the scales), in order to keep the original factor structure. It was found that the Relational orientation score is higher in females, and Awareness is higher in males. It was also found that the indicators of the adapted questionnaire positively correlate with the scores of Authentic living and the Moscow authenticity scale, and negatively — with the scores of Acceptance of external influence and Self-alienation. The study showed the structural and convergent validity of the Russian-language version of the questionnaire. The new tool can be recommended for evaluating the effectiveness of various interventions and for research.

Аутентичность и способность прощать при разных уровнях стресса: предварительное исследование

The study is aimed at investigating of the relationship between two lower-level personality traits — authenticity and dispositional forgiveness (the ability to forgive). Respondents of the study are experiencing stress of different levels and content. The sample consisted of 140 subjects (16–40 years old, Mage=23,1, SDage=9,0, 66 female), divided by the stress level into following groups: conditionally well-off, everyday stress, and chronic stress. The Russian versions of the Authenticity Scale (Nartova-Bochaver et al., 2021) and the Heartland Forgiveness Scale (Adamyan, Nartova-Bochaver, 2020) were used. The higher scores of both authenticity and forgiveness were obtained in respondents with chronic stress, the lowest ones — in respondents with everyday stress, and conditionally well-off respondents had moderately high indicators of both variables. The regression models showed that in the group of chronic stress, authenticity is practically not predicted by forgiveness. For the conditionally well-off and respondents with everyday stress, the most important predictor of authenticity, contributing to an authentic life and protecting from self-alienation, was forgiveness of self. In addition, a second predictor of the same variables, forgiveness of situations, was found in the group of everyday stress. To sum up, the difference in trajectories and possible determinants of positive personality development depending on the level of stress experienced was claimed. The prospects of research and possible application of the results are outlined.

The development of "emotional authenticity scale": validity and reliability studies

The aim of the present research is to develop a psychometrically qualified measurement tool to find out the emotional authenticity levels of individuals. Taking roots from the rational approach, 53 items were written by the researchers in line with the relevant literature review and the opinions of the experts, and the expert opinion form prepared for these items was sent to 11 experts in order to calculate the content validity indices and ratio. In line with the opinions and suggestions from the experts, a 5-point Likert type trial form was created and applied to 408 individuals. 21.14% of them were found for "authentic behavior", 15.67% for "acceptance of external influence" and finally 15.46% for the "emotional avoidance" factor, respectively. The factor loadings of the scale vary between .41 and .81. In addition, confirmatory factor analysis was performed to test the construct validity of the scale. In line with these results, it can be said that the Emotional Authenticity Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool.

Be real, open, and creative: How openness to experience and to change mediate the authenticity-creativity association

Although several researchers have suggested that authenticity fosters individuals’ creativity, few empirical studies have focused on this research topic, and even fewer have examined the underlying mechanism. To address this gap, this study examined the relationships among authenticity, openness to experience, openness to change, and creativity. Three hundred Chinese participants (246 women, mean age = 20.36 years) were recruited via an online survey website and they were asked to complete the Authenticity Scale, the Openness to Experience Scale, the Routine Seeking Scale (i.e., as a measure of openness to change), the Creative Behavior Scale, and two divergent thinking tasks (i.e., the alternative uses task, AUT). The results revealed positive associations among all the variables of interest (i.e., authenticity, openness to experience, openness to change, self-reported creative behavior, AUT fluency, AUT originality, and AUT flexibility). Moreover, both openness to experience and to change fully mediated the association between authenticity and self-reported creative behavior, AUT fluency, and AUT flexibility. In addition, openness to experience fully mediated the link between authenticity and AUT originality. The results highlight the mediating role of openness as a mechanism that underlies the association between authenticity and creativity. Therefore, developing an authentic mindset or increasing individuals’ propensity to openness could be considered possible ways to stimulate their creative potential/performance. The limitations of this study and future directions are discussed in detail.

The relationship among quiet ego, authenticity, self-compassion and life satisfaction in adults

Life satisfaction and its role in promoting well-being is an important aspect in positive psychology. Dimensions of the self have been found to be related to a satisfying life, so examining self-related domains may be particularly important for understanding life satisfaction outcomes. This study examined the relationship among quiet ego, authenticity, self-compassion, and life satisfaction. The Quiet Ego Scale, the Authenticity Scale, the Self-Compassion Scale- Short Form, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale were administered to 203 adults. The sample had good diversity in terms of age, nationality, ethnicity, religion, and occupation. Findings showed that all three dimensions of self-concept, namely, quiet ego, authenticity, and self-compassion, were positively correlated with each other. Findings further showed that quiet ego, authenticity, and self-compassion were positively correlated with life satisfaction. Based on hierarchical regression analyses, quiet ego and authenticity were predictors of life satisfaction but lost their predictive variance in the presence of self-compassion. When sociodemographic factors were controlled, regression analyses showed that marital status had a significant, strong influence on life satisfaction ratings. Interventions that cultivate self-compassion could teach people to become kinder when responding to stressful situations, which improves functioning and promotes life satisfaction. Limitations and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Being yourself: An assessment of authenticity in undergraduates of a University in Sri Lanka

ABSTRACT Authenticity is an indicator of psychological well-being. Until recently, studies on this construct has been scarce. This study aimed to fill this gap by culturally adapting a Sinhala version of the Authenticity Scale and using it to examine authenticity and selected demographic correlates among Sri Lankan undergraduates. The Sinhala version of the Authenticity Scale showed favourable psychometric properties. The survey results on 1235 Sri Lankan undergraduates indicate that this group is comparable to their counterparts in some dimensions of authenticity. The results also indicate that women report higher authenticity than men. Implications of this study are discussed, whilst emphasising the need to take into account variations that may occur in relation to authenticity in demographic factors such as gender.

“They Love Me, They Love Me Not”: An IRT‐Based Investigation of the Child Parental Acceptance‐Rejection Questionnaire with a Japanese Sample1

AbstractThis study aimed to (a) devise the Child PARQ (Child Parental Acceptance‐Rejection Questionnaire), Japanese version (Child PARQ‐J), and evaluate its construct validity; (b) select the best items for developing a shorter version; and (c) assess the reliability and validity of the shortened Japanese Child PARQ (Child PARQ‐J‐SF). The sample consisted of 603 Japanese adolescents (61% boys), aged 12–15 years (Mage = 13.95 years, SD = 0.85 years). Data were collected online by a research company using the Child PARQ‐J, the Japanese version of the World Health Organization's Well‐Being Index (WHO‐5‐J), and the Sense of Authenticity Scale (SOAS). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the proposed four‐factor model for the Child PARQ‐J. Use of the item response theory approach resulted in identical 18‐item versions of the Child PARQ‐J‐SF for both parents. Structural equation modeling demonstrated the predictive validity of the Child PARQ‐J‐SF for adolescents' sense of authenticity and well‐being. The Child PARQ‐J is a robust measure in the Japanese context, and the Child PARQ‐J‐SF is a promising tool for researchers to use for quick assessments or in studies involving multiple constructs.

Authenticity as a Resilience Factor Against CV-19 Threat Among Those With Chronic Pain and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.

ObjectiveThe novel coronavirus (2019; CV-19) is linked to increases in emotional distress and may be particularly problematic for those with pre-existing mental and physical conditions, such as chronic pain and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, little empirical research has been published on resilience factors in these individuals. The present study aims to examine authenticity as a resilience factor among those with chronic pain and/or PTSD.MethodsPrior to the national response to the pandemic (January 10-24, 2020), participants were screened for pain-related disability (Oswestry Disability Index; ODI) and PTSD symptoms (Posttraumatic Checklist for DSM-5; PCL-5), and on the basis of those responses were categorized into one of four groups: healthy, chronic pain only, PTSD only, or comorbid chronic pain and PTSD. During the CV-19 pandemic (May 5-May 13, 2020), participants responded again to the ODI and PCL-5, in addition to the Wood Authenticity Scale, Brief Pain Inventory, and items related to the CV-19 pandemic.ResultsA total of 110 participants (54.55% women), aged 42.19 (SD = 13.16), completed the survey during the pandemic. The comorbid group endorsed higher levels of CV-19 Threat and Impact compared to all other groups. Authenticity moderated this relationship relevant to CV-19 Threat among those in the chronic pain only group, and not in any other group.ConclusionThe comorbid group endorsed higher levels of CV-19 Threat and Impact compared to all other groups. Importantly, greater authenticity was associated with less CV-19 Threat in the chronic pain only group, and not in any other group. The present study also highlights the importance of engaging authentically for those with chronic pain during the pandemic.

Validation of the 10-Item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale: The Case of Russian Youth.

This study validates the 10-item Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10) on a Russian youth sample. A total of 689 respondents participated (Mage = 20.22, SDage = 2.08; 526 females). The Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale, the International Positive and Negative Affect Schedule Short-Form, the Centre of Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Authenticity Scale were used to examine the content validity of CD-RISC-10. Two hypotheses were examined: that the Russian version of the CD-RISC-10 (1) has structural validity (is unifactorial, as the original version) and (2) has convergent validity (which is proven by positive connections with psychological well-being and negative connections with ill-being). According to confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), it was shown that the scale really had a unifactorial structure; its reliability was satisfactory (α =.85, ωh =.84). No age trends in the CD-RISC-10 scores were detected; in males, the scores were higher than in females. As expected, CD-RISC-10 was positively connected with mental well-being, positive affect, self-esteem, and authentic living while negatively connected with depressive symptoms, negative affect, acceptance of external influence, and self-alienation. The Russian version of CD-RISC-10 seems to be a valid, stable, and reliable instrument which may be recommended for use in various areas of research and practice.