Austrian Monarchy Research Articles

Prekursorske aktivnosti liječnika iz Lavova u razvoju terapeutske gimnastike, ortopedije i rehabilitacije u Galiciji od 1847. do 1918. godine

The article presents the little-known pioneering activity of doctors working in Lviv, the capital of the Galicia province in the Austrian Monarchy, for the development of therapeutic gymnastics and orthopedics from 1847 to 1918. Analysis of source materials from archives, medical magazines, and daily newspapers shows that therapeutic gymnastics was introduced for the treatment of locomotor diseases in Lviv at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Initially, it was based on the German method and then replaced by the Swedish method. At the same time, orthopedics emerged from surgery, with its origins related to the habilitation of Dr Antoni Gabryszewski at the University of Lviv. The main role in this process belonged to Lviv doctors, graduates of universities in Krakow, Lviv, Prague, and Vienna. They conducted scientific research at the Medical Faculty of the University of Lviv and made numerous trips to renowned centers in other provinces of Austria, as well as in Germany, Sweden, and Switzerland. Due to their scientific work, as well as the knowledge and experience gained from foreign scientific visits, they founded and managed facilities where they applied orthopedics, healing gymnastics, mechanotherapy, physical therapy, massage, and orthopedic equipment. Most facilities were comparable in functionality to renowned foreign centers. The pioneering activities of Lviv doctors contributed to the development of orthopedics and healing gymnastics in other Galician cities and influenced the establishment of spas throughout the province. In later years, this activity furthered the establishment of orthopedics, comprehensive rehabilitation, and spa therapy in Poland and Ukraine.

Novels 1914-1916 to the General Civil Code of the Austrian Empire 1811

The article is devoted to clarifying the reasons and prerequisites for the adoption of the Novels of 1914-1916 to the Austrian General Civil Code of 1811, a general characterization of their content and substantiation of their historical and legal significance.
 The author analyzed the state of problem processing; first of all, the author used the works of two professors of Lviv University of 20th century - the outstanding Polish civilian Ernest Till, who published the German text and the Polish translation of the Novel with his own explanations, as well as the prominent Ukrainian jurist Stanislav Dnistrіanskyі, who in 1919 translated the Code of 1811 and three Novels to it into Ukrainian. At the same time, the main attention in the article is given to the figure of the Austrian lawyer and statesman, professor of the University of Vienna, Joseph Unger, who presented the program of novelization of the Code of 1811 in his article of 1904 and later acted as its main developer at the head of the Special Commission.
 The author revealed the decisive influence of J. Unger on the spread of the historical school of law in the legal science of the Austrian monarchy, including its fundamental provisions regarding the reception of Roman law, the tradition of German pandectism; and, instead, critics of the theory of natural law; as well as on the introduction by scientists of a comparative legal approach in Austrian civil studies, thanks to which the reform of the General Civil Code of the Austrian Empire in 1811 was initiated. The author considered the 10-year codification process of changing the Code, which resulted in its novelization in 1914-1916.
 Therefore, the article elaborates the main content of the three Novels to the Code: the First Novel of October 12, 1914, the Second Novel of July 22, 1915, and the Third Novel of March 19, 1916, which made certain changes to personal, family, property, inheritance and obligation law. At the same time, the author stated that the revision of the General Civil Code of the Austrian Empire in 1811 did not fundamentally change its structure, nor the main principles and provisions, but was only aimed at adapting the Code to the contemporary conditions and needs.

Orient Assemblage (Made in Austria): Colonial Typologies, Trade Relations, and the Politics of Architecture at the Vienna World’s Fair 1873

In contrast to the Great Exhibition in Paris in 1867 and in London in 1862, both of which were directed towards the portrayal of scientific and technological innovations, the 1873 Vienna World’s Fair exhibition concept concentrated on trade relations. One of the most prestigious sections of the exhibition grounds was the Oriental Quarter, which featured numerous collections of oriental art, marking the climax of a prevailing late 19th-century trend. This nexus of colonial and economic interests becomes legible not only in the specific ways the Orient was represented in the larger organization of the fair but also in Josef von Schwegel’s curatorial program, through which the designs of the orientalist buildings were developed, realized, and presented to visitors. In this context, we understand the European representation of the Orient to be a social construction that relies on architectural terms and practice, and we identify a new spatial type that offered visitors an experience of the Orient by enacting alleged oriental forms of architecture. The architectural enactments of the Oriental Quarter perform two main functions: first, to foster trade relationships with the Orient and second, to put on display the Austrian monarchy’s own industrial performance and artistic production. As a ‘living museum’, the Vienna World’s Fair marked the beginning of the monarchy’s complex collection history of oriental exhibits through which it continued to appropriate oriental forms for commerce-related reasons long after the fair officially closed.

The influence of economic factors on the formation and development of banking law in the Austrian monarchy (second half of the 18th - mid-19th centuries)

The article analyzes the influence of economic factors on the formation and development of banking law in the Austrian monarchy (second half of the 18th - mid-19th centuries). It is noted that at the beginning of the 18th century. Austria was an agrarian country with a typical medieval economy, unadapted to changing realities, with weak fiscal and tax systems. The lack of reforms, excessive spending on the army, low tax revenues led to a constant increase in debt. The emerging situation forced the Austrian imperial court to seek answers to complex economic issues.
 It was established that the solution to the economic problems of the state took place within the framework of scientific discussions of the Austrian economic school, the roots of which go back to the 15th century. At first, its representatives were mainly Dominicans and Jesuits, teachers of theology in universities, who were the main centers of philosophical thought of that time. They substantiated cause-and-effect relationships, discovered and explained the laws of supply and demand, the causes of inflation, the subjective nature of economic value, etc. Austrian economists were defenders of property rights and free trade, and opposed price controls and restrictions that stifled entrepreneurship. The huge number of monetary transactions carried out on the Austrian market could not be fully regulated if the money accumulated by banks through deposits was not used.
 Itis shown that one of theimportant achievements of economists of the XVII-XVIII centuries. the introduction of a dynamic concept of competition, which is understood as an entrepreneurial process of rivalry, which moves the market and accelerates the development of civilization. This idea formed the basis of the Austrian market theory. Another fundamental element of Austrian economic thought was the principle of time superiority, according to which present goods, other things being equal, are valued higher than future ones.
 It was determined that banking activity in the Austrian monarchy was determined by the economic situation and directly depended on the political situation. The numerous wars that Austria waged during the period under study had a negative impact on the country's financial condition, forcing the government to take loans both from other states and from its own rich citizens. The period of the middle of the XVIII - the beginning of the XIX centuries. in the Habsburg monarchy was characterized by the instability of the financial system and the banking sector in particular. At that time, the regulation of the legal foundations of banking activity and the creation of the National Bank of Austria, designed to promote financial stability and economic development, occurred. However, the banking legislation had a number of shortcomings, the elimination of which fell on the second half of the 19th century.

Formation and development of the banking system in Galicia on the eve of joining the Austrian monarchy in the second half of the 18th century

The article analyzes the peculiarities of the formation and development of the banking system in Galicia on the eve of joining Austria in the second half of the 18th century. It is noted that the beginnings of banking in Galicia date back to the Middle Ages, in particular, during its stay as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The banking system of Galicia as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was formed and functioned in accordance with the general trends in the development of banking in Europe.
 It has been established that the first banks in the current sense of the word began to appear in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth with the development of urban centers and crafts. Banking houses became more and more important every decade. They granted loans to Polish kings and cities (it is known that they granted loans to the city of Lviv), acted as intermediaries in obtaining loans abroad, in in Viennese banks. Banking activity in Poland since the Middle Ages has been carried out by merchant families, the most prominent of which were Schwartz, Boner, Montelupi, Volchek, Jezyfowicz. Gradually, banking business in Galicia as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth began to separate from the merchants. People began to appear who were called «bankers» and for whom credit business was the main occupation. The first banker in Poland who gave himself this name was Adam Zimman.
 It is shown that in the 18th century several banks were established in Galicia, which acted as commercial institutions and mostly served trade and industry. In Galicia, loans to private individuals in the XVII-XVIII centuries. provided by owners of large capital. It is known that in the middle of the XVII century. the Lviv burgher brotherhood at the Dormition Church helped its members with interest-free loans. At the same time, benevolent credit institutions began to appear, similar to the European Pious Banks (Montes pietatis). Pious banks were established by ecclesiastical organizations, often Jesuits, to provide loans to the population at comparatively lower interest rates than individual private individuals. These banks were part of the church’s fight against usury. They were usually supported by donations and contributions from church organizations and wealthy people. The money received from these sources was used to provide loans to the public against collateral. In many cases, pious banks refused to charge interest on loans and even forgave debts if the borrower was unable to repay the loan. Pious banks were popular in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, especially among the poorer population who could not afford the high interest rates charged by private financial institutions or individuals. However, over time, religious banks became less popular due to increased competition from private banks, as well as a decrease in the interest of church organizations in supporting them.
 It is argued that in Galicia as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 17th century. banking was born. The first bankers were rich burghers, such as the German Valerian Alembek, the Greek Konstantin Korniakt, or the Campian family. Prototypes of classical banks in the current sense of the word were credit societies or so-called pious banks that performed lending functions. They first specialized in mortgage loans and short-term loans. The Armenian Pious Bank became the first institution of such a plan in Lviv. Simultaneously with the development of trade and industry in the 18th century. banking institutions began to acquire more and more importance. They accepted deposits primarily from larger landowners and provided loans. Banking houses even provided loans to Polish kings and cities, including Lviv. Despite the intensification of banking activity in the 18th century, the banking system in Galicia as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was poorly developed, and legal regulation was mostly related to issues of interest on loans granted.

Unlocking archival censuses for spatial analysis: An historical dataset of the administrative units of Galicia 1857–1910

The lack of long-term assessment of the administrative divisions of Galicia, a former part of the Austrian monarchy, has so far been a serious obstacle in the mapping and spatial analyses of archival census data. To fill this gap, we reconstructed the boundaries of 5944 cadastral communes, court districts, and political districts into circles (https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/PXDP41). Geometric boundaries are accompanied by different names according to census and cartographic sources. We found that a detailed reconstruction of the administrative units for Galicia is critically important for appropriately using census data in spatial analyses. So far, it has been neglected or considered difficult to perform because of the large area of the region, frequent administrative changes, and time-consuming map processing.

The reform policy of Maria Theresa and Joseph II in the field of urban development in the Austrian monarchy and its influence on the cities of Galicia (second half of the 18th century)

The article analyzes the reform policy of Maria Theresa and Joseph II in the field of urban development in the Austrian monarchy and determines its influence on the cities of Galicia (second half of the 18th century)). It is noted that the reformist policies of Maria Theresa and Joseph II limited the power of large owners in Galicia, created conditions for raising the material and educational level of the local population. Imperial measures to limit city self-government were correlated with a decrease in the competence of land sejms - landtags. The new government was looking for a model of successful administration for the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. Therefore, it was decided that Galicia should not be governed according to the model of any old province, but should receive a new, more efficient administrative apparatus. Centralization reforms in Hungary and Bohemia encountered strong opposition from local political elites. Galicia was a new province and the reform strategy here had to be completely different. The goal was to dismantle all that was left of the Polish system of governance, and in its place to create a new, perfect administrative state apparatus. Anton Pergen, the first governor of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, wrote about this in his memorandum to Empress Maria Theresa. The plan was approved by the empress. She liked the idea of turning Galicia into a “model province” (Musterprovinz) for other territories of the Habsburg monarchy.It was established that the Austrian authorities considered the cities as potential industrial centers of the country (following the Prussian or British model). Apart from Vienna, cities such as Budapest, Trieste, Fiume and Prague were more or less industrial and commercial centers. Industrial revolution on the border of the 18th and 19th centuries. belatedly, but still reflected in the structure and growth of individual cities of the empire. In order to contribute to the rise of cities, it was necessary to modernize and introduce new technologies. For this purpose, under both Maria Theresa and Joseph II, tax benefits were introduced for several years for entrepreneurs who installed machines in their factories. There were programs to attract skilled workers from Germany and Italy. Tax breaks and exemptions from the army were introduced for colonists, and rules were introduced for entrepreneurs that encouraged the use of modern technologies in factories and factories. On the other hand, penalties were applied to those who did not want to obey the changes. For example, high fines were imposed in Moravia in 1754 and in Bohemia in 1756 for the lack of modern technologies in paper production. Enterprises that used machines for the technological process of production were completely exempt from paying taxes for several years.

Muzejní časopis Mittheilugen des Mährischen Gewerbe-Museums in Brünn (1883–1918) v kontextu časopisů uměleckoprůmyslových muzeí v českých zemích

The article focuses on the museum journal Mittheilungen des Mährischen Gewerbe-Museums in Brünn, one of the important source materials for research on the arts and crafts of the last third of the 19th century and the early 20th century not only in Moravia but also in the cultural areas of the Austrian monarchy. The journal was published in the Moravian Industrial Museum in Brno in 1883–1918, when the museum was headed by two important directors – August Prokop (1883–1893) and Julius Leisching (1893–1922). Under the influence of the latter, the museum became the press authority of the Association of Austrian Museums of Applied Arts, the Association of Austro-Moravian Local Museums and the German-Moravian Association of Heritage Preservation. The journal contained articles on art history and information on current exhibitions, museum collections and activities as well as on the museum library.

Fostering Kaisertreue in the Austrian Empire: Literature on the Occasion of the Marriage of Emperor Francis Josef (1854)

This article explores poems devoted to the dynastic festivities of the ruling House of Habsburg as one of the multiple instruments of fostering loyalty and dynastic patriotism, primarily in in-school youth who were regarded as future citizens of the Austrian Empire. The concepts of dynastic patriotism, Kaisertreue (literally, faithfulness to the emperor), Huldigungsschriften (literally, homage writings), the Habsburg myth, pietas Austriaca, and Habsburg propaganda provide the theoretical and methodological basis of the research. The author refers to three poems devoted to the wedding festivities of Emperor Francis Joseph and Elizabeth of Bavaria in 1854. Two of them — one of which is written in Hungarian and the other in German — are examples of the panegyric ode and were authored by schoolteachers. The third one is a moral poem, easy to understand, with a heartwarming storyline. All the three poems in question are quite ordinary in terms of literary and artistic merit. Their choice is motivated by the author’s desire to demonstrate through those Huldigungsschriften her hypothesis that the Habsburg myth which emphasised the virtues and all-encompassing benevolence of the Habsburg rulers was being transmitted in various formats and different languages to in-school youth in the lands of the Austrian monarchy to foster loyalty and dynastic patriotism. Rather than studying the three writings for their literary and artistic merit, the article mainly focuses on discussing this kind of poetry as a historical phenomenon and an instrument of propaganda which was aimed at developing a loyal and faithful population of the polyethnic and multicultural Habsburg Empire.

Modern flint mining landscapes and flint knapping evidence from the Kraków Gunflint Production Centre – What we know from LiDAR and field survey

We know that on the Polish territories that belonged to Austrian and Russian Empires, from the second partof the 18th till the 19th centuries, gunflint workshops were operating. One of the workshop centres were situatedin the Kraków region (southern Poland) and others were located in the regions of Ivano-Frankivsk (Ukraine,former Austrian monarchy) and Kremenets (Ukraine, former Russian monarchy). The number of workshops,the quantity of products and their export gave them significance on a European scale. We used several methodsto preliminary investigate the area near Kraków using LiDAR and field verification. We analysis three modernflint mines in this region – Zelków, Karniowice and Mników which have preserved anthropogenic relief andwell-preserved flint workshops on the surface. Flints obtained during field verification (studies included a setof cores and technological blanks) were analyzed. Our efforts allowed us to attempt to recreate the chaîne opératoirefor Polish gunflint workshops as well to determine differences between particular sites.

Climate of the Pokuttia and Bukovyna Carpathians and foreland in the second half of the 19th – at the beginning of 20th centuries

Climate reconstruction of the Pokuttia and Bukovyna Carpathians, its foreland and adjacent mountain and foothill areas in the 19th century is performed due to a dense network of meteorological observations, starting from the 60s of the 19th century in the Bukovyna and Galychyna provinces within the Austrian Monarchy and several paleoclimatic reconstructions, mainly dendroclimatic, carried out on the basis of data collected in the Eastern Carpathians. Spatial interpolations using universal kriging has been performed based on in-situ homogenized data of weather stations of the second half of the 19th century – the first half of the 20th century. The longest series of observations in the city of Chernivtsi since 1852 has enabled to track multidecadal changes in average annual and monthly air temperatures and atmospheric precipitation. The centennial course of these climatic indicators corresponds to the general patterns characteristic of all the Eastern Carpathians with the most pronounced continentality among the rest of the Carpathian regions. Cold decades in the second half of the 19th century in Chernivtsi are considered the continuation of the coldest period of 1720–1850 in the Eastern Carpathians in the last 600 years. The spatial distribution peculiarities of average monthly temperatures in the second half of the 19th – at the beginning of 20th centuries in the region are manifested in a pronounced orographic steplike isotherm pattern. In the second half of the 19th century – the first half of the 20th century, the average long-term temperatures ranged from +3.5 to +4 °C in the southwest to +8 °C in the north and northeast in accordance to the orientation of the mountains. Inversion features of the valleys and internal lowlands are revealed in the spatial distribution of average temperatures, especially in the summer months. These features are also distinguished by a lower amount of atmospheric precipitation in the dry months of spring and autumn. Spatial distribution of temperature and precipitation in the second half of the 19th century – at the beginning of 20th century is also distinctive in the the inner mountain ridges of the adjacent Hryniava and Chornyi Dil mountains. These mountains are founded to be the coldest, often with a lack of meteorological summer and a maximum of precipitation in the spring and autumn months. A comparative analysis of the spatio-temporal distribution of average multi-year air temperatures and precipitation at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries was performed. In general, similar distribution of air temperatures and precipitation is revealed. The differences are more noticeable in the monthly context, especially in summer and in the mountainous parts of the region. Comparing the turns of 19th and 20th centuries, the average July monthly temperature in the southernmost mountain massifs of the region has increased by 1 °C, while in the foothills the increase does not exceed 0.5 °C. In the annual context, changes are less noticeable. The range of air temperature changes from north to south is the same at the turn of both the 19th and 20th centuries. The city of Chernivtsi is founded to become a bit warmer (by 0.5 °C), but interannual fluctuations of annual air temperatures within 2 °C are typical throughout all the centuries. Alongside, high annual temperatures (+9 °C and higher) have been observed more often. While in the last century such temperatures were recorded once per 5–10 years, in the first decade of this century, annual temperature above +9 °C is recorded every second year. Short-term fluctuations (5–10 years) of annual precipitation amounts have been characteristic of the whole period since the 19th century. The interpretation of local climatic differences involves further devolopment of accurate interpolation techniques and downscaling, especially for the construction of precipitation field given lack of high-mountain weather stations in the earlier centuries. The latter corresponds to the future studies of the author.

Domination over the Risorgimento: Anton Bruckner’s Seventh Symphony in Luchino Visconti’s Senso (1954)

AbstractIn this article I argue that Anton Bruckner’s Seventh Symphony assumes a pivotal role in advancing the romantically tinged narrative in Luchino Visconti’s film Senso (1954) through a politically recoded message. Visconti offers in this film a reflection upon the political climate in Venetia during the Risorgimento through the pre-eminent role of music. In particular, Bruckner’s music emphasizes the condition of the Venetians under Austrian rulers by dominating as an oppressive and overpowering force, not unlike the Austrian supremacy over the north Italians. Bruckner’s music, which relies on a decisively Wagnerian idiom, conveys throughout the film ideas of betrayal, on both the microlevel and the macrolevel. Such betrayals refer to the Christian Democracy, which excluded the Marxist partisans from governing post-war Italy. These events mirror, for Visconti, the failed revolution of the bourgeois-driven Risorgimento in the 19th century due to the idleness of the aristocracy. Interpreted through Visconti’s Marxist ideology, Bruckner is thus an indicator that the hegemony of the elite remained in place, unchanged and unaltered. As the sonic representative of the Austrian monarchy, it opposes the Risorgimento ideal of the bourgeois class and reassures the supremacy of the ruling class.

Enlightenment and Nation-Defence Profile of Ján Čaplovič

Ján Čaplovič (1780 - 1847) was one of the major figures of the Slovak national-revivalist generation, in large part due to the role he played in bridging the professional and language gaps during the reform course of the rulers of the Austrian monarchy, and the struggle of the Hungarian nobility for Hungarian independence in the late 18th and early 19th centuries due to the search for soft but effective forms of nation-defence activities. This study presents the enlightenment and nation-defence profile of the Slovak patriot Ján Čaplovič who has received minimal attention from the Slovak academic community after 1990s. Although he is not considered a prominent national revivalist, his publishing devoted to ethnographic and national defence issues significantly contributed to Slovaks taking their stance in the multinational Austrian monarchy, in strengthening their ethnic identity, and in fostering the process of codification of their literary language as the most important national identification sign in 1843. The study is divided into three relatively separate but interrelated sections. The first part outlines his enlightenment profile, with special attention paid to its most important component, which was used in his ethnographic and patriotic works. The second part profiles the Slovak national defences of the first four decades of the 19th century of authors such as Pavol Senický, Juraj Rohonyi, Samuel Hoič, Matej Šuhajda, Ján Chalupka, Jozef Meltzer, Ondrej Soltys, Ľudovít Štúr, Ján Francisci, and Michal Miloslav Hodža. Their defences played an important role in supporting active political forms of enforcing the ethnic-emancipatory demands of the representatives of the Slovak nation-forming elite for a more democratic settlement of the contemporaneous conditions in the monarchy, especially in historic Hungary. The last part analyses in detail the national defences of Ján Čaplovič and evaluates their expressive value.

Senjski uskoci - zbilja i usmenopoetska fikcija

The paper examines Uskok poems, especially those dedicated to the Uskoks of Senj, primarily from the point of view of the relationship between epic poems and history. The people of Senj worked from 1537 to 1617, fighting as paid soldiers or volunteers on the side of the Austrian Monarchy, but also going on campaigns on their own, fighting almost to the same extent with the Turkish invaders and the Christians from the wider region. In contrast to the relatively short period of eight decades of their historical presence, the people of Senj have survived in the oral epics in a very wide Balkan area over a long period of time covering a wide anachronistic field. The paper presents an assumption that the Uskoks of Senj were a warrior-patriarchal world, one that has created and spread oral epics. There were many events in their real lives that were themed in the oral epics. In addition, those who jumped from the mainland to the Austrian territory and settled in Senj probably carried some songs/ poems in their spiritual baggage, primarily those about Hajduks. And they were ready to create new ones. Thus, the first known records are proof that the early poetic narrative was suitable for depicting the Uskoks of Senj, and then that it survived in time and space. In certain interpretations, to which the second part of the work is dedicated, it is shown on the basis of anthological examples of poems, how the mythical, ritual and the historical intersect in the poetics of oral epic poetry; how the anachronistic field of a particular poem is formed, whether it is about gathering "power and dominance" in wedding processions, about concentrating heroes around certain events, personalities or spaces important for national history, or about opposing worthy opponents, and how it affects the aesthetic values and meanings that are shaped in the poems; how different genre features intertwine in such poems (epic and epic-lyric poetry, for example); and form complex and witty, full of twists novelistic plots. All this contributes to the meaning of the epic story: it seems that the past of one's own community is brought into a meaningful, paradigmatic order, which can serve as a basis for future actions.

IDEOLOGIJA IZBORA U ROMANU „SEOBE“ MILOŠA CRNjANSKOG

When in the novel Migration by Miloš Crnjanski the idea of the Serbian choice is articulated in one unfinished, interrupted sentence – „You Serbs prefer to choose military work, so ...” (Crnjanski 2008: 25) – an example of this articulation ironically marks the historical role of the nation. it is not possible to make a choice within the socio-political system of the Austrian monarchy that would stabilize the position of the community in the empire, ensure it in an appropriate way. The incompleteness, the interruption of the sentence that formulates the perspective of the Serbian choice, indicates a strong narrative sense of the historical conditioning of identity. The political affirmation of the military identity of Serbs delegitimizes the heroic ethos that is the basis of the Serbian historical being. The ideological use of the Serbian warrior discourse indicates that a modern mechanism of identity regulation is active in the world of the novel Migration. The nation learns about the experience of ontological deprivation to be realized in the dimension of dying in war, which would provide it with historical and metaphysical meaning. Crnjanski’s novel reveals the fundamental difference between an ideologically constructed stereotype of identity and an ontological inversion of historical experience.

PARTICIPATION OF SIDOR HOLUBOVYCH IN SOCIO-POLITICAL PROCESSES IN THE GALICIAN LANDS DURING THE WORLD WAR I

The civic-political activity of Sydor Golubovych during the World War I was analyzed in the article based on the complex study of archive sources, periodicals and scientific literature. His role in the political organizations in Vienna during his emigration period in 1914-1915-s and after his return to L’viv in 1915-1918-s was determined. Namely, the prerequisites of reorganization of the Main Ukrainian Council into the Common Ukrainian Council, problem of political struggle among different party groups within the political circles in Galicia and Bukovina were highlighted. The main aspects of Golubovych’s activity in the Common Ukrainian Council (CUC) were revealed, within the council his main attention was drawn to the issues of the “Military bank” creation, issues related to the Ukrainian refugees, migrant workers, internees from Galicia and Bukovina, who according to the official data were 90 thou in different parts of Austria, Germany and Czech Republic. Moreover, it is mentioned that S. Golubovych was a participant of the political actions for autonomy of Ukrainian schooling, separate Ukrainian university opening in L’viv, transformation of the STC into the Ukrainian academy of science, etc. It was found that after his return to L’viv in August 1915, S. Golubovych as a member of the L’viv’s delegation of the CUC and member of the Regional Credit Union (RCU) was predominantly responsible for the problems of region’s restoration after the military actions. Simultaneously, the main attention was drawn to the busy social activity, namely he was included into the senior council at Stavropigijskyi institute – former Moscow-oriented institution transferred to the Ukrainians by the Austrian governor general Kollard, and was a founder and editor of the newspaper “Ukrayinsʹke slovo” that was the main media source in Galicia. Furthermore, during 1917-1918-s the politician frequently visited Ternopol’s region where he endeavored to keep close contacts with his electorate.A role of S. Golubovych was described before the November events of 1918, where he as a figure of the Ukrainian National Democratic Party (UNDP) and member of the Ukrainian Parliamentary Representation (UPR) participated in meetings and demonstrations’ organization devoted to the independence proclamation of the Ukrainian National Republic (UNR), peace treaty agreement in Brest-Lytovsk, was actively involved in implementation of so called “viche week” organized to support the autonomy demands of the Eastern Galicia as a separate Ukrainian territory within the Austrian monarchy, etc.

Католические миссионеры на южных российских окраинах в первой половине XVIII в. (по документам Архива внешней политики Российской империи)

Introduction. The article concentrates on the religious policy of the Russian Empire in the Early Modern Time. For the first time in historiography, a study was carried out concerning the place of Catholic missionaries who settled on the southern outskirts of Russia, in the religious policy of Russian secular and spiritual authorities. Materials and methods. The base of the study was the correspondence of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs with the Holy Synod, as well as other institutions and officials, characterizing the scale of the presence and direction of activity of Catholic orders on the territory of Russia. The methodology of the study has been determined by the structural and functional approach to the system of state bodies of Russia. In combination with this approach, a historical-genetic method was used, which is optimal for understanding the evolution of the structure of power in the Russian Empire from the time of Peter the Greatto the middle of the reign of Empress Elizaveta Petrovna. The results of the research are presented in the section “Catholic missionaries in the south of Russia by the middle of the 18th century: political and diplomatic aspects”. In it, the Capuchin Order is designated as the most active force of Catholic missionary work in the Russian south, which managed to prevail over others Catholic orders in dispute for influencing on the ethno-confessional groups of the studied region. It has been determined that the Capuchins in Russia gained constant diplomatic support from the Austrian monarchy. The activity of missionaries in Astrakhan and Nizhyn was traced, the place of the Armenian communities in the missionary plans of the Capuchins on the territory of Russia is shown. The influence on the position of the Capuchins of Russian-Austrian relations is emphasized, in particular of the “Austrian system” — the orientation of Russian diplomacy towards the Austrian court. The idea is carried out that the attitude of the Russian authorities in the capital and in the localities towards the Capuchins in such conditions was indifferent or patronizing, while in fact the Russian secular authorities did not take into account the violation of the prerogatives of the ruling Orthodox (Greek-Russian) church. In order of discussion (part “Missionaries in the Russian Borderlands: source study andhistoriographical observations” of the abovementioned section of the article), the main interpretations of Catholic missionaryism, found in the literature on Catholicism in Russia, have been identified. Conclusion. The author states that the reasons for the interest of Catholic missionaries to the southern Russian outskirts and their population were objective. The reaction of the Russian secular authorities to such an interest was little, and their awareness of the legal necessity of appropriate regulatory measures developed slowly.

Multigenerational Experiences of Flight: The Case of Jewish Refugees from Galicia and Bukovina in Vienna and Lower Austria, 1918–1941

ABSTRACT Although in the focus of antisemitic and National Socialistic propaganda, our level of knowledge about the ‘Ostjuden’ (Eastern Jews) relates almost to the time before World War I, it was precisely the war that drove Galician and Bukovinian Jews from their homeland and reshaped this group. Because of the collapsed bureaucracy, increasing antisemitism, and mutual mistrust, it is difficult to identify this group within the city: ordinary registration forms were often not completed. This contribution defines the Viennese ‘Ostjuden’ on basic of the birth registers of the Jewish Community. The given information about the parents provides a more comprehensive picture of origin, social status, place of residence, and so on. Most of them – neither the refugees, nor those who had left the successor states of the former Austrian monarchy – were denied Austrian citizenship and were not seeking to return to their ‘homelands.’ The status of designated statelessness posed an existential risk for those affected after the National Socialists came to power. Therefore, this article explores the extent of the effect of the Nazis’ murder machinery and whether they managed to escape.

Sociální vzestup podnikatelů v Rakouském císařství

The events of the mid-19th century marked a fundamental change for Central Europe, and the Austrian monarchy was no exception. Although the revolution of 1848 did not mean the permanent entrenchment of liberal changes (which did not occur until the adoption of the February Constitution in 1861), the changes associated with these events fundamentally changed the society of the empire. The end of the division of society and the introduction of equality before the law also significantly affected the social position of businessmen. Before 1848, their legal status was not defined and prestige depended primarily on the place on the traditional ranking of the social hierarchy, which was linked to the holding of a noble title or burgher rights. However, the year 1848 changed this situation and their prestige began to grow thanks to ever closer cooperation with the state and growing political influence. Since the change of the electoral rules to the Chamber of Deputies of the Austrian Imperial Council in 1873, businessmen have even had their own curia (chambers of commerce and trade). At this time, the aristocratic title was no longer a prerequisite for belonging to the elite, but it remained an external symbol of prestige and many businessmen sought it. They saw in it a depiction of their achievements and a fulcrum for the historical memory of their entire family. However, the path to it was not easy and in the case of businessmen it also differed significantly from other social groups of the monarchy.

Formation of Ukrainian identity and national state formation in the modern era of the XIX century

The article examines the dynamics and features of the revival of Ukrainian national traditions, mainly languages and their institutionalization, which are accompanied by the formation of an intellectual national-patriotic elite, whose representatives were examples of moral behavior and political leadership in the struggle for national liberation. It is noted that having formed relatively separately in the four main parts of the Ukrainian lands (Dnieper, Galicia, Bukovina and Transcarpathia), the Ukrainian scientific, cultural, educational and political elite began to unite efforts in organizing joint Ukrainian national revival institutions and actively participated in political life. It is argued that Ukrainian nation-genesis does not represent in political history a perfectly uniform movement towards progress. Perhaps this is the contradiction that causes either the decline of national life and the restriction of political freedoms of the masses, or the rapid rise of national and patriotic feelings and the mass awakening of national identity and the struggle for political freedoms. The middle of the XIX century, which became a period of national revival for the peoples of Europe, has been studied. This was preceded by important socio-political events of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, in particular the bourgeois-democratic revolutions, which largely implemented the ideas of freedom, equality, and justice. It is outlined that the bourgeois-democratic revolutions and the national liberation struggle of the European peoples gave prospects for the Ukrainian nation to be reborn and developed. However, the Ukrainian lands were part of the imperial states with different levels of development of political culture, law, public morality, education and more. Thus, the Austrian monarchy of “enlightened absolutism” and the Russian monarchical despotism treated the Ukrainian people differently. Political events of the late XIX – early XX centuries. analyzed through the prism of the then dominant imperial spirit and the rise of the national consciousness of the peoples who were colonized by the imperial states. This means that Ukrainian national genesis and its institutionalized political freedoms are understood only in the closest connection with the imperial spirit of the European geopolitical space and national liberation movements. It is proved that the concept of political freedom for the peoples whose territories were seized by the imperial states, arose as a scientific philosophical and political thought in the first half of the XVIII century. and already in the works of J. Locke, J. Vico, N. R. J. Turgot, J. N. Condorcet and I. Kant, G. W. F. Hegel, and many other thinkers, it acquired a general civilizational worldview significance.