Austrian Army Research Articles

Soldiers Lead Themselves to More Success: A Self-Leadership Intervention Study

Neck and Manz (1999) elaborated in their article “In Search of the Self-Lead Soldier” on the need for continuous improvement of personnel qualities such as increase in self-efficacy, increase of performance, and decrease of perceived strain. Self-leadership is a tool that fosters exactly these personal resources. This study examines self-leadership training effects on soldiers participating in a military training course over 14 weeks. It is the first self-leadership training study to evaluate performance improvement using objective criteria (examination marks, physical tests) in intervention and control group consisting of soldiers of the Austrian army. Its design features a large sample (N = 130), duration of self-leadership training over 10 weeks, and evaluation over 4 time points. The intervention group accomplished significantly higher educational achievements in examinations and physical tests. Also levels of self-efficacy were significantly higher and levels of strain were marginally to significantly lower.

Great War legacies in Serbian culture

In the aftermath of the Great War, Ivo Andric published a number of poems, essays and short stories describing the hard-won victorious outcome as transient to the dire reality of the inordinate loss of human lives and suffering. Yet, personal experiences, although perceived as ephemeral, helped to define the historical discourse capturing man?s resolve to persist in his chosen mission. Over time, Serbian literature and fine arts sustained an unfinished dialogue of the past and the present, merging the individual voices with the collective voices to construct the national narrative. The young writer Milos Crnjanski observed the sights of destruction and despair that seemed to pale in new literary works pertaining to the war. His novel A Diary about Carnojevic was closely related to his own perilous wartime journey as a conscript in the Austrian army. The vastness of Pannonian plains and Galician woods must have invoked a comparison of sorts with another historic chapter recorded in the collective consciousness of his nation: the Great Migration of Serbs led by Patriarch Arsenije III Carnojevic (Crnojevic) in 1690. The very title of the novel contained a powerful reference to the migration, and its illustrious historic leader which has not been discussed or explored before.

The first clinical pharmacology unit in the world was probably founded in Vienna in 1911

The history of clinical pharmacology as a standalone medical field is a topic that comes up rather often at various clinical pharmacology symposia, perhaps because the recent discussion about its future [1,2] needs to be rooted in the past. While clinical pharmacology as a concept, in the guise of material medica, is centuries old [3], the term clinical pharmacology itself is rather young coming with the advent of synthetic and purified drugs at the beginning of the 20th century. Early partial progress in understanding the mechanisms of action allowed experimental pharmacology to translate its findings into clinical practice. The next leap in the development of clinical pharmacology came with the arrival of new drug groups (e.g. antibiotics, antihypertensives, cytostatics, psychoactive drugs) and the ability to measure drugs concentrations thanks to progress in analytical methods after World War II [4]. In one his papers on this topic, Aronson [3] places the origins of the term clinical pharmacology to 1914 in the English translation of the German textbook by Meyer & Gottlieb [5]. While the boom in clinical pharmacology with many standalone departments came after World War II, the first pioneering clinical pharmacology department applying knowledge gained by experimental pharmacology in clinical practice already existed before World War I. In contrast to departments founded in the second half of the 20th century which took on the multiple roles of clinical pharmacology as we know it today (pharmacokinetics, clinical trials and drug development, pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety, economics, etc.), the original departments were motivated by the sole goal of applying the recent findings of experimental pharmacology in clinical practice, and thus replacing the former purely empiric approach with a more scientific one. Until recently, we were convinced that the first physician to practice clinical pharmacology by applying knowledge acquired by experimental pharmacology in clinical practice was Professor Dr Emil Starkenstein (1884–1942) [6,7]. As a young associate professor (docent) of pharmacology at the German medical faculty of the German part of Charles University in Prague, at the time of World War I (1914–1918), Starkenstein served as a commander of the Army infectious disease hospital in Radom in Poland (Kommandant des k.u.k. Epidemiespitals in Radom), where he applied his knowledge of anti-inflammatory effects of Atophan (cinchophen) gained from his experimental work [8,9] to treat successfully epidemic typhus, reducing mortality to 2.5% from 16% [10,11]. In a similar fashion, he applied theoretical knowledge of the adsorption effects of carbo animalis in the treatment of dysentery and cholera [9]. On March 16 1918, Starkenstein presented a lecture titled Klinische Pharmakologie – Theorie und Praxis am Krankenbette (Clinical Pharmacology – Theory and practice at the patient's bedside) at a meeting of Austrian army physicians (‘Feldartzliche Abend’) in Lublin (Poland). In the same year, the full text of the lecture was published in the journal Therapie der Gegenwart [12]. Recently we came across publications by Dr Hans Januschke [13,14] that place the origins of both the term clinical pharmacology and the first pharmacology unit even earlier to 1911.

Lice, Life, and Leafhoppers: How Weigl’s vaccine creation influenced my virology research

This paper is dedicated to the memory of my brother Alfred who worked as a physician in the ghetto of Kolomyya. On September 1, 1942 my father was shipped with 8 000 Jews to be gassed in Belzec. Two weeks later my brother was arrested and his dead body returned to the ghetto a few hours later. On October 14 my mother was shipped to the Belzec extermination camp with the remaining 7 000 ghetto inhabitants.My wife and I survived the holocaust in refugee camps in Romania, but 138 closest relatives in Nazi occupied Europe perished in Treblinka, Belzec, and Auschwitz. In 1928, when I was 13 years old, my brother Alfred, who was a medical student in Lviv , told me that his biology professor, Rudolf Weigl, developed during World War I the first vaccine against exanthematic typhus. Weigl, who was a young officer in the Austrian army, got the brilliant idea how to prepare a vaccine to protect people from the deadly disease that killed thousands of soldiers and civilians. Weigl infected healthy body lice individually, giving them enemas containing typhus rickettsiae. The inoculated lice were maintained for 5 days in batches of 140, in cages carried on the bodies ofWeigl’s assistants, because they only fed on human blood. After 5 days the typhus-carrying lice were dissected and from 140 intestines, crushed in a glass micro mortar with a few drops of phenol solution, a single dose of the protective vaccine was produced. I listened fascinated to my brother’s description of Weigl’s procedure and I decided to study medicine, become a researcher, and do similar experiments when I grow up. Twenty years after hearing about Weigl I got the opportunity to follow his steps, not with human lice but with leafhoppers and plant pathogens. Daily contacts with scientists at Cold Spring Harbor, who years later became Wolf Price and Nobel Prize winners greatly influenced me and helped in my own scientific career. Keywords: leafhoppers, virus taxonomy, Weigl conferences, Cold Spring Harbor

К вопросу о комплектации первых частей Галицкой армии

The following article focuses on the investigation of how the first Galician Army parts were formed, starting from November 1st protest to the adoption of military duty law. The article reflects research of how the army was formed by reorganizing of Ukrainian troops of the former Austrian army, and mobilization of volunteers. Based on the literature review (i.e. magazine articles, advertisements, messages, reports) the nature of protest, troop mobilization and military formation in various regions of eastern Ukraine is shown. The article describes the role of local officers and activists in creation of first Ukrainian divisions as well as issues associated with location and time of army creation.

O descriere a cetății Timişoara din august 1716 / A description of the Fortress of Timişoara (Temeswar) from August 1716

After the victory at Peterwardein (August 5, 1716), the Imperial austrian army under the command of Prince Eugene of Savoy moved across the Tisza-river to attack Timişoara (Temeswar), the main fortress of the Ottoman Banat. In order to be provided with reliable information on the strenght of the fortied city, the Austrian generals have sent to Timişoara, as may be presumed at the beginning of August 1716 or even earlier, a spy named John (János) Tutovicz, at that time judge of the town of Szeged (nowadays in South-Eastern Hungary). On the basis of Tutovicz’ eyewitness accounts, Prince Eugene obtained an accurate description (published now in the original German version and its translation into Rumanian) of the fortress and fortication works of Timişoara, wich he certain used in organizing the siege of the city, crowned by its surrender as of October 13, 1716.

Żydowskie listy do Hansa Franka (1940): sprzeciw czy strategia przetrwania?

W warszawskim Archiwum Akt Nowych zachowało się w zespole tzw. Rządu Generalnego Gubernatorstwa kilkadziesiąt listów i petycji skierowanych między październikiem 1939 a majem 1940 r. przez mieszkańców okupowanych obszarów do nowych niemieckich władz, w tym do generalnego gubernatora Hansa Franka. W zbiorze znajduje się również kilka (prezentowanych w polskim tłumaczeniu) listów wysłanych przez Żydów. O ile polscy, ukraińscy czy rosyjscy nadawcy reprezentowali szeroki wachlarz zawodów i pozycji społecznych, a same petycje zagadnień, o tyle wszystkie listy żydowskie zostały wysłane przez członków elit społecznych, a większość wyrażała sprzeciw wobec nakazu noszenia opasek z gwiazdą Dawida, będącego zarówno praktycznym, jak symbolicznym podkreśleniem społecznego wykluczenia Żydów. Prosząc o zgodę na nienoszenie opaski, autorzy listów powoływali się na służbę w austriackiej lub niemieckiej armii, brak związków z judaizmem etc. Jednak niezależnie od stosowanych argumentów samo wysłanie tych listów można postrzegać jako formę spontanicznego sprzeciwu, określanego przez polskiego historyka i socjologa Marcina Kulę jako „działanie niepokorne”

Austriackie zabiegi o umowę ekstradycyjną z Rzecząpospolitą. 1786–1787

Austrian Efforts for Achieving an Extradition Agreement with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. 1786–1787The author discussed efforts pursued in 1786–1787 by the Viennese court and aimed at signing an extradition convention with the Commonwealth. Ostensibly, the object of the convention involved principles regulating the capture of criminals and army deserters. Actually, the Austrian side was concerned predominantly with the second part of the convention dealing with deserters and the unconstrained right of the Austrian troops to enter the territory of the Commonwealth in order to seek defectors.Sources serving as the foundation of the text include Austrian and Polish diplomatic correspondence, attached notes and other associated material. The author also used protocols of the Permanent Council and the latter’s Department of Foreign Interests as well as letters written by King Stanisław Augustus to Debole, the Polish minister in St. Petersburg and the monarch’s confidant.The negotiations conducted from April 1786 secretly and then openly by Primate Michał Poniatowski and Secretary of the Department of Foreign Interests Antoni Dzieduszycki ended in failure for the Austrians. In February 1787 the Permanent Council rejected the project prepared in Vienna and permitting incursions of Austrian soldiers into Polish territory. The Commonwealth did not intend to consent to such a restriction of sovereignty, this time for the sake of its southern neighbour. Equally important was the stand represented by Russia, which was uninterested in the presence of the Austrian army on Polish state territory, which it treated as a terrain of its exclusive impact.

Peasant Activists Reflect on World War I: War Poems by Ukrainian Peasant Soldiers from Habsburg Galicia

This study examines poems sent by peasant soldiers of the Austrian army to the editorial board of Svoboda [Freedom], a Ukrainian Galician newspaper aimed at the common people, during World War I. It argues that soldiers’ poems can be seen as a continuation of the relationship established between peasant activists and popular newspapers. The article situates the poems in the traditions of peasant correspondence and “peasant literature” as they emerged in the nineteenth century.Soldiers used poetry to reflect on the unique and historically significant events in which they participated and to convey their personal experiences to the wider public and for posterity. The poems allow us to reconstruct the whole spectrum of soldiers’ concerns and expectations. Interestingly enough, not a single poem from this collection was published by the newspaper.The analysis of articulations of Ukrainian nationalism and imperial patriotism in soldiers’ poems shows that changes in the nationalist discourse, military developments, and the international situation influenced soldiers’ personal identity. At the same time this study argues that deeper existential motifs deriving from the war are also prominently present in these letters and subvert their patriotic and nationalist rhetoric.

President of The Transplantation Society, 2010–2012

Professor Gerhard Opelz (Fig. 1) was born in September 1944 in Austria. He was schooled in Austria, and after a period of compulsory military service in the Austrian Army, he attended medical school at the University of Vienna from 1963 to 1970.FIGURE 1: Professor Gerhard Opelz, President, The Transplantation Society, 2010–2012.He found both an interest in immunology and his future wife in Stockholm, where he worked as a physician at the Stockholm Blood Center and was awarded a fellowship by The Swedish Institute in 1970. A Fulbright fellowship in the following year saw him travel to California, where he commenced as a postgraduate research immunologist in the Department of Surgery, University of California School of Medicine. Working with Paul Terasaki, he became an associate professor in 1975, and a very productive period of research in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and transplantation followed. He was recruited back across the Atlantic in 1981 as the Chair of Transplantation Immunology and the Director of the Department of Transplantation Immunology in the Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, where he has remained to this day. He is one of the best known and most highly published people in the fields of both transplantation and histocompatibility, partly through the Collaborative Transplant Study (CTS), which he initiated in 1982, with currently approximately 400 participating centers in 46 countries. The growth of the data held by the CTS has been evident to anyone in the field, as shown in Figure 2. This has been one of our most important global resources, documenting over the years the various significant influences on transplantation outcomes. Not all of the results from the CTS have been welcomed nor indeed understood—at least initially. In the early 1980s, we learned from the CTS about the blood transfusion effect in renal transplantation, and then in the late 1980s, we learned from the same source that it has now dissipated. The importance of HLA matching has been an important theme of the work, especially with the introduction of more accurate DNA typing techniques, sensitive crossmatching techniques, and the definition of donor-specific antibodies to HLA and to major histocompatibility complex I–related chain A. However, the CTS has also contributed substantially in other areas that require large databases to see through the interfering noise (e.g., posttransplantation lymphoma, the importance of blood pressure control, the development of malignancies in the immunosuppressed patient, and trials of immunosuppression, especially through a randomized controlled study of steroid-free therapy).FIGURE 2: Cumulative growth data of the Collaborative Transplant Study, 1981–2012.Professor Opelz has been honored by many organizations, including the Schiff Award, German Society for Transfusion and Immunohematology; the Clas Högman Lecture, Swedish Society for Blood Transfusion; the Jean Dausset Lecture at the International Jean Dausset Symposium; the Terasaki Lecture, British Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics; the Gold Medal of the Catalan Transplantation Society; the Terasaki Award, American Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics; and the Ceppellini Lecture of the European Federation of Immunogenetics. He has served on many editorial boards and as president and on the councils of many professional societies. We are proud to have him serve as the President of The Transplantation Society.

Total Recall: My Unbelievably True Life Story

DOI 10.1515/cjpp-2012-0046 Calif. J. Politics Policy 2013; 5(1): 132–138 A.G. Block Total Recall: My Unbelievably True Life Story By Arnold Schwarzenegger Simon & Schuster 2012 646 pages I recently spent a fantastic week in the company of Arnold Schwarzenegger, a former tank driver in the Austrian Army. Schwarzenegger, who some time ago moved from the Alps to Brentwood, published an “unbelievably true life story” this fall, and it was my privilege to worry through it on behalf of this publication. Critics dismissed the book as “light.” I beg to differ. A 646-page hardback is hardly light. FedEx used a forklift to dump it on the porch, and it took a team of Clydesdales to drag it through the front door. That said, it is ironic that a celeb- rity whose fame grew from bulk and muscle should produce a memoir so lacking bulk and muscle. The images sprayed into it amount to autobiographical graffiti; “profound” was not a priority. To be sure, Schwarzenegger traveled an extraordinary road, lined with mul- tiple triumphs, any one of which might have satisfied a more modest appetite. As an athlete, he was named “Mr. Olympia” a record six times, his charisma both tonic and toxin to bodybuilding as serious competitive sport. As an actor, he became an internationally recognized action hero who created one of the most memorable characters in film history – “The Terminator.” As a businessman, he combined instinct, risk-taking, and relentless salesmanship to accumulate a financial portfolio that rivals the Nabob of Hyderabad. As a politician, he was twice elected governor of California. You do not put this assortment of trophies on your mantle unless you are smart, flexible, seriously focused, and manically driven. So, he probably thought it natural that the only scribe capable of doing justice to the Schwarzenegger epic was – well – Schwarzenegger. As a chroni- cler of self, he shares his relatively simple formula for success: Choose a goal, work your fanny off, and allow nothing to sidetrack you. Throughout the book, he exposes the circuits and wiring of moviemaking, bodybuilding, and business investing, describing in chapter after chapter how each of his careers evolved and revealing the genius that led to his success. He revels in the details of each ascent to the mountaintop, even digressing at one point to describe how to roll a fine Cuban cigar.

“Liberty" Organisation – the Underground and Veteranship

The article is devoted to the Polish underground military activities which occurred in the regiments of the Austro-Hungarian Army. The regiments were formed and augmented in the Austrian partitioned lands known as Galicia, the illo tempore province of the Habsburg empire. The beginnings of the underground movement date back to the Autumn of 1916 when on the Russian front, in the Pantyr Pass there was the first underground meeting of some of the officers of the 20th Austrian Infantry Regiment, called by Col. Stanisław Bergman. The underground activities developed since the Spring of 1917 on the Italian front where the aforementioned regiment was transported. Very soon these activities started to affect other divisions of the imperial and royal army. Captain Jerzy Dobrodzicki who had this rank at that time, became the leader. A significant rise in the activities of the movement occurred in the Autumn of 1917 when after the so-called oath crisis in the Polish Legions many legionaries were incorporated into the imperial royal army by way of punishment and the news of Józef Piłsudski’s detainment reached the patriotically-minded Polish officers who were forced to serve in the Austrian army. In April 1918 in Kraków there was a meeting of emissaries from the Italian front with the representatives of the Polska Organizacja Wojskowa [POW – the Polish Military Organisation]. Due to the agreement with the commanding officer of the POW, Colonel Edward Rydz-Śmigły, the underground movement was called organizacja “Wolność” [the “Freedom” Organisation]. In late October 1918 the “Freedom” Organisation, thanks to their members in the garrison divisions, contributed to the organisation of successful coups in Galicia at that time (among others in Tarnów, Kraków, Wadowice and Nowy Sącz) and in the Italian front, among the infantry regiments with a Polish majority. In the independent Poland in 1936 the former members of the “Freedom” Organisation decided to establish an organisation for veterans. The general assembly was prepared. The assembly was called to Kraków on 6 June 1937. The following year saw the establishment of the Związek Organizacji „Wolność” [the Union of the “Freedom” Organisation] which gained all rights which were granted to other organisations of veterans in the Republic of Poland.

Beginnings of rocket development in the czech lands (Czechoslovakia)

Although the first references are from the 15th Century when both Hussites and crusaders are said to have used rockets during the Hussite Wars (also known as the Bohemian Wars) there is no strong evidence that rockets were actually used at that time. It is worth noting that Konrad Kyeser, who described several rockets in his Bellifortis manuscript written 1402–1405, served as advisor to Bohemian King Wenceslas IV. Rockets were in fact used as fireworks from the 16th century in noble circles. Some of these were built by Vavřinec Křička z Bitýšky, who also published a book on fireworks, in which he described how to build rockets for firework displays. Czech soldiers were also involved in the creation of a rocket regiment in the Austrian (Austro-Hungarian) army in the first half of the 19th century. The pioneering era of modern rocket development began in the Czech lands during the 1920s. The first rockets were succesfully launched by Ludvík Očenášek in 1930 with one of them possibly reaching an altitude of 2000 metres. Vladimír Mandl, lawyer and author of the first book on the subject of space law, patented his project for a stage rocket (vysokostoupající raketa) in 1932, but this project never came to fruition. There were several factories during the so-called Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia in 1939–1945, when the Czech lands were occupied by Nazi Germany, where parts for German Mark A-4/V-2 rockets were produced, but none of the Czech technicians or constructors were able to build an entire rocket. The main goal of the Czech aircraft industry after WW2 was to revive the stagnant aircraft industry. There was no place to create a rocket industry. Concerns about a rocket industry appeared at the end of the 1950s. The Political Board of the Central Committee of the Czechoslovak Communist Party started to study the possibilities of creating a rocket industry after the first flight into space and particularly after US nuclear weapons were based in Italy and West Germany in 1957 and 1959. The first project involved the meteorological rockets Sokol I and Sokol II in 1960, which were never completed, as the rocket industry came under the exclusive sphere of interest of the Soviet Union. In Czechoslovakia only a Rocket Research and Test Institute was created by the Czechoslovak Ministry of Defence in 1963. The first Czechoslovak rockets to find practical use were launched in 1965. This study has been created as a part of the scientific project: Výzkumný záměr MSM 0021620827 České země uprostřed Evropy v minulosti a dnes, blok V/d: Česká vysokoškolská vzdělanost.

The iron curtain revisited: the ‘Austrian way’ of policing the internal Schengen border

Since 1990 draftees of the Austrian army have been stationed at the border to Hungary, and later to Slovakia, as a reaction to both the system change in Eastern Europe as well as the expected increase in cross-border crime. This so-called ‘support deployment’ was initially planned to last no longer than 10 weeks, but soon it became apparent that the military's border security deployment could also serve other ends than mere security goals. Since then it has been prolonged numerous times. In scrutinising the strategies of the various actors involved, the paper shows that the support deployment can be considered an act of securitisation and is as such almost entirely decoupled from the actual policing of the Schengen internal border. Furthermore, it argues to ‘bring the audience back in’ and to recognise the audience's agency in the analysis of securitisation processes.

Martyr Cults in Nineteenth-Century Italy

In June 1848, at the height of the revolutionary struggles in Europe, a funeral service was held in the Cathedral of Prato in Tuscany. Its purpose was to honor a group of volunteers killed in the battle of Curatone and Montanara, near Mantua, as they fought in vain to hold back a larger Austrian army. In his haste to sanctify those fallen in the struggle as martyrs of the fatherland, Giuseppe Arcangeli, the funeral orator, ignored Pope Pius IX’s recent condemnation of the war with Austria and the pope’s rejection of what he called “the formation of some sort of novel republic of the whole Italian people.” Instead, Arcangeli stressed the union of nation and religion in Italy along with the myth, then hugely popular, of Pius IX as reforming pope and leader of Italy’s national “Resurrection” (Risorgimento).1 Arcangeli’s oration typifies the mix of religious and revolutionary metaphors that defined the nationalist movement in Italy. The fatherland, he told the congregation, was a “religion,” and the fallen soldiers were “our brothers” who should be called “Saints” and “Martyrs.” Their blood was “sacred” and their glory “eternal.” They were young “Citizen Martyrs” with their future before them, and they loved their families: “they had loving mothers, they had sisters, they had wives,” but they left all behind “because under the threat of foreign invasion they loved the fatherland above all else.” In battle, they had fought “like lions” against the enemies of Italy, and their deaths were proof that freedom could be won only through blood. Arcangeli called upon the congregation to follow their example. He told them to heed from the grave the voices of their dead brothers and to “run” to the battlefield and show the world

The military potential of small countries: Austria before World War II

Abstract : The military potential of small countries : Austria before World War II. Restricted by the peace treaty, the Austrian army would practically become a police force, the part of which, in the troubled inter-bellum history of the new state would increase as the danger of losing independence was growing. Under these circumstances, the Republic of Austria, missing a border with a great democracy and having only the platonic sympathy of the West and small border fortifications, and defended by a thinned army, could not face the Reich. Despite these factors, the Austrian military thinking was defensive, lucid and pragmatic especially thanks to the acknowledgement of country’s limits, without useless heroism, un excellent exemple for other small powers like Roumania.

By Force of Arms, Vol. II of the Austrian Army in the Seven Years War (review)

By Force of Arms, Vol. II of the Austrian Army in the Seven Years War (review)

The emergence, development and demilitarization of the military border of the Austrian Monarchy

Military border of the Austrian Monarchy was formed gradually in border areas for the purpose of defending the border from Turkish invasions. In time, as the international political circumstances have changed, the Border itself also modified its primary function. From the beginning of the 18th century soldiers of the Military Border together with the regular troops of Austrian army participate in all wars in which Austria took part. Thanks to those soldiers the military force of the Austrian Empire was significantly strengthened. Except for military tasks, the Military Border served to a great extent as a defensive corridor that stopped spreading infections diseases, invasions of robberies, smuggling goods from Turkey, as well as deserting and emigration to Turkish territory. Because of great importance that Military Border has had for the Austrian Monarchy, the author in this paper gives a summary review of its development in the military, territorial and administrative-political sense. Special attention was given to the administrative system that was introduced in Border in the second half of the 19th century.

Ernst Zinner, lithic astronomer

Meteoritics & Planetary Science 42, Nr 7/8, 1045–1054 (2007) Abstract available online at http://meteoritics.org Ernst Zinner, lithic astronomer Kevin D. M C KEEGAN Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095–1567, USA E-mail: kdm@ess.ucla.edu It is a rare privilege to be one of the founders of an entirely new field of science, and it is especially remarkable when that new field belongs to the oldest branch of “natural philosophy.” The nature of the stars has perplexed and fascinated humanity for millennia. While the sources of their luminosity and their structures and evolution were revealed over the last century, it is thanks to the pioneering efforts of a rare and remarkable man, Ernst Zinner, as well as his colleagues and students (mostly at the University of Chicago and at Washington University in Saint Louis), that in the last two decades it has become possible to literally hold a piece of a star in one’s hand. Armed with sophisticated microscopes and mass spectrometers of various sorts, these “lithic astronomers” are able to reveal stellar processes in exquisite detail by examining the chemical, mineralogical, and especially the nuclear properties of these microscopic grains of stardust. With this special issue of Meteoritics & Planetary Science, we honor Ernst Zinner (Fig. 1) and his stellar career achievements on the occasion of his completion of 70 orbits. We cannot here do proper justice to also honoring his admirable personal qualities that have inspired a generation of scientists to follow his lead in studying the death of stars and the birth of our own star. Fortunately, many of us had an opportunity to celebrate Ernst the scientist—and Ernst the man—at the SIMS in the Space Sciences: The Zinner Impact Symposium held at Washington University February 3–4, 2007. This wonderful event, organized by Christine Floss along with Sachiko Amari, Randy Korotev, Frank Stadermann, and Brigitte Wopenka, was attended by about 120 scientists, some of whom have also contributed papers to this volume. This article presents a partial scientific biography and a personal view of the “Zinner impact” by one who was fortunate enough to be involved in a small way in some of the early adventures. Ernst Zinner was born January 30, 1937, and grew up in a beautiful stone house that was built in 1615 (and still stands) in Saint Peter in der Au, a small town in the Austrian countryside about 100 miles west of Vienna. He is the oldest of five siblings and his father Kunibert was quite a famous sculptor. The history of this setting, their house filled with music, and the mountain hillsides filled with butterflies (which required catching and cataloguing) would all play Fig. 1. Ernst K. Zinner, research professor of physics and earth and planetary sciences at Washington University in Saint Louis (2006). their role in shaping the boy. A deep appreciation of the beauty of the natural world coupled with a lifelong love of classical music, as well as the occasional frustration at the impermanence of things in the U.S. (particularly the eating establishments in the Houston area), would be a few of the characteristics that would find expression in the man. It was natural that Ernst should study physics, which he did at the Technische Hochschule in Vienna, obtaining his Diplom- Ingenieur in 1960. Following a year of instructing veterinary students in physics, Ernst took a programming job in Switzerland, primarily to avoid mandatory service in the Austrian army. However, he soon decided to resume his graduate studies and applied to various American universities, apparently unaware of that country’s interest in a place called Vietnam. He was accepted at Washington University in Saint Louis in 1965 and, ironically, along with © The Meteoritical Society, 2007. Printed in USA.

The Neue Freie Presse and the South Slavs of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1867-1914

SEER, Vol.85,No. I, J_anuaiy 2007 The J'feue Freie Presse and the South Slavs of the Habsburg Monarchy, I867-1 I94 ROBIN OKEY ONE of the defining featuresof modern intellectuallife, going beyond post-modernisttropes, is concern for the image, for the way in which culturaland social entities are constructedand perceived. From a different trajectory,the replacement of class by ethnicity as the leading focus of interest of much historical and social scientific research has reinforcedconcern with 'the Other', as issues of culturalcontact have acquiredmore saliencein views of the world'sfuture.Againstthisbackground , the notoriously multi-nationalHabsburg Empire might seem an inviting field for studies of mutual ethnic perception. Such studies exist,1but are not particularlynumerous, given that a generation ago an important book byJanik and Toulmin put the preoccupationwith styles of communication in a polyglot realm at the heart of the late Monarchy's multi-faceted cultural achievement.2Part of the explanation for this relativepaucity is no doubt technical,in the sheerdifficulty of linguisticdiversityin the region;but equally importantis the preference of the cultures concerned for contacts with the prestigiousWest rather than each other. Real communication across cultures is hard, practically and psychologically. Within a different imperial milieu John Stuart Mill and Lord Durham made telling observationson the linguistic impediment to inter-ethnic understandingin modern liberal society.3This article is an attempt to broach aspects of the theme in a Robin Okey is Professor of History at the University of Warwick. ' For example, M. Lammich, Das deutscheOsteuropabild in der Zeit der Reichsgrundung, Boppard am Rhein, I977 (hereafter, Lammich, Das deutsche Osteuropabild); V. Heuberger, A. Suppan, E. Vyslonzil (eds), Das Bild von Anderen.Identitdten, Mythen und Stereovpenin multietnischen europaischen Regionen, 2nd edn, Frankfurt am Main, I999; K. Gundich et al., Das Bild desAnderenin Siebenbiirgen, Bohlau, I998; J. Kren and E. Broklovi (eds), Obraz emc'u, Rakouska a N6me6ka v ceskespolelnostiig. a 20. stoleti,Prague, I998. 2A. Janik and S. Toulmin, Wittgenstein's Vienna,London, 1973. 3J. S. Mill, Considerations on Representative Government, London, I865, p. 297; TheDurham Report[on theaffairsofBritishNorthAmerica],an abridged version . . ., ed. Sir Reginald Coupland, Oxford, 1945, pp. 27-30. Mill wrote: 'Among a people without fellow-feeling, especially if they read and speak different languages, the united public opinion, necessary to the working of representative government, cannot exist.' Durham examined the linguistic roots of constitutional problems in nineteenth-century Canada. 8o THE NEUE FREIE PRESSE, I867-19I4 singlesmallsectoroftheoldMonarchy's experience, through reviewing what educatedGerman-speaking Austrianswould have learntabout the Serb,CroatandBosniakinhabitants of theirMonarchyfromtheir mostprestigious dailynewspaper. This choice of approachis open to severalmethodological objections .Evenifthestudyislimitedtowhatisherecalled'educated' opinion , one group'simageof anotherwillhavemultipleroots.In thecase of HabsburgSerbsand Croats,hearsayof theirrolein Austrian army history,or contactwithyoungconscripts in thepresent,wasprobably thewidestinformalinfluenceon the German-speaking publicat large. In moreformaldomainsthe educatedstratumcouldpotentially have beenreceptive to academicandtravelliterature. Limitedinterest in the formersphereis reflected,however,in the factthatwhen the Croat philologistVatroslav Jagic'was appointedto the new chairof Slavic studiesin Berlin,he hadno students forfiveyears,andlater,in a similarpostinVienna ,onlyfivepercentofdoctoralstudents he supervised were non-Slavs.4Travelliteraturehad a wider appeal,but showed a tendencyto concentrateon aspectsof a SouthSlavworlddeemed redolentof patriarchalexoticism:the 'Morlaks'of inner Dalmatia, Montenegrins and BosnianMuslims.5 A certainvoguefor southSlav folkpoetryin Germanintellectual circles,including GoetheandRanke, sinceAlbertoFortis's Italiantranslations of 1774 showedsimilartraits,6 andcouldnotpreventtheJfeue Freze Presse (NFP)alleginga century later thatDalmatiawasperhapsaswellknownin ViennaasHonolulu.7 Itis reasonable,therefore,to takethe periodicalpressas the basisfor the presentinquiry,becauseit was the quintessential mode of systematic communication in the late nineteenthand earlytwentiethcenturies. BetweenI847 andI873 thenumberofperiodical publications inAustria grew from 79 to 866; those representing explicit political tendencies rosebetweeni852 and I872 from22 to i63.8 'A. Angyal, 'Vatroslav Jagic und seine Zeit', in J. Tetzner (ed.), Deutsch-slavische Wechselseitigkeit in sieben?jahrhunderten, Berlin, I956; R. Jagoditsch, 'Der Lehrkanzel fur slavishe Philologie an der Universitat Wien, I849-1949', Wiener slavistischejahrbicher, 1,1 949, pp. I-5I. 5Z. Konstantinovic, DeutscheReisebeschreibungen uiber SerbienundMontenegro, Munich, I960, pp. I48-50. For examples from opposite ends of the period, see H. Noe, Dalmatienundseine Inselwelt,nebst Wanderungen durchdie ScharzenBerge,Vienna, I870; A. Achtleithner, Reisenim slavischen Siden (DalmatienundMontenegro), Berlin, I913. 6 A. Fortis's much translated Viaggioin Dalmazia, Venice, 1774, first popularized the lifestyle of primitive simplicity of the Morlaks, a term referring originally to the pastoral dwellers of the interior. Leopold Ranke's...