Australia E-mail Research Articles

Response to “A cross-sectional study of constipation and laxative use in advanced cancer patients: insights for revision of current practise”

To the Editor: It was with interest that we read the recent article by Cheng et al. published in Supportive Care in Cancer [1]. The study highlighted very well the importance of understanding patient’s subjective constipation experiences as little correlation was observed in this work between people’s reports, the frequency with which bowels were opened, and the stool form. Reporting stool form requires greater exploration as recording this information has been recommended as an aid to titrating laxatives. Observation charts such as the Bristol Stool Chart have been suggested to provide guidance to patients and health professionals [2]. This is based on previous observations that have identified stool form as a way to predict colon transit time [3]. However, this work was undertaken in a healthy population. Scant attention so far paid to understanding how such observations could be extrapolated to people with cancer who are likely to have several contributing factors for disturbed bowel habits occurring simultaneously. Recent work by Dinning et al. is relevant to consider [4]. The aim of this work was to objectively assess the effects of laxatives on people’s constipation symptoms. This included a review of people’s stool form charts (n094) all of whom had scintigraphically confirmed functional slow transit (>72 h). Eighty percent of this cohort were taking laxatives either daily (n028) or intermittently (n049). The results showed that despite proven slow transit constipation, people continued to pass soft to lose frequent stools whilst taking laxatives with 75 % of the people studied falling into the normal bowel habit category (i.e. passing a bowel action more than three times per week or more than every 3 days). However, subjects self-reported severe symptoms related to pain, bloating and a need to strain when attempting to pass a bowel motion. The main conclusion of this work was that whilst laxatives aid defecation in non-cancer populations with functional constipation, these medications have little effect to improve self-reported symptoms. More work is needed as it is likely that the underlying problems experienced by people with cancer are more complex than just functional slow transit constipation. Cancer patients are exposed to many other factors that could contribute to slow colonic transit including medications, reduced functional status, impaired appetite and electrolyte disturbances. They are also at high risk of developing problems that could hinder normal defecation such as muscle wasting of the pelvic floor [5]. There is a real need to try and classify cancer patients with constipation according to the underlying problems (pre-existing bowel dysfunction, slow transit and problems of defecation). This work requires well-tolerated and easy to perform physiological function tests of colon transit and defecation. Until such work is undertaken, it remains difficult to understand the optimal approaches to assessing and palliating bowel problems. K. Clark (*) Department of Palliative Care, Calvary Mater Newcastle, Edith St., Waratah, NSW 2298, Australia e-mail: Katherine.Clark@calvarymater.org.au

Combined use of fascia iliaca block, subarachnoid block and dexmedetomidine sedation for patients having fractured femur surgery

To the Editor: Anesthesia for the patient with a fractured hip is frequently encountered and is often very challenging due to advanced age, cardiac and respiratory co-morbidities and dementia/delirium. No guidelines exist as to the best method of anesthesia for hip fracture surgery, however there is general agreement that avoiding polypharmacy, utilizing regional and neuraxial anesthesia and avoiding excessively deep anesthesia is likely optimal. For patients requiring fixation of femoral neck fractures, we present the novel anaesthetic management of dexmedetomidine (DEX) sedation, fascia iliaca regional block (FIB) and subarachnoid block (SAB). Patient characteristics, surgical procedure and anesthetic conduct are presented in Table 1. In the operating theatre a DEX loading dose averaging 0.85 mcg/kg (range 1.3–0.3 mcg/kg) was administered over 10 min. As DEX has few amnestic properties, a small dose of midazolam was also administered. Concurrently, a FIB was carried out by the classic 2-pop technique using a 16 gauge Touhy needle and 0.5 % ropivicaine. DEX was converted to a maintenance infusion averaging 0.85 mcg/kg/h (range 1–0.7 mcg/kg/h) and adjusted to optimize sedation and minimize side effects. The FIB was given 15 min to take effect, and SAB was carried out in the lateral position with the fractured side up. The administration of cardiovascular drugs was not required in three of four patients, and no airway obstruction occurred. The DEX infusion was decreased based on trends of heart rate and blood pressure, and discontinued once closure of fascia had begun. SAB may be preferred over general anesthesia as it is associated with reductions in early mortality, postoperative confusion, myocardial infarctions, pneumonia, deep vein thrombosis, fatal pulmonary embolism and postoperative hypoxia [1]. In non-cardiac surgery DEX is associated with a trend to improved cardiac outcomes and improved allcause mortality, while decreasing non-fatal myocardial infarctions, and myocardial ischemia—a2-receptor agonists attenuate the stress response and may prevent cardiac complications [2]. Hip fracture patients often suffer from delirium and dementia—up to 50 % of patients with hip fractures have delirium accompanying their acute orthopaedic injury [3]. Interventions to decrease delirium include minimizing the use of narcotics and benzodiazepines, effective pain management, use of regional and neuraxial anesthesia, and maintaining a lighter plane of anesthesia [3]. DEX produces sedation and analgesia by acting both peripherally and centrally, is purported to have a role in neuroprotection and improves effectiveness of SAB [4]. FIB is effective in this patient population as it decreases the amount of medication needed for SAB, is performed quickly and easily in the supine position and does not rely on optimal coagulation status. In these patients FIB can be utilized as the main anaesthetic for positioning the patient for SAB, is more efficacious than IV opioids in facilitating the lateral position for SAB and aids postoperative pain control [5]. We utilize 0.5 % ropivacaine in a large volume without complication to allow a relatively quick onset for positioning while maintaining a longer post-operative duration. I. L. Rapchuk (&) P. Glover Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, The University of Queensland, 627 Rode Road, Chermside, QLD 4032, Australia e-mail: ivan_rapchuk@health.qld.gov.au

Cleaning contaminated environment: a growing challenge

Contaminated sites represent a growing challenge. The more than 3,000,000 potentially contaminated sites worldwide represent a lost economic opportunity and threat to the health and wellbeing of human and the environment. Contamination is the legacy of industrialization and insufficient environmental legislation and enforcement. Although site contamination was recognised some 40 years ago, less than a tenth of contaminated sites have been remediated due largely to the complex and challenging nature of contaminationof major challenge being ground water contamination. Common contaminants include petroleum hydrocarbons, pesticides, inorganics, heavy metals and radioactive wastes. In recognition of the growing challenge pose by contaminated sites, CleanUp conference series has been run in Adelaide since 1996 with the conference delegates increasing 3 fold since the first meeting. This special issue of BIODEGRADATION includes a few selected papers presented at the highly successful Cleanup 2011 conference held in Adelaide (Australia) 11–15 September 2011. More than 600 delegates from across the globe attended and included participations from world-leaders in the bioremediation field as plenary and keynote speakers. This included the opening plenary, the commemorative Brian Robinson Lecture, by Mr Dennis Mohan, a specialist in regulatory environmental management and Assoc Prof Brajesh Singh who delivered a closing plenary on emerging technologies in bioremediation. The conferences also included 18 highest quality keynote speeches covering topics such as innovative site characterisations and assessments, e-wastes, remediation of metals and metalloids in soils and ground waters, the effects of contaminants on human health, remediation case studies, plant and microbial based clean up technologies, nanotechnology, and risk based management and clean up approaches. Twelve high quality presentations in bioremediation and biodegradation fields were invited to submit full papers for this special issue of BIODEGRADATION. This special issue covers papers from the biodegradation/bioremediation of farms (Karpozas et al.), mining spoils (Singh), to the exploitation of microbial technology in petroleum industries (Singh et al.). A new bacterium capable of arsenite oxidation is reported and its potential application in remediation is highlighted (Bahar et al.). Juhaasz et al. provides interesting comparison of indigenous and exogenous microbial populations for biodegradation of long-term hydrocarbon-contaminated soils. A comprehensive review on DDT remediation in soils by Sudharshan et al. describes recent developments and opportunities for bioremediation. Another interesting paper highlights B. K. Singh (&) University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, Australia e-mail: B.Singh@uws.edu.au

The case against aldosterone: not proven

In their paper, in the current issue [1], Fu et al. adduce three lines of evidence for aldosterone-induced osteopontin (OPN) expression in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). First, they show that spironolactone reduces vascular injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia in rat vessels in vivo. Second, aldosterone at 100 nM produces a doubling of OPN expression after 24 h (but not 6 or 12 h) exposure; OPN dose–response curves climb steadily (if disconcertingly) in a straight line for aldosterone concentrations from 1 to 100 nM. Finally, they show that MAPK, but not JUNK, pathways are involved in the acute effects of aldosterone (again at 100 nM) to elevate OPN levels. There are several minor points of detail in these findings that deserve comment, and one major issue of interpretation, as foreshadowed by the title of this commentary. The affinity of aldosterone for mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) is in the mid-to-high picomolar range: progressively increasing responses from 1 to 100 nM suggest mechanisms in addition to MR in producing the effect observed. Second, despite repeated assertions, neither spironolactone nor RU486 are specific antagonists for MR/glucocorticoid receptors (GR): spironolactone is an antagonist at androgen receptors (AR), and a progesterone receptor (PR) agonist, and RU486 is a PR antagonist. Finally, and very surprisingly, given its fivefold lower affinity for MR, spironolactone at 1 lM completely reversed the acute effect of aldosterone (100 nM) on OPN levels. The major assumption/inference is that aldosterone is the responsible pathophysiologic actor in vivo. The authors are not alone in this position: the opening sentence of the abstract reads ‘‘Osteopontin (OPN) is known to be one of the cytokines that is involved in the vascular inflammation caused by aldosterone.’’ The final sentence of paragraph 3 of the Discussion summarizes the findings thus: ‘‘These results suggest that aldosterone in its physiological and/or pathophysiological concentrations regulates OPN expression through MR in VSMCs.’’ To question both the opening sentence (... caused by aldosterone...) and the interpretation of the study findings requires a broader consideration of the promiscuity of MR, aldosterone selectivity-conferring mechanisms in epithelial cells (and VSMC), and the bivalent actions of the physiologic glucocorticoids at MR under normal conditions (antagonist) and in conditions of tissue damage (agonist). MR were the first of the MR/GR/AR/PR subfamily of nuclear receptors to branch off a common ancestor [2], are found in bony and cartilaginous fish, and antedate by millions of years the appearance of aldosterone synthase in terrestrial vertebrates. They are also spectacularly promiscuous, binding with equivalent high affinity aldosterone and deoxycorticosterone as agonists, progesterone as an antagonist, and cortisol and corticosterone as antagonist or agonist depending upon the circumstances. In epithelia, the vessel wall and the nucleus tractus solitarius MR are ‘‘protected’’ by the enzyme 11bhydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11bHSD2), which converts cortisol and corticosterone to their receptor-inactive 11-keto analogs cortisone and 11-dehydrocorticosterone [3]. It is still commonly assumed that the enzyme protects MR from being occupied by glucocorticoids, which would require [999 of every 1,000 cortisol molecules being metabolized to cortisone in an organ (the kidney) which receives 20–25 % of the cardiac output. This was shown almost 20 years ago not to be the case [4]. What the enzyme does is debulk intracellular glucocorticoid levels of aldosterone from 100-fold to 10-fold, J. W. Funder (&) Prince Henry’s Institute, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia e-mail: John.Funder@princehenrys.org

Multimedia systems journal special issue on Mobile Multimedia applications

The speed and the quality of expanding and creating a vast variety of multimedia services like voice, email, short messages, Internet access, m-commerce, to mobile video conferencing, streaming video and audio have brought true Mobile Multimedia experiences to mobile customers. Due to constant changing environments, limited battery life and diverse data types, Mobile Multimedia implies considerable challenges to operators, infrastructure builders in terms of ensuring fast, reliable services and accommodating the quick growing global customer needs. In this special issue, we present selected papers presented at the 8th International Conference on Advances in Mobile Computing and Multimedia (MoMM2010), held in Paris, France from the 8th to the 10th of November 2010. The papers have been extended significantly from their conference version, to include a thorough literature review and more advanced result. In addition, we have also received several direct submissions as a response to our call for papers. After the review process, we are pleased to include seven papers in this issue, five of which came from extended version of MoMM2010 conference papers and the other two came from direct submissions. In the first paper, Adany, Kraus and Ordonez investigate the area of personalized TV ads to improve the effectiveness of ads distribution to targeted viewers. They study the parameters that contribute to uncertainties of ads allocations to the viewers. Depending on the existence of uncertainties factors, they propose algorithms that can improve the revenue for TV ads allocations. For validation of results, the paper also demonstrates a set of simulation. In the next paper, Rehman and Hussain aim to improve the effectiveness of multimedia content recommender system by utilizing users’ rating frequency in a similarity measure. The proposed algorithm is tested by comparing it with four commonly used similarity measures using different type of data sets. In the next paper, Shahbahrami, Rad, and Attar aim to improve the quality of lossless image compression system. They propose gradient-based tracking and adaptive method into an effective predictor for image compression system. They compare their predictor with existing predictors using mathematical and visual approaches. Ota, Aoyama, Watanabe, Ito, Miyake and Aoki want to improve their existing palmprint-based biometric authentication system by applying them in mobile phones. The previous schemes cannot be mapped directly into mobile phones due to various technology and physical constraints and therefore, in this paper, they utilize other technique to pre-process the palmprints. They implement the schemes using two types of Android devices and evaluate the outcome based on the accuracy and the processing time. They also add evaluation of their schemes in terms of security and usability. In the next paper, Rahman and Saddik propose a framework that can be used to improve learning activities by streaming media embedded with learning objects. The framework enables customization to validate learners’ E. Pardede (&) La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia e-mail: E.Pardede@latrobe.edu.au

Risk of postoperative urinary retention after laparoscopic (TAPP) or endoscopic (TEP) inguinal hernia repair

To the Editor, I praise Bittner and colleagues for offering this important updated version of guidelines for laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) and endoscopic total extraperitoneal (TEP) treatment of inguinal hernia [1]. However, I think the topic of the potential risk for postoperative urinary retention (POUR) after inguinal herniorrhaphy requires further discussion. In Chap. 2, J. F. Kukleta recommends that for TAPP inguinal hernia repair ‘‘grade D: the patient empty his/her bladder before the operation’’ and that preoperative urine catheterization should be considered if for ‘‘grade D: you expect technical difficulties or an extended operating time’’ (p. 2782). Furthermore, he also mentions that for ‘‘grade D: restrictive perand postoperative intravenous fluid administration reduces the risk of postoperative urinary retention.’’ These recommendations are the same as those stated for TEP repairs by P. Chowbey et al. in Chap. 3, p. 2790. In Chap. 11, specifically dedicated to urogenital complications, R. J. Fitzgibbons proposes only that for ‘‘grade C: intraand postoperative intravenous fluid administration should be restricted to no more than 500 cc’’ (p. 2827). Finally, the authors briefly mention other accepted contributing factors for the development of POUR including male gender, age older than 50 years, preexisting benign prostatic hyperplasia, type of surgery, type of anesthesia, and use of opiates for analgesia. Regrettably, they do not mention certain risk factors specifically related to the surgical technique that should warrant further consideration and possibly additional recommendation. This is even more relevant because these guidelines are aimed at helping general surgeons who do not necessarily have a sufficient level of expertise to achieve the outstanding results with the very low incidence rates of POUR experienced by Bittner et al. [2] in a large series of 8,050 TAPP repairs. For instance, tacks, still commonly used for mesh fixation by most general surgeons, seem to be associated with a significant risk of POUR, with incidences reaching 8–27.3%, as suggested in two recent retrospective studies [3, 4]. Interestingly, a look at the ‘‘no mesh fixation’’ cases in the series of Garg et al. [4] shows that although the mean age of the patients was 10 years younger than in the ‘‘mesh fixation’’ group, age difference alone cannot explain the considerable drop in the POUR risk to 4.6%. These results are consistent with the findings of a previous small prospective study that demonstrated a significant discrepancy in POUR risks between no mesh fixation (5 %) and the use of tacks (35 %) [5]. In this series, five to eight tacks were commonly used, and the most likely explanation is that the more tacks used to anchor the prosthesis, the more likely the level of postoperative pain is to increase [6] and thus also the use of opiates, leading to urinary retention [7]. In comparison, when specifically examining fibrin glue for mesh fixation, Olmi et al. [8] denied any occurrence of POUR after 320 TAPP inguinal hernia repairs in 230 patients, as did Topart et al. [9] after the TEP approach used for 66 patients. In a personal case series of 640 TEP inguinal hernia repairs and recently accepted for publication, we encountered only one case of POUR among 472 patients with a median age exceeding 46 years (0.2 %). The fact that this human biologic product (Tisseel/Tissucol) is absolutely nontraumatic for the abdominal wall is the main reason for C. R. Berney (&) Department of Surgery, Bankstown-Lidcombe Hospital, University of New South Wales, 68 Eldridge Road, Bankstown, NSW 2200, Australia e-mail: berneycr@hotmail.com

Measuring the quality of allied health services in Australia: is it a case of “the more we learn, the less we know?”

Correspondence: Karen GrimmerSomers University of South Australia, City East Campus, North Tce, Adelaide 5000, Australia Email karen.grimmer-somers@unisa. edu.au Background: Sensitive and reliable measurement of allied health (AH) service quality is in its infancy. This is largely related to the complexity of the AH discipline-mix, the services these disciplines provide, and the locations in which services are provided. AH is variably described, with up to 49 disciplines being listed in the literature. These disciplines often undertake a range of interlinked activities such as assessment and diagnosis, counseling, therapy and rehabilitation, manufacture, education, and service organization. AH disciplines work in a range of roles in a range of public and private sector organizations, and often consult with their patients/ clients a number of times for the management of one condition. They operate under a variety of funding models, and often within service delivery constraints. This evidence-informed analytical review outlines factors which should be considered by allied health leaders, reflecting clinicians, policy-makers, managers, and academics, in regards to making an informed choice of sensitive and reliable measures of AH service quality. Strong, visionary, and collaborative leadership is required to ensure that allied health activities and outcomes are measured and reported effectively and efficiently.

Changing infant death rates: diagnostic shift, success story, or both?

Over the past 20 years there have been remarkable and gratifying falls in the rates of infant deaths in many Western countries due to declining numbers of cases attributed to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). This reduction in unexpected infant fatalities has been due in large part to the effects of the ‘‘Reduce the Risks’’ campaigns where community awareness programs were undertaken by local and national SIDS organizations to warn parents and carers of the potential dangers of prone sleeping, cigarette smoke exposure, head covering and overheating [1]. However, in the late 1970s changes in infant mortality had also been noted in a number of jurisdictions which were not due to a real reduction in lethal events, but were due instead to pathologists reassigning causes of death—in this instance from respiratory infections to SIDS [2]. This was termed a diagnostic shift and was clearly identified by a lack of change in overall infant mortality figures. Diagnostic shift was regarded as an unfortunate event which had the potential to influence the recording of mortality figures. Concerns were expressed that the fall in infant death rates in the early 1990s might be due to a similar diagnostic shift distorting mortality data [3, 4]. In this instance, however, studies revealed that the fall in numbers of SIDS deaths was matched by an associated fall in overall infant mortality, and that other causes of infant death had not significantly increased [4]. Thus, changing diagnostic practice by pathologists was not thought to be a factor in the initial change in patterns of infant death. In addition to identifying risk factors for SIDS, the 1990s was also characterized by moves to improve infant death investigations with the establishment of standardized protocols for both death scene and autopsy examinations [5, 6]. These protocols were aimed at improving diagnostic accuracy by providing additional information to enable more accurate determination of causes of death and to facilitate more meaningful comparisons of infant death rates between populations. In addition it was hoped that international guidelines would improve research in this area and further reduce infant death rates. The International Standardized Autopsy Protocol (ISAP) and Sudden Unexplained Infant Death Investigation Report Form (SUIDIRF) were subsequently formulated, endorsed by professional bodies, and published [5, 6]. Trends in infant deaths and diagnostic practices continued to be monitored throughout the 1990s and this subsequently showed that changes in diagnoses were occurring; i.e. the concerns that a diagnostic shift was present were realized. Pathologists had been identifying more cases of accidental asphyxia from dangerous sleeping environments [7, 8], in addition to detecting rarer forms of sudden death involving underlying metabolic and genetic conditions [9]. Although this was initially considered to be a problem, representing again a possible arbitrary reclassification of deaths, it was soon realized that this was in fact a positive finding. Changes in diagnoses in this instance endorsed the usefulness of protocols by demonstrating that they were providing useful information to help pathologists to identify conditions that would previously have been included under the umbrella of ‘‘SIDS.’’ In other words, protocols were allowing more cases of unexpected infant death to be removed from the ‘‘diagnostic dustbin’’ of SIDS [10]. As is often the case, however, improvements in medicine are often accompanied by opposing trends. In this case R. W. Byard (&) Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, Level 3 Medical School North Building, The University of Adelaide, Frome Road, Adelaide 5005, Australia e-mail: roger.byard@sa.gov.au

Letter by Regal Regarding Article, “Delirium in Acute Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”

HomeStrokeVol. 43, No. 7Letter by Regal Regarding Article, “Delirium in Acute Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis” Free AccessLetterPDF/EPUBAboutView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toFree AccessLetterPDF/EPUBLetter by Regal Regarding Article, “Delirium in Acute Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis” Paul Regal, MD, FRACP, FRCP Paul RegalPaul Regal Senior Lecturer in Geriatrics University of Newcastle Wyong Hospital Kanwal, New South Wales 2263 Australia E-mail (Regal) Search for more papers by this author Originally published3 May 2012https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.657692Stroke. 2012;43:e66Other version(s) of this articleYou are viewing the most recent version of this article. Previous versions: January 1, 2012: Previous Version 1 To the Editor:Shi and colleagues1 have published a useful review of delirium occurring within 10 days of admission of ischemic stroke, intracerebral hematoma, subarachnoid hemorrhage, or transient ischemic attack. As a former stroke physician for 12 years who has since worked with dementia and delirium for 15 years and is pursuing a PhD in delirium in older persons, I have a number of comments.Stroke is an extremely common disease. To find only 10 studies with 2004 patients meeting inclusion criteria is very surprising. I would have expected >10 000. This suggests that delirium has been given a very low priority in the stroke research community, which is not surprising given that neurology journals seldom publish articles on the topic.Diagnostic instruments for delirium depend on whether you are a psychiatrist, in which case you use the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV ), or you are a nonpsychiatrist (neurologist or geriatrician), in which case since 1990 you use the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM).2 Only 1 of the 10 articles included in Shi's analysis is from a psychiatric journal: Melkas.3 The remainder are from neurological,5 geriatric medical,2 or general journals.1 I would therefore have expected that at least 8 of the 10 articles used the CAM. In fact, only 4 of 10 used the CAM. Is this because the studies use psychiatrists to adjudicate delirium? The mean prevalence plus incidence of delirium in the 4 CAM studies was 19.4%, versus 25.8% in the 6 studies using DSM and other non-CAM instruments.I have worked in 6 hospitals in the past 27 years, and in 6 of 6 hospitals, old-age psychiatrists (psychogeriatricians) diagnose delirium in approximately 65% of delirium-free older patients by the CAM who we refer to them for problems such as depression and anxiety. This is largely because of the fact that when psychiatrists detect features of medical illness, such as pneumonia, they assume that features such as confusion, inattention, or hallucinations must be caused by delirium rather than by dementia or psychosis.To illustrate how on rare occasions a psychiatrist using the CAM finds 6-fold less delirium than does a psychiatrist using the International Classification of Diseases or DSM, read the interesting articles by Watkin and colleagues4; they found 12.5% prevalence of delirium in older persons with the CAM. Gover and colleagues5 using ICD found delirium in 65.6% of older persons.If a community dwelling person has a stroke and then develops delirium, the latter symptom is probably not a priority for a stroke neurologist or stroke physician. The stroke unit may not be adapted for delirium in the way that a geriatric unit specializing in delirium and behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia would. Hence, discharge to a nursing home after delirium is sometimes a sign that the delirium was not managed in a specialized unit in the same way that acute stroke is managed in a stroke unit. In 2011, I managed 32 patients with delirium by the CAM in an acute care for the elderly unit. Zero of 32 patients died in the hospital, 66% returned home, and 31% entered nursing homes.Did the 10 studies describe the efforts they took to rule out dementia before stroke? Such methods might include gathering medical records from the primary care physician, neurologist, geriatrician, psychiatrist, and hospital medical records. What efforts were taken to check hospital records for previous admissions for delirium?Paul Regal, MD, FRACP, FRCP Senior Lecturer in Geriatrics University of Newcastle Wyong Hospital Kanwal, New South Wales 2263 Australia E-mail [email protected]DisclosuresNone.FootnotesStroke welcomes Letters to the Editor and will publish them, if suitable, as space permits. Letters must reference a Stroke published-ahead-of-print article or an article printed within the past 3 weeks. The maximum length is 750 words including no more than 5 references and 3 authors. Please submit letters typed double-spaced. Letters may be shortened or edited. Include a completed copyright transfer agreement form (available online at http://stroke.ahajournals.org and http://submit-stroke.ahajournals.org).

Guidelines for laparoscopic (TAPP) and endoscopic (TEP) treatment of inguinal hernia

I congratulate Bittner and colleagues for presenting this most valuable document on reviewed guidelines for laparoscopic (TAPP) and endoscopic (TEP) treatment of inguinal hernia [1]. However, two closely related topics on the handling of a large direct sac and the risk of seroma formation need further explanation. I believe that part of their statements and recommendations lacks precision and therefore could be misleading. Page 2,793 of their article states: ‘‘level 2B: In large direct hernias, inversion and fixation of the extended fascia transversalis to Cooper’s ligament may reduce the frequency of occurrence of serohematoma.’’ The following page also has this recommendation: ‘‘Level 1B: The use of fibrin sealant (FS) for mesh fixation during bilateral TEP leads to a significant reduction of analgesic consumption but is associated with an increased incidence of postoperative seroma.’’ Although findings have shown that FS significantly reduces the incidence and volume of seroma formation after axillary dissection [2], the main reason for using it in TEP repair of inguinal hernia is that it offers an alternative to stapled fixation due to its adhesive property [3], thus avoiding tacker-related complications. These complications comprise not only potential vascular or nerve injury but also chronic pubalgia when the staple is placed in Cooper’s ligament [4]. Moreover, by offering the unique possibility of gluing the mesh inferiorly at the level of the triangles of doom and pain, FS reduces even further the risk of recurrence in expert hands [5]. In a personal series of[650 TEP inguinal hernia repairs using FS, only six early hernia recurrences were recorded, all in the initial phase of the study and most likely related to technical imperfection. Preliminary results of this approach have already been published elsewhere [6]. The authors mentioned the famous prospective study of Lau [7], which demonstrated a significantly higher incidence of seroma in the FS group than in the mechanical stapling group. I must clarify that the vast majority of his patients presented with a direct defect, and as clearly explained in his article, ‘‘FS was used to affix the mesh onto the Cooper’s ligament and pelvic floor, instead of applying it for sealing the potential space of the hernial cavity.’’ Yes, inversion and staple fixation of the lax fascia transversalis to Cooper’s ligament reduces the incidence of seroma formation, but this procedure can be favorably replaced by a much cheaper, safer, and more reliable alternative using a simple pre-tied suture (Endoloop Ligature of PDS II; Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc., CA), as initially presented at the 2010 Annual Scientific Congress of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons in Perth [8]. The technique consists of inverting the extended fascia transversalis with a forceps while tying up an Endoloop at its base to leave a completely ‘‘flattened’’ fascia (Fig. 1). A prospective series of 250 patients had 76 repairs of direct inguinal hernias performed using the aforementioned technique, and only one patient (1.3 %) experienced a symptomatic groin seroma. In this case, the direct hernia defect was quite complex, multiloculated, and associated with an incisional hernia from a previous lower midline C. R. Berney (&) Department of Surgery, Bankstown-Lidcombe Hospital, University of New South Wales, 68 Eldridge Road, Bankstown, NSW 2200, Australia e-mail: berneycr@hotmail.com

The symmetry of self mutilation and the chess board pattern

The assessment of injury patterns in forensic practice sometimes requires separation of self inflicted injuries from those that have been inflicted by another, as the medicolegal significance of each is entirely different. Certain repetitive features are found in self inflicted injuries that may assist in identifying these cases. Non-lethal self inflicted injuries are usually incised, and are located in areas of the body that are accessible. Common areas include the forearms, anterior thighs, forehead, cheeks, upper chest and abdomen [1]. The lesions tend to occur on the opposite side to the dominant hand and are not found in sensitive areas such as the eyelids, genitalia or nipples, unless there is a serious underlying psychiatric disturbance. Typically the clothing has been carefully lifted before the wounds are inflicted in contrast to assaults where stab and slash wounds often cut through overlying fabric [2, 3]. The wounds also tend to have characteristic pathological features, occurring in clusters of superficial incised lesions of similar depth [4]. Healed scars from self infliction may also serve as an indication of previous self harming actions and may record the pattern of the original injury. One of the most telling features is symmetry, with similar lesions sometimes being cut into opposite limbs. Fig. 1 illustrates this symmetry with a series of faint paired scars on the anterior aspect of the lower leg. The lesions are uniformly spaced and parallel, similar to a second case where the scars were found in an orderly pattern on the anterior thigh (Fig. 2). On occasion, words or designs may be cut into the skin with the intention of focussing blame on a particular individual or group. For example, incised swastikas have been used by individuals pretending to be victims of right wing violence [5]. A case of a teenage girl has also been reported, who alleged that she had been assaulted and had the word ‘‘whore’’ cut into her arm and forehead. Careful examination of the letters on the forehead revealed that they were reversed as they had been cut by the victim using a mirror [6]. Another very distinctive feature of self inflicted incised wounds is the so-called ‘‘chess board’’ pattern [4]. This refers to clusters of incised wounds that run parallel and at right angles to each other, creating a series of ‘‘squares.’’ Again, this is a feature that is very strongly suggestive of self infliction, as movement of a victim who is frightened and in pain from a knife attack means that individual lesions are rarely so controlled, unless the victim has been incapacitated in some way, or is already unconscious or dead. Figure 3 demonstrates a typical chess board pattern, in this case formed by a series of uniformly spaced horizontal incisions across a forearm, intersected by parallel longitudinal cuts. In Fig. 4 a series of fine closely spaced incisions on the wrist and hand demonstrate a more subtle chess board effect. In the case of deeper incisions, healing may result in scarification. This is shown in Fig. 5 where scarring of a forearm following self inflicted wounding acts as a record of the original chess board pattern revealing squares of varying sizes. R. W. Byard (&) Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, Level 3 Medical School North Building, The University of Adelaide, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia e-mail: roger.byard@sa.gov.au

395 COX-2 DRIVES THE SELECTIVE INDUCTION OF APOPTOSIS BY THE ENDOCANNABINOID 2-ARACHIDONOYL GLYCEROL IN HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS

393 MMP REGULATION BY CD147 IN HEPATOCYTES DURING CHRONIC LIVER INJURY A.J. Morgan, V.W. Wen, S.R. Calabro, A. Mridha, M. Lee, B. Roediger, B. Patkunanathan, W. d’Avigdor, S.A. Locarnini, G.W. McCaughan, F.J. Warner, S.V. McLennan, N.A. Shackel. Centenary Institute, Discipline of Medicine and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Victorian Infectious Disease Laboratory, Melbourne, VIC, A.W. Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Bosch Institute, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia E-mail: n.shackel@centenary.org.au

894 FEMALE SEX AND VARIATIONS IN IL28B ARE INDEPENDENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH SPONTANEOUS CLEARANCE OF ACUTE HCV INFECTION

894 FEMALE SEX AND VARIATIONS IN IL28B ARE INDEPENDENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH SPONTANEOUS CLEARANCE OF ACUTE HCV INFECTION J. Grebely, G.J. Dore, M. Schim van der Loeff, T. Rice, A.L. Cox, J. Bruneau, A.Y. Kim, J. George, L. Maher, A.R. Lloyd, M. Hellard, K. Page, M. Prins, on behalf of the InC3 Collaborative Group. The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; GGD Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA; CRCHUM, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia E-mail: jgrebely@kirby.unsw.edu.au

Thematic issue on ‘Values in East Asian Mathematics Education—The Third Wave’

In some ways, conducting (mathematics) education research is like the situation of having a few persons trying to describe an elephant in the dark. Depending on the approach taken by each person, a different part of the huge animal is felt. Inferences about what the animal looks like were thus made based on these incomplete ‘views’ of the animal. Likewise, in looking for more effective ways of understanding and facilitating the learning and teaching of mathematics in school, we adopt a variety of approaches. The cognitive and affective approaches have been two dominant ones. A third, volitional approach may also be utilised. This approach focuses on an individual’s motivation and will to act in particular ways. Its relation to cognition and affect can be seen in Andrew Tallon’s (1997) book title ‘Affection, cognition, volition as triune consciousness’, and is reflected in Benjamin Bloom’s wellknown three taxonomies of educational objectives, namely cognitive, affective and psychomotor. This third approach to educational research thus emphasises teachers’ and learners’ motivations and dispositions to teach and learn, respectively. The construct of the socioculturally-based values in mathematics education, first proposed by Alan Bishop (1988), reflects this approach. This ZDM issue has the theme, ‘Values in East Asian Mathematics Education—The Third Wave’. The wave metaphor not only encapsulates the energy for change that is generated by the values approach, but it also implies the ongoing relevance of the previous two waves (i.e. cognition and affect) since waves overlap. Collectively, the articles in this issue present the reader with a complementary approach to understanding the dominance of East Asian education systems in the various international comparative studies of student achievement in mathematics. The first article by Bishop traces the growth of the values construct in mathematics education. It sets the scene for this issue through telling a personal story that began some 20 years ago with the introduction of the values construct to the mathematics education research and professional communities. In the next article, Wong, Wong and Wong describe how the values embedded in the major Chinese schools of thought (namely, Confucianism, Daoism and Buddhism) have impacted on school mathematics pedagogy in the Chinese culture. We will also be looking at the relevant Japanese values, as Baba et al. trace the development of these values in a historical context. Seah and Wong’s article then provides an overview of the Third Wave project, an international consortium of research teams which undertake studies relating to the harnessing of relevant values in mathematics pedagogy. This is followed by two country reports of a study undertaken by the Third Wave project. Law, Wong and Lee identify and discuss the values espoused by students and their teachers when mathematics was learnt particularly effectively (from the students’ perspectives) in Hong Kong classrooms. Lim and Kor, on the other hand, report on the values underlying effective mathematics lessons as espoused and enacted by teachers who had been professionally recognised as excellent in Malaysia. Seah and Peng’s article which follows these country reports is aimed at better situating the values that would have been reported in the East Asian mathematics classrooms. It W. T. Seah (&) Monash University, Melbourne, Australia e-mail: WeeTiong.Seah@monash.edu

Right or left hand: is this the real problem of Pontormo’s Halberdier?

We the authors (G. M. Weisz, W. R. Albury, Donatella Lippi, and Marco Matucci-Cerinic) are grateful to Gino Fornaciari for his letter [1] commenting on our study ‘‘Who was Pontormo’s Halberdier? The evidence from pathology’’ [2]. Science can only progress when the findings of one research group are subject to independent review by other scholars with relevant expertise. If the criticisms raised in this way are well-founded, then errors are corrected. On the other hand, if the criticisms are shown to be without foundation, then the credibility of the original findings is strengthened, since they have withstood a critical challenge [3]. In the present instance, we believe that the second alternative applies: all the criticisms of our article can be satisfactorily answered and Fornaciari’s call for a reconsideration of our findings is therefore unwarranted. At the beginning of his critique, Fornaciari correctly observes that in our survey of the hands in selected portraits of Cosimo I de’ Medici we consider that the overall position of the hand, with the second and third fingers pressed together and the first and fourth fingers spread apart, is a stylistic feature that is common in renaissance art and not a depiction of pathology in the model. He then incorrectly claims, however, that ‘‘the authors change their minds’’ on this point and inconsistently treat the position of the fingers as pathological. In so doing, he overlooks our explicit statement that ‘‘we must first distinguish between the overall position of the hand and the position of specific joints of the fingers.’’ There is no inconsistency here since, as we say, ‘‘Our specific focus, however, is the position of the joints of the fingers, not the overall hand position.’’ Next, Fornaciari states that it is on the basis of speculations about the cause of the joint deformity depicted in Cosimo’s acknowledged portraits that we identify the subject in Pontormo’s Portrait of a Halberdier as Cosimo. This statement reverses the logic of our argument. We first propose our identification on the basis of the visible evidence, arguing that ‘‘The most probable conclusion based on the hands in the paintings discussed is that Pontormo’s Portrait of a Halberdier depicts Cosimo I de’ Medici.’’ Only then do we go on to note that ‘‘This identification on the basis of a hand deformity is consistent with what is known about Cosimo’s medical history.’’ There is no suggestion here that our identification is based on diagnostic speculations. The particular retrospective diagnosis of Cosimo’s hand condition that we offer is a matter of medico-historical interest, but it is not the basis for our proposal that Cosimo is Pontormo’s Halberdier. Finally, Fornaciari raises doubts about our interpretation of an X-ray of one of Cosimo’s hands. We identify this X-ray as the image of Cosimo’s left hand and state that it shows ‘‘significant deterioration of the PIP joint of the index finger.’’ The criticism of this interpretation is twofold. Firstly, (a) Fornaciari reports that during the exhumation of Medici skeletons which he supervised during the G. M. Weisz (&) School of Humanities (Program in History of Medicine), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia e-mail: gmweisz1@aol.com

A Computed Tomography (CT) wish list, from a medical physicist’s perspective

Significant advances in computed tomography (CT) technology have been made since the first clinical images were published in 1973. The initial clinical applications were brain scans where the patient’s head was immobilised by a water bag that compensated for the large changes in flux adjacent to the head. Body imaging became feasible as improvements led to better image quality and reduced scan times. Improved computing technology has allowed for image reconstruction, including rendering and 3D reconstruction, to all occur in real time. Perfusion studies, cardiac imaging and CT angiography are now common and interventional procedures can be performed using CT fluoroscopy guidance. Some of the major scanner developments that have contributed to this progress are slip-ring technology, which facilitated helical scanning, and multidetector CT systems with capabilities for volume scanning. In addition, increasingly complex X-ray tube designs and novel CT detector materials and configurations have also contributed to changes in CT imaging. Dose reporting began to address concerns raised regarding the risks from radiation exposure and other practical dose reduction measures such as the adaptation of parameters to the patient size were implemented. This included modulating the tube current throughout the scan. More recent CT developments include dual-energy imaging and iterative reconstruction techniques, which are used instead of or in combination with traditional filtered back-projection image formation. All of these improvements in technologies combined have resulted in dose reductions for some CT procedures in the order of 90 %! The changes to image quality, dose and the way in which CT scans are performed have been extensive. However, there are always further enhancements that can be made, especially as user requirements or objectives change. For diagnostic medical physicists, there will always be a wish list of what we would like on a CT scanner. This is largely driven by the work that we undertake and the needs of our colleagues, who request, perform or interpret CT scans. Inevitably, achieving the best health outcome for the patient is the primary concern. The wish list is also influenced by current opinions and attitudes towards CT imaging. Hence, the desirable features for a CT scanner are discussed below, with the rationale for these first explored. A small straw poll of radiologists and radiographers from a variety of workplaces was also undertaken to gauge opinions. Z. Brady (&) Radiology Department, The Alfred, P.O. Box 315, Prahran, VIC 3181, Australia e-mail: z.brady@alfred.org.au

Introduction to a special issue on the neuroscience of motivation and emotion

Neuroscience methods have gained widespread use in many areas of psychological and behavioral sciences. Their use has likewise increased in research and theory on motivation and emotion. As a consequence of this explosion of interest, we organized this special issue. In organizing this issue, we thought it important to have contributions from a range of neuroscience methods, because addressing issues concerning motivation and emotion requires multiple methods, each with their own benefits and limitations, particularly when used in studying emotive processes in humans. In addition, we invited scientists to contribute who are making programmatic neuroscientific contributions to the study of motivation and emotion, and were pleased that all invited agreed to contribute. The study of physiological and biological processes in motivation and emotion dates back several decades in nonhuman animal research and human research. Indeed, scientists studying motivation and emotion were some of the first to employ physiological measurements in their work. Consider Walter Cannon’s (1915) classic experiments on the fight or flight response, and Albert Ax’s (1953) classic experiment elucidating physiological differences between anger and fear. However, different names of the field(s) employing these methods and models have been used over time. The field has been referred to as biological psychology, psychobiology, physiological psychology, neuropsychology, psychophysiology, as well as other names. Although some of these terms are still used to describe specific types of conceptual and/or methodological approaches, in our view, these fields are all associated with neuroscience, the term most commonly used today in describing research into physiological and biological processes involving brain/mind. The explosion of interest in neuroscience within the study of motivation, emotion, and other psychological processes is likely due to several factors. One prominent factor contributed to the explosion of interest is the advent of new and more readily available methods. For example, the signal of most interest in functional magnetic resonance imaging, the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal, was first successfully measured in the human brain in the early 1990s (Kwong et al. 1992), and it has since gained widespread research usage. Also, within the last decade, several companies produced easy-to-use acquisition and signal processing systems for use with physiological responses such as electroencephalography (EEG), event-related brain potentials (ERPs), and electromyography. At the same time, the growing interest in the neuroscience of human motivation and emotion coincided with the advent of salivary measurement and methods for acute single administrations of the hormones oxytocin and testosterone, and in research these hormones subsequently proved to be critical motivators for numerous human social and affective behaviors (Bos et al. in press). Emotive neuroscience integrates diverse literatures, theories, and methodologies to address questions about brain, mind, and behavior and thus creates a science E. Harmon-Jones (&) University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia e-mail: eddiehj@gmail.com

Special issue on the 4th International Conference on the “Challenges in Environmental Science & Engineering”, CESE-2011: solutions to environmental challenges through the application of advanced technologies

‘‘Challenges in Environmental Science & Engineering’’, CESE International Conference Series is an annual event initiated by Associate Professor Jega V. Jegatheesan and Dr. Li Shu both of whom are currently attached to Deakin University, Australia. Researchers, policy-makers, academics, students and the broader community active in contributing solutions to the myriad of environmental questions posed by the challenges facing environmental sustainability are the consistent participants of CESE series. ‘‘Challenges in Environmental Science & Engineering’’, CESE International Conference Series is an annual event initiated by Associate Professor Jega V. Jegatheesan and Dr. Li Shu both of whom are currently attached to Deakin University, Australia. Researchers, policy-makers, academics, students and the broader community active in contributing solutions to the myriad of environmental questions posed by the challenges facing environmental sustainability are the consistent participants of CESE series. The CESE Series aims at making significant contribution to ‘‘Sustainable Growth’’ and this could only be possible if scientists and engineers were worked together. This will pave way for further interactions with other stakeholders who are as important as the previous two to find ways for complete solutions. Sustainable growth could only be achieved if the complex interactions among many processes were understood and the sustainability is considered simultaneously in all those processes. Sustainability of fresh water and other resources as well as energy should be emphasized for sustainable growth. Better management of catchments and cleaner production are important criteria for the sustainability of fresh water and other resources. Sustainability of energy depends on innovative applications of renewable energy sources. In this special issue, two advanced technologies namely membranes and nano-particles are highlighted through some of their specific applications. Membranes are used for separations of solid–liquid, liquid– liquid, liquid–gas and gas–gas phases. Membranes are mainly characterized by their pore sizes and applied pressures. Type of material will also play a significant role in their applications. For example, separation at high temperatures will need membrane materials that V. Jegatheesan (&) L. Shu School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia e-mail: jega.j@deakin.edu.au

The progression from disaster victim identification (DVI) to disaster victim management (DVM): a necessary evolution

This issue of Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology presents a wide range of papers that deal with all aspects of disaster victim identification (DVI). The focus of many of the submissions has been on the expanding role of individual disciplines, the refining and integration of services, the formulation and implementation of international protocols, and the overview of processes to ensure that they are fulfilling their role appropriately. In short, this issue demonstrates the evolution of simple victim identification into the complex integrated approach that is now seen in so many of these events. It encompasses all aspects of such exercises that should now be included under the broader umbrella of disaster victim management (DVM), rather than merely identification. This issue deliberately contains many papers that do not represent original research, but instead summarize approaches to situations and methodology. This resulted from a decision by the editors to make this issue useful as a handbook for developing local DVI/M programs, in addition to being able to be taken to disaster areas as a practice manual. Previous papers in the journal have dealt with practical aspects of constructing facilities in disaster areas, as well as on the problems that may arise from difficult work being conducted in under-resourced and sometime isolated locations by a large number of individuals with different nationalities, languages and experience [1, 2]. In this issue the scope of topics has expanded considerably. One of the fundamental requirements in disaster situations with multiple fatalities is the correct identification of victims [3]. Original papers in this issue that provide data to improve the evaluation of victims include an approach to age estimation in children based on an assessment of both dental and cervical vertebral maturation [4] and an examination of teeth and cranial size in assisting with the determination of gender [5]. A Commentary by Bassed gives an overview of methods of age estimation [6] and a Letter to the Editor by Wikwanitkit [7] draws attention to possible confounders of age estimation in children. The potential roles of experts in particular fields have been reviewed for anthropologists [8], biologists [9], dentists [10] and pathologists [11]. Training and education in DVI/M is something that is often discussed, but which is usually undertaken at a local level without the benefit of established guidelines or an agreed upon philosophical approach. Winskog et al. [12] discuss an educational approach to DVI/M with Rutty et al. [13] providing suggestions for organizers of DVI/M training events on how to increase the training value for participants. A template for setting up an emergency mortuary facility is provided by Eitzen and Zimmerman [14]. Several papers deal with specific situations. For example, Schou and Knudsen [15] discuss the work of Danish teams in Thailand following the 2004 tsunami, and one of the guest editors, Calle Winskog, reports on issues that arose with the identification of the remains of a group of African men, victims of human trafficking, who were found in a boat drifting in the Caribbean, and also on the approach to DVI/M situations that occur in underwater environments [16, 17]. Although the paper by Hoyer et al. [18] only deals with two cases, it clearly demonstrates how C. Winskog R. W. Byard (&) Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, Level 3 Medical School North Building, The University of Adelaide, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia e-mail: roger.byard@sa.gov.au

Occupational dermatitis caused by Lyngbya majuscula in Australia

International Journal of DermatologyVolume 51, Issue 1 p. 122-123 Correspondence Occupational dermatitis caused by Lyngbya majuscula in Australia Nicholas John Osborne BSc (Hons.), MAgSci, PhD, Nicholas John Osborne BSc (Hons.), MAgSci, PhD Gut and Liver, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; Centre for MEGA Epidemiology, University of Melbourne; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia E-mail: nicholas.osborne@mcri.edu.auSearch for more papers by this author Nicholas John Osborne BSc (Hons.), MAgSci, PhD, Nicholas John Osborne BSc (Hons.), MAgSci, PhD Gut and Liver, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; Centre for MEGA Epidemiology, University of Melbourne; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia E-mail: nicholas.osborne@mcri.edu.auSearch for more papers by this author First published: 20 December 2011 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04455.xCitations: 2Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume51, Issue1January 2012Pages 122-123 RelatedInformation