Aussi Bien Research Articles

Les frontières du genre

Résumé Cet article interroge le décalage de normes de genre entre pays d'origine et pays d'installation, expérimenté par des descendantes d'immigrés algériens nées en France, lors de leurs voyages en Algérie. À rebours de discours politiques attribuant aux « cultures d'origine » le sexisme subi par les femmes issues de l'immigration maghrébine, l'enquête ethnographique menée en Algérie analyse, sans les essentialiser, les normes sexuées auxquelles sont confrontées les descendantes d'immigrés sur place. C'est à chaque fois une dimension particulière des rôles sexués (différenciation des attentes en termes de sexualité prénuptiale ; différenciation des formes de sociabilité dans la famille élargie ; différenciation des rôles parentaux dans le couple), articulée avec des trajectoires sociales divergentes, qui vient définir des contraintes spécifiques et les réponses construites par les vacancières pour y faire face. Passer la frontière entre la France et l'Algérie amène les femmes rencontrées à devoir redéfinir aussi bien les limites dans la sexuation des espaces (privés et publics), que les prérogatives identifiées comme féminines ou masculines dans le partage des tâches au sein du couple. L'article se concentre sur les mobilités féminines en vacances, mais il éclaire aussi en contre-point la diversité des mobilités masculines.

De l'intérim au CDI intérimaire

Résumé À partir d'une enquête réalisée à l'occasion de la mise en œuvre du CDI intérimaire (CDI-I) ­ adaptation à l'intérim du CDI ­ cet article s'interroge sur la place qu'occupe le CDI dans les représentations, dans les aspirations et dans les parcours de salariés. En liant analyse des propriétés sociales et rapport subjectif aux contrats de travail, il montre que le CDI est pour tous ­ autant pour ceux qui acceptent que pour ceux qui refusent le CDI-I ­ le contrat plébiscité car il permet de mettre à distance la précarité aussi bien matérielle, en accédant à la continuité du revenu, que politique, en limitant la domination au travail et sociale et en accédant à une position sociale plus prestigieuse. Ce travail éclaire le rapport que les salariés peu qualifiés situés aux frontières de l'intérim et du CDI entretiennent à la subordination.

Finance, strattgie et gouvernance (Finance, Strategy and Governance)

Finance, strattgie et gouvernance (Finance, Strategy and Governance)

Paris romantique: tableaux d’une ville disparue par Sylvain Ledda

Reviews 289 Vertières relève des stratégies d’oubli ou de la censure des élites. Pour faire tomber ce silence, Le Glaunec part de la difficulté de narrer cette bataille, quasi inexistante dans les dictionnaires des noms propres. L’écriture de cette histoire devient alors prétentieuse, car“elle confronte l’historien à ses silences, à ses apories et aux problèmes de sa méthodologie“ (31). L’auteur réévalue à sa juste valeur le récit d’origine de l’historien haïtien Thomas Madiou et l’honore du même coup pour avoir trop longtemps été la seule source sur Vertières et Capois-la-mort, le protagoniste par excellence de cette bataille.Vertières comme acte final d’une révolution atlantique est amplement illustrée, aussi bien que la tentative de sa reconstitution en ce qui concerne son lieu d’origine, ses protagonistes principaux, ses mythes et l’héroïsme qu’elle génère. L’armée indigène a le mérite d’offrir aux lecteurs l’illustration de nombreux cas de stratégies de silence sur Vertières à la lumière de l’historiographie française et de l’histoire nationale haïtienne. C’est un ouvrage à lire si on veut comprendre comment les silences opèrent et entrent dans les processus de production historique. South Plainfield High School (NJ) Claudy Delné Ledda, Sylvain. Paris romantique: tableaux d’une ville disparue. Paris: CNRS, 2013. ISBN 978-2-271-07928-2. Pp. 256. 22 a. This engaging book will be of interest to scholars of nineteenth-century French literature as well as cultural historians with a particular interest in urban culture of the early nineteenth century.While it is a social history of Parisian life and culture during this period, its insights into the artistic and intellectual world give it broad interest and assumes a certain familiarity with nineteenth-century Romanticism in literature. Ledda’s purpose is not to paint a strictly historical description. Instead, he offers a view of the Paris known to Romantic writers Hugo, Balzac, Musset, Vigny, Nerval, Dumas, and others. Because this period is one of changing moral and cultural values, the author maintains that urban phenomena take on a new importance, making the “tableaux” of Paris found in the writings of these authors especially valuable. The author’s premise is to rediscover this disappeared Paris in the light of Romanticism and to show the interplay between urban reality and artistic representation. Ledda anchors his narrative in the first third of the nineteenth century, devoting three chapters to the Romantic movement in Paris. This includes a lively account of the battle between Romanticism and Classicism at the uproarious premiere of Hugo’s Hernani. Two other chapters outline the origins of Romanticism as a literary theory, and Paris’s position as the artistic capital of Europe. These chapters are relatively brief; our interest is captured not so much by the literary history, but by the original and rare glimpses into various events told through anecdotes and little-known details. The principal originality of this book, however, is its depictions of how Parisian places, trends, and phenomena provided multiple sources of inspiration to Romantic authors. Each chapter is devoted to a particular historic or cultural event, famous person, or aspect of society. After providing detailed information about these facts and events, Ledda reveals how they appeared in Romantic literature. Recounting the life and career of the infamous chief of police, Eugène-François Vidocq, for example, Ledda shows how he was Balzac’s inspiration for Vautrin in La comédie humaine and for Hugo’s characters Valjean and Javert in Les misérables. Places, as well as trends like the Tuileries gardens and “la vie de bohème,” are also central in works by Musset, Balzac, and Dumas. This account of a broad range of phenomena of the period makes for fascinating reading— from flaneurs strolling in Parisian parks, dandyism, the boulevards, the cholera epidemic, miserable living conditions in poor districts, the construction of barricades, and famous crimes and criminals. Ledda’s study is realistic while at the same time nostalgic—aptly recreating a lost era in the history of...

The Transcendental and Inexistence in Alain Badiou’s Philosophy

Though Alain Badiou and Jacques Derrida circulated some of the same French academic circles, they rarely had anything to do with one another. While Derrida was alive he never engaged Badiou's work, neither speech nor writing. The opposite was also true, as we find no substantial reference to Derrida Badiou's work until after the former's passing: It was only after Derrida's death, Badiou's later work Logiques des mondes: L'Etre et l'evenement II, that Badiou explicitly acknowledged the impact of Derrida's work on his own thinking.1 Badiou concedes that his concept of inexistence is what Derrida understands by differance. La pensee de l'inexistant formalise ce que je crois etre l'enjeu de la sinueuse demarche de Jacques Derrida. Depuis ses premiers texts, et sous le nom, progressivement academise (mais non par lui) de 'deconstruction,' son desir speculative est de montrer que, quelle que soit la forme d'imposition discursive a laquelle vous etes confronte, il existe un point qui echappe aux regles de cette imposition, un point de fuite. Tout l'interminable travail est de le localiser, ce qui est aussi bien impossible, puisque c'est d'etre hors-lieu-dans-le-lieu qui le caracterise. Pour restreindre l'espace de fuite, il faut forcer les signifiants de l'imposition discursive, diagonaliser les grandes oppositions metaphysiques (etre/ etant, esprit/matiere, mais aussi bien democratie/totalitarisme ou Etat de droit/ barbarie ou juif/arabe . . .) et d'inventer une langue de l'excentrement, un dispositive d'ecriture acephale. Or, tout cela gravite autour de ce qui aurait a se tenir sous l'inexistant. . . . Dirons-nous que . . . inexistence=differance (LM 570-71).Undoubtedly, Badiou's profound recognition of Derrida's impact on philosophy as well as his defence of Derrida2 are remarkable. In this paper, I argue that though there is a certain resonance between the two concepts, there is also a marked point of divergence. In particular, I wish to claim that Derrida's double bind of possibility and impossibility, which are mutually co-constitutive and flow from the spatio-temporising that is differance, is less binary its logic than Badiou's notion of inexistence allows. Also, I maintain that whereas Derrida's differance is rooted a conception of time and space that gives differance its very flow and arch-structure, Badiou's inexistence is grounded the time and space that stem from the very structure of the multiple that is given what he calls the transcendental. Time is constituted with the event and the subject, by a decision and the fidelity to a decision. Badiou has no real sense of Derridean space: Badiou discusses space as localisation, atoms, situations or the containment that is proper to any set. Derridean spatialsing stems from de Saussure and his view of the differentiation between signs and words and phrases that produces meaning. For Badiou, the inexistent is set within worlds, whereas for Derrida differance never works within the logics of Badiouan worlds. It simply is already there and is already operating. In short, I claim that though there may be a resemblance between the two philosophers qua what they see is unaccountable, lies closed or hidden yet conditions any given system or meaning-structure, the way they justify such accounts would suggest a greater gap than what Badiou may be prepared to concede.BADIOU'S TRANSCENDENTAL AND THE INEXISTENTThe concept of inexistence does not appear the first volume of Being and Event, but it is introduced and developed the second one. Inexistence is rooted within the structure of the transcendental and worlds. Badiou defines inexistence as a mode of being-there of an element of a multiple that appears the world. The element in the configuration of multiplicities called a world, but it never exists any intense or maximal form. In fact, it exists the least possible way. Every object the world contains an inexistent element and can, according to Badiou, contain only one at any given moment (LM 610). …

Avit de Vienne: Eloge consolatoire de la chastete (Sur la virginite). Introduction, critical text, translation, and notes by NICOLE HECQUET-NOTI.

I wrote complimentary reviews of Nicole Hecquet-Noti’s two-volume edition of Avitus’ De Spiritalis Historiae Gestis (SC 444 and 492) in JTS, ns 51 (2000), pp. 744–5 and 57 (2006), pp. 331–3. Her edition of the same author’s De Consolatoria Laude Castitatis shows the same qualities of professional competence and acute judgement, and is thoroughly to be recommended. This 666-line hexameter poem (written after 507) is made out by the manuscripts to be the sixth book of the Spiritual History, but it is something quite different. Its mysterious title hints at the genres it crosses: ‘il est aussi bien éloge poétique de la virginité consacrée que consolation adressée à la vierge qui a abandonné le monde, ou épithalame célébrant les noces spirituelles de la moniale et du Christ’ (p. 9). The editor teases out these strands in her excellent introduction, providing (p. 52) a helpful diagram of the interplay of precept and exemplum. She comments interestingly on the realism that Avitus brought to the old topic of the troubles of marriage, and on the way in which he saw dedication to virginity as a kind of emancipation and a means of putting women on the same level as men. At the same time, she puts the poem into its context of works (normally in prose) on virginity. The volume is rounded off with new editions of Avitus’ prologue to the Spiritual History, where the reader badly needs the help he is given, and of the non-Avitan Vita Sanctae Fuscinulae, which adds valuably to our knowledge of the shadowy Fuscina (Avitus’ sister) who is the addressee of the poem.

“Until Justice is Done”: Authenticity and Memory in Paul Greengrass’s Bloody Sunday and United 93

Établissant des liens entre les visées des représentations politique et cinématographique dans les films de Paul Greengrass Bloody Sunday et United 93, cet article pose la question de ce que signifie « faire justice » à des événements nationaux traumatiques. Les stratégies du réalisateur pour faire justice à ces événements en capturant authentiquement aussi bien l’histoire que les identités culturelles des sujets impliqués (les soldats britanniques et les manifestants républicains en 1972 et les passagers et les pirates de l’air en 2001) font écho à des distinctions théoriques non résolues du travail de Derrida et Benjamin, entre la loi et la justice, entre les conceptions auratiques et non-auratiques de l’art et entre la mémoire volontaire et non volontaire. Oscillant d’un pôle à l’autre de ces oppositions, les films démontrent comment les récits de l’authenticité et de la justice excèdent les présuppositions mêmes sur lesquelles ils reposent. Mais encore, ils révèlent aussi que, dans cet échec pour rendre compte de l’histoire, un genre particulier de « justice disjonctive » émerge — un qui anticipe la réévaluation créative et la remémoration continue des événements traumatiques.

Newfangled Computers and Old-Fashioned Romantic Comedy: You’ve Got Mail’s Futuristic Nostalgia

Tom Hanks et Meg Ryan interprètent deux propriétaires de librairies rivales de l’Upper West Side de New York dans You’ve Got Mail (1998), la comédie romantique de l’ère Internet de Nora Ephron. Les opposants ne réalisent pas qu’ils sont aussi des amis virtuels, aussi chers qu’anonymes, échangeant des confidences de plus en plus intimes et qu’ils sont destinés, par les conventions narratives de la comédie romantique, à consommer leur romance dans la vie réelle tout comme dans la vie branchée avant la fin de la dernière bobine du film. Cet article questionne la façon avec laquelle ce qui n’est d’abord qu’un terne conflit économique peut se transformer en un récit de comédie romantique à succès, proposant que ni une nostalgie toute de rose teintée (pour le film de l’âge d’or hollywoodien dont il est une nouvelle version), ni un futurisme techno-déterministe (mis en évidence par la place qu’occupe le dispositif de messagerie électronique) ne peuvent en rendre compte. Plutôt, le film d’Ephron déploie ultimement aussi bien le futurisme que la nostalgie, de façon sélective, pour rendre le cadre narratif plus actuel, et donc plus acceptable pour l’audience, et faire une intrigue romantique plus plausible.

De la comparaison à l'énonciation : le cas de aussi bien

From comparison to enunciative value : the case of aussi bien The aim of this paper is to show that the adverbial phrase aussi bien, in its use as a connective or conjunct, is the result of a process of grammaticalization. It is indeed the grammaticalized form of the adjunct bien used in a comparative construction of equality. Theprocess involves an intermediary stage which corresponds to the additive value of aussi bien.The connective itself is an enunciative tool which enables the speaker to legitimate the utterance which it introduces by means of the preceding one, the comparative construction indicating that both utterances are equally true to reality.

Patient et soignant : qui éduque l’autre ?

Aborder l’asymétrie de la relation entre soignants et soignés par un de ces possibles excès, sous la forme de relation d’emprise.Analyse des formes du discours de 45 entretiens de recherche, par observation de la place de la locution de prise en charge (plutôt que d’accompagnement) et le recours au possessif pour désigner un intervenant ou un élément du dispositif de soin.La prise en charge domine, désignant aussi bien une situation, une maladie, qu’une personne (malade), tandis que le recours à un possessif apparaît dans plus d’un tiers des entretiens.Par le choix des mots, peut être perçue la place de l’appropriation et du pouvoir dans le soin, d’abord considéré dans ses dimensions excessives d’emprise, de réification du soigné, qui ainsi peut participer à son aliénation. Cependant, la place d’une forme modérée d’emprise positive ne peut être exclue comme possible modalité d’attachement, de soutien, d’investissement de la relation.The relations between caregivers and cared-for people are in essence asymmetric. Such essential asymmetry can lead to excess between providers and seekers of help or care and can appear with the aspect of an emprise relationship. In order to approach this, a study has observed caregivers choices of words to talk about their interactions with cared-for people.Based on the formal analysis of the discourses of 45 carers (29 hospital nurses and 16 hospital physicians) met during research interviews about their clinical practice with older people, two possible aspects of emprise were observed. They concerned on one hand the use of the naming support (rather than accompaniment) and on the other hand the use of a possessive determinant (my, your, our…) to designate human contributor or a material element of the relation of care or the care device. These two supposed aspects of emprise were chosen among different possible translations of such alteration of care relationship, in order to try to illustrate the hypothesis of a degradation of the care efficiency through a too high positioning of the caregivers.In the 45 studied interviews, as over of clinical experience at hospital and nursing home for elders, and then through a review of literature, it appears that the expression of support becomes predominant, rather than accompanying, designating as well a situation, as a sickness, as a sick person. To be supported, or in literal French language, to be taken in charge associates the two possible meanings of being caught and of being a weight for others. Thus, it might be thought that such approach can lead to takeover, appropriation and emprise. Furthermore, the use of a possessive determiner to refer to a colleague, a cared-person or an element of the care device, significantly appears in more than one third of the interviews. Such choice of words cannot only appear as fortuitous, but can reveal an appropriation of other human beings, like things, and so reifying them as well as alienating them. Even if these two kinds of language choices might seem to be banal, idiomatic, and so frequent that they would have lost their original meaning, the purpose of our analysis is to promote the taking into account of the first meaning of words by themselves, and so help carers to consider some aspects of care relationship through the possible inadequate way of emprise.Such choice of words could reflect an expression of power, of takeover of someone, of appropriation of others in the care relationship. This power, initially considered in an excessive way of emprise, subjugation, desubjectivation, even as reification of cared-people, can participate in alienation, dehumanization and loss of identity of aged people. At the same time, the place of a moderate form of emprise, considered as positive in the care relationship cannot be excluded as a possible method of attachment, support or adjustment of the link to elders, and so weighting the essentially negative approach initially developed.

Apnée du sommeil et diabète de type 2 avec coronarite

Les théories contemporaines de l’anxiété la conçoivent comme une réponse du sujet, conditionnée par des interactions complexes entre tâche, contexte et variables individuelles. Elles permettent de dépasser une approche phénoménale et descriptive, d’entreprendre une démarche expérimentale, mettant à jour les déterminants et les conséquences de l’anxiété, d’envisager et de valider des stratégies d’intervention susceptibles d’optimiser le contrôle de l’anxiété. Dans cet article, nous nous sommes attachés à mettre en exergue les rapports étroits entretenus entre anxiété liée à une situation de performance et performance sportive elle-même, en insistant particulièrement sur le concept d’anxiété compétitive. Le stress peut, dans un tel contexte, représenter un véritable handicap pour le sujet qui souhaite améliorer sa technique sportive, ou encore s’améliorer sur le plan personnel. Il importe donc de connaître parfaitement ce phénomène, qui s’exprime aussi bien sur un plan physique que sur un plan psychique. Et une fois cet aspect entériné, il est nécessaire de pouvoir gérer son stress dans une optique de mieux-être, ce qui permet de libérer l’esprit d’un carcan souvent à l’origine de troubles divers.Performance anxiety in sports, sometimes referred to as “choking”, is described as a decrease in athletic performance due to too much perceived stress. Perceived stress often increases in athletes on game day because 1) they have an audience and 2) they have extremely high expectations of their success. This type of stress is often based upon the way the athletes interpret the situation. It is rarely the external situation that causes stress, but rather the way the athlete's self talk describes the situation that creates feelings of stress, anxiety and fear. For athletes who choke during competition it is important to understand that the thoughts they have regarding the event can be modified, adjusted or controlled with appropriate sports psychology and mental practice. An athlete should first determine if thoughts of doubt, failure or a lack of confidence are due to a perceived lack of ability. If so, the self talk will generally lead to continued feelings of anxiety, nervousness, and tension. Athlete needs to realize that it is tough to do his best in a sport when his own internal voice is telling him otherwise. To overcome performance anxiety, traditional coaches and trainers may try to help the athlete understand why those thoughts and feelings develop and then try to change or modify that process with limited amounts of success. Why such thoughts arise may be of interest, but knowing the answer is not always necessary to overcome them.

Malaria control using indoor residual spraying and larvivorous fish: a case study in Betul, central India

To assess the impact of intensified malaria control interventions in an ethnic minority community in Betul using existing tools. Two rounds of indoor residual spraying with synthetic pyrethroid insecticide were applied and larvivorous fish introduced, followed by intensive surveillance for early detection of Plasmodium falciparum with rapid diagnostic tests and prompt treatment with sulphadoxine pyrimethamine. Pre-intervention surveys revealed a very high fever rate in the community in all age groups with a slide positivity rate of >50% with >90%P. falciparum. The post-intervention phase showed a sharp steady decline in number of malaria cases (beta 0.972; P < 0.0001, 95% CI 0.35-0.47). Monitoring of entomological results revealed a significant decline in both Anopheles species and An. culicifacies (P < 0.0001). A combination of indoor residual spraying and early detection and prompt treatment complemented by rapid diagnostic tests and larvivorous fishes successfully brought malaria under control. These approaches could be applied in other regions of different endemicity to control malaria in India.

One novel, five adaptations: proust on film

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes See Chatman for a good analysis of the two notions. See Bazin (“L’Évolution du langage cinématographique” and “Montage interdit”) and Metz. Deleuze has in mind the following passage of Le Temps retrouvé: “[…] le Temps qui d’habitude n’est pas visible, pour le devenir cherche des corps et, partout où il les rencontre, s’en empare pour montrer sur eux sa lanterne magique” (503). See Bacon: “According to Visconti himself, he wanted to adapt Proust as if he were Balzac, to treat the changes in French society before the First World War and leave the questions of time and memory in the background” (209). Deleuze remarks that Visconti and Proust have many themes in common (“le monde cristallin des aristocrates; sa décomposition interne; l’Histoire vue de biais [l’affaire Dreyfus, la guerre de 14]; le trop-tard du temps perdu, mais qui donne aussi bien l’unité de l’art ou le temps retrouvé; les classes définies comme familles d’esprit plutôt que comme groupes sociaux…) (128, note 35). In fact, according to Stanley Kauffmann in New Republic (12/24–31/1977, p. 22), “It's incomparably the best screen adaptation ever made of great work … I would insist that this screenplay far surpasses anything conveyed by the term ‘adaptation’ and becomes a re-composition in another art” (quoted in Klein 105). Among the most enthusiastic reviews were those in Le Monde (J.M.F.) and L’Express (Thierry Gandillot). Additional informationNotes on contributorsPascal A. IfriPascal Ifri is Associate Professor of French at Washington University. He is the author of four books: Proust et son narrataire (Droz, 1983), Céline et Proust: Correspondances proustiennes dans l'œuvre de L.-F. Céline (Summa Publications, 1996), Les Deux étendards de Lucien Rebatet: Dossier d'un chef-d'oeuvre maudit (L'âge d'Homme, 2001), Rebatet (Pardès, coll. Qui suis-je?, 2004). In addition, he has published numerous articles, mainly on Proust, Céline, and Rebatet, but also on Stendhal, Musset, Zola, and Gide. Since 1995 he has also been the editor of the Bulletin Marcel Proust.

Démence fronto-temporale familiale avec inclusions marquées par l’anti-ubiquitine dans le tronc cérébral

Les démences fronto-temporales (DFT) forment un groupe hétérogène. Nous avons étudié une famille dont la mère et quatre enfants étaient atteints de DFT d’expression clinique typique, avec début précoce, avant 40 ans, par des troubles de la personnalité, et évolution prolongée, environ 30 ans, avec longue conservation de l’orientation spatiale, sans signe d’atteinte du motoneurone ni signes extrapyramidaux. L’étude neuropathologique d’un cas montra une atrophie massive prédominant au niveau des lobes frontaux. Dans les zones atrophiques, il existait une perte neuronale et un aspect spongieux des couches superficielles. Il n’y avait pas d’inclusion argentophile « de Pick », mais des inclusions marquées par l’anti-ubiquitine, mais non par l’anti-Tau, dans le fascia dentata. Dans le cytoplasme de certains neurones, dans les couches profondes du cortex mais surtout dans le tronc cérébral (réticulée magnocellulaire, noyaux du pont, noyaux moteurs, particulièrement noyau masticateur), de grandes inclusions argentophiles ovoïdes ou réniformes, peu denses, marquées seulement par l’anti-ubiquitine étaient observées. L’étude génétique mettait en évidence un Lod score positif non significatif avec des marqueurs flanquant le gène MAPτ, en l’absence de mutation décelable de ce gène. L’étude biochimique de la protéine Tau ne montrait pas d’anomalie qualitative. L’affection transmise dans la famille que nous avons étudiée paraît distincte aussi bien des DFT associées à une sclérose latérale amyotrophique (SLA) que des « taupathies ». Fronto-temporal dementias (FTD) were described a century ago on the macroscopic basis of frontal and/or temporal lobe atrophy. Progress in neuropathology, immunohistochemistry, biochemistry and genetics has since shown that they are heterogeneous entities, encompassing many different diseases with similar clinical presentations. A few, such as tauopathies due to mutations of the gene coding for tau protein (MAPτ form a well-defined group. Definition and grouping of other types of FTD is still problematic. We studied a family where the mother and 4/8 children were affected with FTD. Clinical presentation was typical of FTD. Onset was ill-defined with early (at age 40 years or less) personality changes. The clinical course was protracted (about 30 years). For a long period, the patients were able to live in the community in spite of obvious signs such as hyperorality and loss of verbal initiative; operative orientation as to place was preserved for a long time: a mute patient was still able to drive. Signs of extrapyramidal or motoneuron involvement were not observed. The genetic study failed to detect any mutation in MAPτ; the lod score for flanking markers was positive but not significant. Biochemical study showed no qualitative abnormality in tau protein. Neuropathological study of one affected subject showed brain atrophy (962g), with elective frontal lobe involvement. Cortical nerve cell loss was more marked in superficial layers and in frontal areas; glia was inconspicuous; pseudolaminar spongiosis was present in the more severely affected zones. No argentophilic “Pick bodies“ were seen; ubiquitin-positive, tau-negative round inclusions were present in the cytoplasm of fascia dentata neurones. “Tangles“ were mostly restricted to the entorhinal cortex, partly correlated with tau immunoreactivity, but better with ubiquitin immunoreactivity. Large, ovoid or reniform, moderately dense, spongy, granular or filamentous argentophilic cytoplasmic nerve cell inclusions were observed. They were ubiquitin-positive, but did not react with other antibodies, particularly anti-tau. They were present in swollen nerve cells in the deeper cortical layers but were most conspicuous in the brain stem: in the magnocellular reticular nuclei (e.g. nucleus centralis pontis ), in the pes pontis , in the inferior olive and in motor nuclei, especially in the trigeminal motor nucleus. They were not associated with nerve cell loss, atrophy nor pycnosis. Cerebellar relay nuclei neurones were swollen, and their cytoplasm contained argentophilic filaments. In our opinion, “ubiquitinopathy” would be non-specific and “Motor Neuron Disease-Inclusion Dementia” (MNDID) would not be satisfactory as a diagnosis for the present cases of FTD. Hopefully, progress in genetics may allow a causal, and thence definitive, classification.

Proximité et innovation

Qu'est-ce que la proximité et quelles en sont les formes distinctes ? Dans cet article, après avoir clarifié ce concept, cinq formes de proximité sont d'abord présentées, qui répondent aux dimensions suivantes : cognitive, organisationnelle, sociale, institutionnelle et géographique. Pour chacune de ces cinq dimensions, sont ensuite analysés les impacts aussi bien positifs que négatifs de la proximité sur l'économie, en particulier sur l'apprentissage et l'innovation. Enfin, à partir de la constatation de l'existence de liens entre les différentes formes de proximité, on se demande quelles pourraient être les combinaisons possibles et de ces dernières dans le but d'améliorer les processus d'apprentissage et de production d'innovations. Quelques pistes de réflexion sont formulées à ce sujet.

'L'art verbal des poètes-peintres: the text/image problem In the context of Blake's ‘Infant Sorrow’ as analysed by Roman Jakobson in L'art verbal des poètes-peintres Blake) Rousseau et Klee

Jakobson's point of departure in L'art verbal des poètes-peintres Blake, Rousseau et Klee, signalled by a quotation from Blake, is that in a poem or in a picture structurally all is significant, down to the last detail. In the section on Blake's poem from Songs of Innocence and of Experience, ‘Infant Sorrow’, Jakobson discovers striking patterns of symmetry in the verse and stanzaic forms, syntactic and morphological structure, phonetic and punctuational patterns, and in the interrelationship between these domains. According to Jakobson, this high degree of ‘geometric’ organization on the part of the poet is a function of Blake the artist's powers of pictorial composition, and leads Jakobson to reaffirm ‘l'analogie remarquable entre le rôle de la grammaire en poésie et, chez le peintre, les regles de la composition fondees sur un ordre géométrique latent ou manifeste, ou au contraire sur une revolte contre tout agencement géométrique'.1 No actual comparison is, however, made by Jakobson between Blake's text and the illustrative page into which it is set. What such a comparison might lead one to affirm, and why such a comparison was not made by Jakobson, will be the subject of a section below. Furthermore, Jakobson does not place this poem in the larger context of Songs of Innocence and Experience (1794) and its partner poem, ‘Infant Joy’. This is because Jakobson's main aim in analysing ‘Infant Sorrow’ is to assert the high degree of organization - grammatical, formal, phonetic, etc. — of the poète-peintre's text. On this basis Jakobson will proceed, in the second section of his essay, to discover specific structural parallels between the painting and the verse accompanying Douanier Rousseau's Le Rêve. Only at the end of this section will the general point of Jakobson's project in this essay be spelled out, through a quotation from Carola Giedion-Welcker's study on Klee (1946) in which she claims that ‘le poete est inseparable du peintre’ (Jakobson, p. 152). This quotation gives Jakobson, the cue to pursue in the third and final section of his essay a structural analysis of Klee's poem ‘Zwei berge … ‘. Jakobson's analysis leads him to discover in Klee's poem ‘un des sin spatial, purement métaphorique, d'une facture biblique’ (Jakobson, p. 155) and to construct a schematic diagram showing the ‘etonnante union de transparence radieuse, de savante simplicité et d'imbrication multiforme [qui] permet, chez Klee, au peintre comme au poète, de deployer une harmonieuse combinaison de procédés, surprenants par leur variété, aussi bien sur un morceau de toile que dans quelques lignes d'unJournal’ (Jakobson, p. 159). Jakobson's second schematic diagram of the poem (Jakobson, p. 155) in particular is organized in such a way as to mimic the asymmetrical semi-geometrical structure of many of Klee's drawings and paintings. In this way, Jakobson aims to convince the reader of the profound analogy between poetic composition and pictorial structure.

Barthesian Discourse: Having Your Cake and Eating It Too

When Philippe Sollers set out in May 1980, shortly after Roland Barthes' death, to write a succinct preface to the new, abridged edition of the seminal collective work of Tel Quel known as Theorie d'ensemble (originally published in 1968), (1) it was appropriate that he should try to summarize some of the major aims of the volume's contributors. In his words, the book's essence port[ait] sur un reve: unifier la reflexion et declencher a partir de la generalisee.(7) Born of a no doubt utopian critical dream of unifying the many contemporary varieties of structuralism in vogue at the time, and closely connected to the infamous evenements de mai 68, Theorie d'ensemble does indeed read (still) like a compendium of the major provocative ideas of that era. Even in an abridged format, the volume unfolds like a series of usually deliberate attempts to subvert various institutional powers and instances within the literary arena. As it happens, Sollers ends his preface by giving hommage to a towering figure whose essay appears second only to one by Michel Foucault in both the new and old editions of the collection. Clearly, he wished thereby to place this entire methodological and theoretical crucible (creuset), as he calls it, sous le signe de quelqu'un dont la complicite a tellement compte dans ces jours de mutation aventureuse, quelqu'un qui vient de nous quitter mais dont le style d'intervention, par son ampleur, sa justesse, sa mesure, nous aidait et nous aidera encore a aller plus loin: Roland Barthes. (7) Taking Sollers' assessment seriously, I should like to suggest that Barthes's work as a whole must be read as an on-going quest for a subversion generale. In doing so, I am hardly going out on a weak limb inasmuch as in countless other studies practically every other critic who has ever written on Barthes documents similar, subversive stylistic proclivities. In her recent book Sens et non-sens de la revolte, (2) Julia Kristeva, for instance, rereads the early writings of Barthes (beginning with Le Degre zero de l'ecriture and Mythologies) with an eye towards this very tendency, which she effectively extends to the rest of the Barthesian corpus. Emphasizing the ever-present semi ological project that underlies all of Barthes' texts--which she first defines, after Saussure, not as a simple formalisation, mais recherche des lois dialectiques de la signifiance--Kristeva immediately goes on to insist that Barthes' real goal was une desubstantification de l'idealite signifiante. C'est dire que la portee de ces textes est d'abord negative. (436) In other words, from at least two of his closest acquaintances, Sollers and Kristeva, we get the distinct impression that Barthes was a rebel with seemingly countless causes. Unwilling to accept set categories and structures, Barthes was a writer whose subjectivity: defini[e] dans le topos de sa communication avec l'autre, commence par nier cette communication pour pouvoir formuler un autre dispositif. Negatif du premier dit naturel, ce nouveau langage est par consequent non plus communicatif, mais, dironsnous, transformatif, quand il n'est pas mortel aussi bien pour le je que pour l'autre. (436) It would appear, then, that Barthes was concerned primarily with breaking or transforming our reading and writing habits, with forcing us not to look backwards, as it were, at what texts (in the widest acceptation of that term) have always been said to express, but to look ahead instead to what else they might be saying. Literary language, in particular, was significant to Barthes not because it reminds us of things we already know, but because of what it can tell us now and in the future about other impulses, forces, and significations, which are discreetly at work within what he calls ecriture. Thus, with regard to his specific study of mythologies, for example, Kristeva points out that: A l'oppose d'un structuralisme qui cherchait dans le mythe les structures permanentes de l'esprit humain [an allusion to the kind of early structuralist project of, say, a Levi-Strauss], c'est la surdetermination sociale et historique que Barthes vise a travers le phenomene discursif. …

Isolation of two variants of dual ecotropic and xenotropic retrovirus from thymuses of mice inoculated as newborns with gross murine leukaemia virus

Two variants of dual ecotropic and xenotropic retrovirus were isolated from thymuses of C3HeB/Fe mice inoculated as newborns with Gross passage A leukaemia virus (GPAV). The first variant, Th2P1, was isolated from a mouse having definite leukaemic symptoms and the second, Th4P1, was from a mouse in preleukaemic phase without leukaemic symptoms. Both viruses replicated as efficiently in mink cells as in mouse cells, for which they showed the same N tropism as GPAV. They did not trigger formation of syncytium in XC tests. Th2P1 virus induced foci of cytopathic effect in mink cells. Th4P1 virus possessed helper activities towards both S + L − mink and S + L − mouse cells and was neutralized significantly not only by antixenotropic virus serum but also by antiecotropic virus serum. Both viruses were devoid of leukaemogenic activity when inoculated into susceptible newborn mice. However, they accelerated significantly appearance of leukaemia in GPAV-infected C3HeB/Fe mice as well as in AKR mice. Recombinants between exogenous ecotropic GPAVs and activated endogenous xenotropic viruses were postulated. Deux variants de rétrovirus à la fois écotropes et xénotropes ont été isolés à partir de thymus de souris C3HeB/Fe inoculées à la naissance avec le virus de la leucémie murine de Gross, passage A (G-MuLV-PA). Ils se multiplient efficacement aussi bien dans les cellules de vison que dans les cellules de souris. Un des 2 variants isolés d'une souris leucémique induit la formation de foyers cytopathiques dans les cellules de vison. Les 2 virus sont dépourvus de pouvoir leucémogène lorsque des souriceaux nouveaunés sensibles sont inoculés avec ces virus. Néanmoins, ils accélèrent, de façon significative, l'apparition de la leucémie chez des souris C3HeB/Fe infectées par G-MuLV-PA ainsi que chez des souris AKR.

Experiences in converting to a minicomputer

This paper describes the transition from use of a shared, medium-scale computer for research, patient care, and financial computing for a small hospital to an in-house ‘mini' computer. The advantages and disadvantages of a variety of alternative solutions for computer processing are discussed. Although the support software supplied with the system was found adequate, some important limitations needed attention and several general-purpose programs proved useful to speed the conversion of programs in PL/1 to BASIC. Considering both the amount of time required for total conversion as well as the facilities lost in switching from a large-scale machine, the capacity, flexibility and economy of a smaller in-house computer were found sufficient to justify such a conversion.Cet article decrit les problemes qui se soot poses, clans un petit hopital, lors du passage d'un ordinateur de taille moyenne a un mini-ordinateur. Dans cet hopital l'ordinateur est utilise aussi bien pour la recherche que pour les soins et la...