Audit Method Research Articles

METHOD OF AUDIT OF FIXED ASSETS AT MOTOR VEHICLE ENTERPRISES

The article reveals the methodology of the audit at motor transport enterprises of Ukraine. One of the most important parts of the development of Ukraine’s productive forces is the transport industry, which provides production and circulation processes, transporting manufactured products to the month of its sale and consumption, as well as providing passenger transportation services. Today, almost every company, regardless of its economic activity, owns its own vehicles. But for trucking companies, cars are the main means of providing services. That is why the issue of effective use of motorsports, which is impossible without a quality audit, is quite relevant. Methods of auditing fixed assets at motor transport enterprises of Ukraine, as well as at other types of enterprises, defined by International Standards on Auditing. In accordance with ISA 200 «Purpose and Basic Principles of Auditing Financial Statements», the purpose of an audit of property, plant and equipment is for the auditor to express an independent professional opinion on the correctness of the entity’s financial statements. The article considers the main tasks of the audit of fixed assets in motor transport enterprises, as well as the main procedures used in the audit of fixed assets. The paper proves the importance and necessity of auditing the accounting of fixed assets at motor transport enterprises, because the effectiveness of their use affects the cost of motor transport services and as a consequence on the financial results of transport enterprises of Ukraine. The article also presents a test of internal control of fixed assets at the trucking company, which should be carried out at the preparatory stage of the audit of fixed assets and provide the auditor with the necessary information to develop an optimal audit program, taking into account the activities of the trucking company. In addition, the article provides samples of working documents of the auditor during the inspection of fixed assets at the trucking company.

Capturing reality: Validation of omnidirectional video-based immersive virtual reality as a streetscape quality auditing method

Although many studies have developed indoor streetscape audit instruments, given the limitation of conventional image information, these have merely been optimized for auditing objective elements of a street. Against this backdrop, this study ascertains whether omnidirectional videos and fully immersive virtual experiences using head-mount displays can be applied to audit the subjective streetscape qualities, thereby replacing the field audit. The study conducts a series of experiments (test audits) using street view images, 360 VR video, and field experience, comparing them using quantitative and qualitative approaches. The results show that VR audit generates results more consistent with the field audit than the street view based audit. In particular, 360 VR video is appropriate for auditing items related to the sense of space, behavioral qualities, and overall street atmosphere. This result unveils the possibility of a recorded VR-based visual assessment survey as a new indoor audit method for evaluating the quality of urban design, which is rarely addressed in existing streetscape audit tools due to its high subjectivity. However, intra-rater agreement estimates of a VR audit demonstrate that its reproducibility remains unreliable. Moreover, a VR audit is less cost-effective than other methods and is not adequate for auditing items that require sensory experience other than the audiovisual. Thus, even if a VR audit can replace much of the streetscape audit, the need for on-site experience remains unlikely to be replaced.

Joint audit as a tool to improve the quality of financial report: Field study: (environment of professional practice in the Arab Republic of Egypt): المراجعة المشتركة كأداة لتحسين جودة التقارير المالية دراسة ميدانية: (بيئة الممارسة المهنية في جمهورية مصر العربية)

This research aims to clarify the role of the joint review in improving the quality of financial reports. In the completion of this research, the researcher relied on the analytical descriptive approach and relied on the Statistical Package for Social Science Spss / Pc + in testing hypotheses, analyzing the sample and discharging data. Classifying and analyzing them. The research concluded that there is a positive relationship between the application of the joint audit and the increase in the quality of the audit process, and the existence of a positive relationship between the joint audit and the quality of financial reports. The research recommended the necessity of obliging the major offices to cooperate with each other to develop methods of professional practices such as the joint audit method and to clarify its importance and advantages.

The pragmalinguistic character of intonation units in discourse

Speech discourse is the communication between people, that is, the speaker seeks to influence the recipient in a conversation, using deep thoughts and meaningful words, expecting to receive a response from the addressee. In modern Kazakh linguistics, speech discourse is being explored in various ways as a reflection of people's relationships and actions. This research aims to study intonation of the text in the form of official radio interview and to reveal pragmalinguistic peculiarities of it. We used methods of audit, experimental and electro-acoustic analysis for this research. In the article, speech discourse is analyzed pragmalinguistically and its intonation features are investigated by experimental research. Consequently, we took unprepared speech for experimental research, where the participant of interview was informed about the topic of the conversation. However, despite the fact that the theme of the issue was given, the discourse in the form of a previously unprepared radio interview is provided as the subject of research. Among other findings, the results of the study showed that it is advisable to use appropriate pauses, especially the pauses of hesitation, while speaking.

IMPROVING THE ORGANIZATION OF THE ACCOUNTING PROCESS AND METHODS OF AUDITING THE DISPOSAL OF FIXED ASSETS IN THE ACCOUNTING OF SMALL BUSINESSES

На сучасному етапі для суб’єктів малого підприємства важливо правильно організувати їх бухгалтерські процеси, оскільки від цього залежить організація та методика проведення у них аудиту, від якого залежіть своєчасність та повнота виявлення помилок в веденні обліку. Особливу увагу треба приділити вибуттю основних засобів, оскільки при процесі реалізації основних засобів вони змінюють свою форму та переходять з необоротних активів у склад запасів, а при процесі ліквідації виникають особливості з оприбуткуванням отриманих від їх розбирання матеріалів, визначення залишкової вартості та її оподаткування. Наприкінці року треба проводити інвентаризацію, щоб виявити фізично зношені та морально застаріли основні засоби, які непридатні до подальшої експлуатації, тому їх потрібно своєчасно виявляти та правильно оформлювати списання цих об’єктів з обліку. Метою роботи є удосконалення організації бухгалтерського процесу та методики проведення аудиту вибуття основних засобів в обліку суб’єктів малого підприємництва. Метою організації та методики аудиту вибуття основних засобів є встановлення законності, правильності, своєчасності організації бухгалтерського процесу та методики проведення аудиту вибуття основних засобів. Завданнями організації та методики аудиту вибуття основних засобів є інвентаризація основних засобів, перевірка реалізації, ліквідації, безплатної передачі, здачі в оренду та внесення в статутний капітал основних засобів. Удосконалення організації та методики аудиту вибуття основних засобів включає: анкету внутрішнього контролю, план аудиту, програму аудиту, робочі документи. Це допоможе вчасно виявити порушення, підвищить якість організації та методики аудиту суб’єктів малого підприємництва. З метою удосконалення обліку вибуття основних засобів пропонуємо форми Довідкових відомостей з: реалізації основних засобів, ліквідації основних засобів, безплатної передачі основних засобів, здачі в оренду основних засобів, внесення в уставний капітал основних засобів. Це допоможе скоротити час на формування та обробку цих документів, попередить можливість неправильної організації бухгалтерського процесу обліку вибуття основних засобів, так як буде використовуватися розроблені шаблони цих документів з необхідним набором реквізитів.

Antimicrobial stewardship audit and feedback rounds: the impact of electronic systems and moving beyond the restricted antibiotic list

Current methods of antimicrobial usage surveillance have limited efficacy in changing practice due to delayed reporting to clinicians and the inability to stratify by medical specialty. This study was undertaken in a tertiary teaching hospital with a well established antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programme and electronic medicines management (eMM) system in Sydney, Australia. To describe and analyse the implementation of a novel AMS audit and feedback method, in the context of an eMM system. The AMS team conducted the audit weekly, and the study design was a prospective, observational study. All acute, adult inpatients were included in this intervention. All active systemic antimicrobial prescriptions on the day of the rounds were included. The prevalence of patients on antimicrobial therapy was 37%. The median time taken per round was 44 min for eMM compared to 58 min for paper. All key performance indicators improved over the study period. Appropriateness compared to guidelines increased from 55% to 71%, and documentation of an indication increased from 75% to 98%. There were 1413 recommendations made, with the most common being to cease an antimicrobial agent. The recommendation uptake rate was 47% at 24 h post-round. AMS rounds are an effective tool for auditing and providing feedback on antimicrobial use and should include all antimicrobials rather than solely 'restricted' agents. These rounds had a high uptake rate, improvements in the appropriateness of antimicrobial use, and a planned duration or review date. A benefit of eMM was improvement in the documentation of indication for antimicrobial agents, and reduced time taken to audit.

Полидокументальный кадастровый аудит объектов недвижимости

The current practice of cadastral and forensic activities shows its subjectivity. The expert makes a resolution in each specific case and for each specific real estate object. The traditional priority of a paper document over an electronic one also plays an important role. The article deals with the problem of the EGRN data reliability, which, according to the author, consists in the lack of unified approaches to gathering and processing source documents, analyzing the set of real estate objects characteristics, as well as their verification (audit). The purpose of the study is to develop a method of multi-documentary cadastral audit of real estate objects, which consists of a set of procedures for processing and analyzing documented cadastral information presented in the form of a disparate documents set. The results of the study showed the possibility of unifying and justifying a reliable model of a real estate object at any time, which is essential for verifying the reliability of the registered characteristics in the EGRN and formalizing expert activities. The developed method of multi-documentary cadastral audit simulates the work of a specialist and enables automating expert activities in the field of real estate, which meets modern trends in automation and digitalization.

Development and Proof of Concept of an Audit Toolkit for the Safe Handling of Cytotoxic Drugs in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.

PURPOSEChemotherapies are considered high-risk drugs for patient and staff safety. Considering the rising burden of cancer and the increasing use of chemotherapy drugs in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), promoting continuous improvements in the safety and quality of practices in these settings is essential. This paper describes the development and proof of concept of a toolkit to audit chemotherapy handling practices in the health care facilities of LMICs.METHODSA steering committee defined the audit method and the toolkit content. Several checklists were developed to facilitate the audit and data collection. Items included in checklists were derived from key reference works on safe handling. Different tools were validated using Delphi surveys and expert reviews. Audits of pilot sites were performed to test the toolkit's applicability and relevance.RESULTSThe toolkit contains a 134-item global assessment tool for the different processes at each step of the medication pathway and three step-specific observation checklists to assess different health workers' practices during the prescription, preparation, and administration of chemotherapies. The toolkit also proposes using a surface-wipe sampling method to measure any cytotoxic contamination of the immediate environment. The toolkit was tested in three teaching hospitals in Africa.CONCLUSIONThe toolkit developed was successfully implemented in a variety of LMIC settings, providing a comprehensive evaluation of the quality and safety of the chemotherapy drug handling practices in participating health care facilities. This toolkit can help facilities in LMICs to implement a new approach to continuously improving the quality and safety of their practices and ultimately ensure patient and staff safety.

Research on XBRL Continuous Internal Audit under the Big Data

The development of digital industrialization has promoted the continuous emergence of new industries, new formats and new models, and has also promoted the transformation of the traditional internal audit model to digital and intelligent. Big data, cloud computing, XBRL, artificial intelligence and other digital technologies are important means to achieve full audit coverage, big data audit has become a hot topic in the current audit field, relevant literature mainly focuses on the impact of big data on traditional audit concepts and audit methods, the impact and risks of big data technology on informatization audits, and how the auditing community responds. However, the research on the integration of big data technology and XBRL technology into continuous internal auditing is relatively rare. Based on the introduction of three XBRL continuous internal audit models, this article analyzes the continuous internal audit process of the XBRL information system, and discusses the application of big data technology in XBRL continuous internal audit.

Scoring system as an alternative audit method in food safety management system certification body

Differences between auditor perceptions often occur in the audit process of the management system, even auditors from the Food Safety Management System Certification Body (FSMS CB). The auditor as an assessor is able to influence strongly to the audit report. A scoring system is a quantitative approach in auditing to eliminate subjectivity and impartiality in the auditor’s assessment. The purpose of this research was producing an internal audit checklist with a scoring system, obtaining the diversity of the auditors’ assessment on the gap analysis in FSMS CB (PT XYZ), and getting information on the sources of the diversity on the gap analysis results. The research scope was ISO/IEC 17021-1:2015 process requirements. The research method consisted of 3 steps, they were: preparation, data analysis, and cause-effect analysis. The auditors’ total scores were in the same category, which was the good category (X≥73.2%), and not significantly different at the 0.05 significance level. The diversity in the auditors’ assessment was found in 4 sub-clauses (9.1, 9.2, 9.5, and 9.9). The sources of diversity in the auditors’ assessment were personnel and tool. It could reduce by increasing the auditors’ competence and improving the internal audit system from PT XYZ.

QMS external quality auditors’ education framework: findings from an iterative Delphi study

PurposeThe paper aims to describe the development of an open curriculum framework of external quality auditors (EQAs) education. The study was commissioned by accreditation body JAS-ANZ, with the objective of improving EQA audit performance, resulting in more effective audits that can add value to client organisations.Design/methodology/approachThe key sets of knowledge, skills and attributes that auditors should possess were identified from the literature and an initial survey, and validated through several rounds of experts' opinion using the Delphi technique. The Delphi panel consisted of: top managers; quality practitioners; academicians; quality auditors, consultants and managers; a financial auditor and other managers. Kendall's coefficient of concordance (Kendall's W) was used to measure the level of agreement of the experts' ranking scores.FindingsPanelists believed there is a need for EQAs to be more broadly grounded in certain knowledge, skills, and attributes. The knowledge requirements for EQAs were: audit principles, process and methods; quality management principles, system, and standards; risk management; business process and operations management; applicable legal, regulatory and contractual requirements; strategic planning; and performance measurement. EQAs need strong skills in communication, auditing, people relations, critical thinking, report writing, leadership, coaching and coordination. The attributes considered essential are objectivity, integrity, ethics and professionalism; being observant, perceptive, articulate and confident; having good judgement; being flexible, adaptive, diplomatic, fair and open-minded. Based on these outcomes, the curriculum framework of EQAs was developed.Originality/valueThis study highlights the core elements required in a syllabus to prepare EQAs for value-added auditing in the present and future. The educational framework can be adopted by accreditation and certification bodies to evaluate and improve their auditors' audit performance.

Audit Efficiency and Influence of Environmental Factors to State Bodies: Evidence of Kazakhstan

Research and assessment of the public sector debt management system and the development of audit methods based on them will improve the process of monitoring the effectiveness of the formation, management and assessment of public debt.
 In accordance with the provided data of the audit of the audit of the effectiveness of the formation and management of debt of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan, an assessment of the state of the state and state-guaranteed debt was carried out. A negative trend in the growth of public debt and the lack of control and management of public and guaranteed public debt, which is reflected in the growth of both nominal and percentage ratio of debt to GDP, are noted, as well as trends in environmental and social issues of both global and regional scale, which are possible to solve only on condition of creating a new type of ecological culture, greening education in accordance with the actual needs of the individual and civil society.

Some methods of performance audit

In this article, the author proposes a methodology for conducting an efficiency audit used by the internal audit services of state bodies. In order to effectively use the appropriate time resources to achieve the objectives of the performance audit for efficiency, cost-effectiveness, productivity, priority should be given to the analysis, evaluation of management, finance, information, public services, strategic results, the opinions of the company, the results of audits of authorized bodies, audit bodies and other information of the audited entity for a certain period. High-quality developed special indicators and evaluation criteria and performance audit indicators are the most necessary tool for achieving the audit objective and detailed determination of the results of the object's activities audit based on these indicators.

Machine learning‐enabled multitrust audit of stroke comorbidities using natural language processing

With the increasing adoption of electronic records in the health system, machine learning-enabled techniques offer the opportunity for greater computer-assisted curation of these data for audit and research purposes. In this project, we evaluate the consistency of traditional curation methods used in routine clinical practice against a new machine learning-enabled tool, MedCAT, for the extraction of the stroke comorbidities recorded within the UK's Sentinel Stroke National Audit Programme (SSNAP) initiative. A total of 2327stroke admission episodes from three different National Health Service (NHS) hospitals, between January 2019 and April 2020, were included in this evaluation. In addition, current clinical curation methods (SSNAP) and the machine learning-enabled method (MedCAT) were compared against a subsample of 200 admission episodes manually reviewed by our study team. Performance metrics of sensitivity, specificity, precision, negative predictive value, and F1 scores are reported. The reporting of stroke comorbidities with current clinical curation methods is good for atrial fibrillation, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, but poor for congestive cardiac failure. The machine learning-enabled method, MedCAT, achieved better performances across all four assessed comorbidities compared with current clinical methods, predominantly driven by higher sensitivity and F1 scores. We have shown machine learning-enabled data collection can support existing clinical and service initiatives, with the potential to improve the quality and speed of data extraction from existing clinical repositories. The scalability and flexibility of these new machine-learning tools, therefore, present an opportunity to revolutionize audit and research methods.

Audit of Digital Civic Space in the Modern School: from Teacher to Creative Leader

The article is dedicated to modern approaches to development of digital civic space of the modern school, which is a new phenomenon in Ukraine. A brief analysis of results of recent scientific researches that raise the issue of digital citizenship in postmodern times is given. Theoretical principles and practical experience of European countries to create a digital civic space are considered. Definitions of “civic consciousness” and “digital citizenship”, “creativity”, “postmodernism” are given. Modern approaches to development of digital competence of participants in the educational process are singled out. Vision of the Council of Europe on the components of digital citizenship is considered, which is seen as empowering students and acquiring the necessary digital skills for successful self-realization in the postmodern era. A brief description of the Conceptual Model of Digital Citizenship Education adopted by the Council of Europe is given, emphasizing the importance of systematicity and consistency in its implementation. Prerequisites for achieving results of this Conceptual Model are generalized and highlighted. Tools for auditing the digital civic space of a modern school are proposed, which allows to determine the level of development of basic skills of a digital citizen in all participants in the educational process. The main audit methods for this tool are surveys, audit of school records and determination of access to digital technologies. The importance of integrating the content of the Conceptual Model of Education on Digital Citizenship into the content of subjects is emphasized, which should be reflected in the school documentation at different levels: from the Educational Program to the teacher’s lesson plan. Criteria and indicators for auditing the school’s digital civic space are detailed.

Trail Conditions and Community Use: Utilizing Geospatial Video to Guide the Adoption of a Spatial-Temporal Trail Audit Tool (STAT).

Physical activity (PA), associated with all-cause mortality, morbidity, and healthcare costs, improves vitamin D absorption, immune response, and stress when completed outdoors. Rural communities, which experience PA inequities, rely on trails to meet PA guidelines. However, current trail audit methods could be more efficient and accurate, which geospatial video may support. Therefore, the study purpose was (1) to identify and adopt validated instruments for trail audit evaluations using geospatial video and a composite score and (2) to determine if geospatial video and a composite score motivate (influence the decision to use) specific trail selection among current trail users. Phase 1 used a mixed-method exploratory sequential core design using qualitative data, then quantitative data for the development of the Spatial-temporal Trail Audit Tool (STAT). Geospatial videos of two Northeast Ohio trails were collected using a bicycle-mounted spatial video camera and video analysis software. The creation of STAT was integrated from Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale (NEWS), Walk Score, and Path Environment Audit Tool (PEAT) audit tools based on four constructs: trail accessibility, conditions, amenities, and safety. Scoring was determined by three independent reviewers. Phase 2 included a mixed-method convergent core design to test the applicability of STAT for trail participant motivation. STAT has 20 items in 4 content areas computing a composite score and was found to increase trail quality and motivation for use. STAT can evaluate trails for PA using geospatial video and a composite score which may spur PA through increased motivation to select and use trails.

Research on Audit Data Analysis under the Background of Big Data

With the arrival of the era of big data, the audit thinking mode has been promoted to change. Under the influence of big data, audit will become an activity of continuous behavior. Through cloud data, the staff can control the operation status and risk assessment of the whole enterprise, timely analyze, control and respond to risks, and protect the enterprise to reduce risks. With the advent of the era of big data, audit data analysis is becoming more and more important. At the same time, a large amount of data analysis also brings challenges to auditors. Methods to deal and solve the challenges has become an urgent problem to be solved at present. This paper mainly studies the challenges and countermeasures brought by the changes of audit approaches and methods to audit data analysis under the background of big data, so as to continuously innovate and practice the improvement of audit technology and promote the healthy and rapid development of social economy.

Advantages of Computer Aided Audit Technology in Enterprise Internal Audit

Corporate internal audit is a review of the company’s own operations. However, with the development of the company, the original manual audit method is becoming more and more difficult to meet the needs of the company. Under the background of big data, the current high redundancy and Involving a wide range of characteristics, computer auditing technology shows advantages that traditional audits do not have. In order to study the role of computer-aided auditing technology in corporate internal auditing, this paper uses distributed computing, using case analysis, literature analysis and other methods to collect data from databases such as CNKI, Wanfang Database, and SSCI, and build a The model of computer-aided audit in enterprise internal audit. Experimental results prove that through computer-assisted auditing, the audit-related efficiency of enterprises has been greatly improved, and the growth rate is about 30%. The accuracy and application efficiency of audit information have also been improved, which is about 20% higher than that of traditional audit methods. This shows that computer-aided audit technology can play an important role in the internal audit work of enterprises.

Research on the Process Design of Real Estate Project Audit Based on Computer

In China’s traditional real estate project audit work, most of them adopt a post audit method. Although this audit method can play a certain role, but the effect is very limited, and there are relatively large risks. Therefore, the research on the whole process audit process design of real estate project is of great significance for the development of China’s construction industry. Through the computer simulation and calculation of audit content, it is more convenient and fast, also reduces the possibility of loopholes and human factors in the past audit process, making the audit process more convenient, fast and more formal.

Auditing in the IT Environment: Discussion on Methodology

The problem of forming an integrated approach to the methodology of economic control (including audit and internal control) is considered in the article. Auditing in the IT environment and with the use of ІТ combines the features of social, natural, and exact sciences, and deals with research objects, which are conceptual systems, natural systems, and abstract systems.The structure of the method of economic control and audit is proposed. The audit method has a twodimensional (static and dynamic) and two-tier structure. At the general theoretical level, it includes 1) basic, general scientific theoretical techniques and approaches; 2) general research procedures inherent in auditing as an interdisciplinary field that combines research methodologies from natural, social, and exact sciences. At the applied (technological) level, the elements of the auditing method are control procedures and control technologies based on general scientific methods, approaches, and research procedures.The scientific procedure of audit and internal control is investigated and the methods based on the toolkit of exact sciences in conditions of ІТ application were proposed. The research method is arranged according to the selected objects. The techniques are grouped into three categories: a) techniques for collecting facts about physical characteristics; b) methods of thinking to gain understanding; c) modelling and programming. The identified facts are assessed and compared with the norm and an auditing result is formed, as well as in the direct implementation of corrective action. JEL classification: M420