Audiovisual Version Research Articles

Translation and validation of the audiovisual version of the Montreal cognitive assessment in older adults in Brazil

BackgroundThe use of a reliable remote cognitive screening test for older adults is crucial for the diagnosis of cognitive impairment. This study aimed to translate and validate the audiovisual Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)for older adults in Brazil.MethodsOne hundred and fourteen older adults were recruited from the community and demographic, functional, mood, and cognitive data were collected. Participants were classified into two groups: cognitively healthy or mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Statistical analyses were performed in order to assess the validity of the test and the cutoff score.ResultsThe psychometric properties of the audiovisual MoCA showed good convergent validity. The audiovisual MoCA was represented as a unifactorial adjusted model, the composite reliability value was acceptable and a cutoff point of ≥23 reached adequate sensitivity and specificity at 0.77 and 0.92, respectively.ConclusionsThe translated audiovisual MoCA is a valid and reliable cognitive screening test that can be administered remotely in older adults in Brazil. The test demonstrated a great ability to discriminate older adults with MCI from cognitively healthy adults. Future studies should focus on validating the audiovisual MoCA using other target population groups in order to expand the use of this remote screening test.

A standardised test to evaluate audio-visual speech intelligibility in French

ObjectiveLipreading, which plays a major role in the communication of the hearing impaired, lacked a French standardised tool. Our aim was to create and validate an audio-visual (AV) version of the French Matrix Sentence Test (FrMST). DesignVideo recordings were created by dubbing the existing audio files. SampleThirty-five young, normal-hearing participants were tested in auditory and visual modalities alone (Ao, Vo) and in AV conditions, in quiet, noise, and open and closed-set response formats. ResultsLipreading ability (Vo) ranged from 1 % to 77%-word comprehension. The absolute AV benefit was 9.25 dB SPL in quiet and 4.6 dB SNR in noise. The response format did not influence the results in the AV noise condition, except during the training phase. Lipreading ability and AV benefit were significantly correlated. ConclusionsThe French video material achieved similar AV benefits as those described in the literature for AV MST in other languages. For clinical purposes, we suggest targeting SRT80 to avoid ceiling effects, and performing two training lists in the AV condition in noise, followed by one AV list in noise, one Ao list in noise and one Vo list, in a randomised order, in open or close set-format.

Suboptimal multisensory processing in pediatric migraine without aura: a comparative, cross-sectional study

Alterations of sensory processing in migraine are well known. There is some evidence to suggest that multisensory processing is altered in migraine as well, but the area is underexplored, especially regarding pediatric migraine. A visual and an audiovisual version of the Rutgers Acquired Equivalence Test paradigm was administered to pediatric patients with migraine without aura (aged 7–17.5 years) and to age- and sex-matched controls. The application of audiovisual stimuli significantly facilitated associative pair learning in migraine-free children and adolescents, but not in pediatric migraine patients. The results of this study corroborate the hypothesis that multisensory processing is altered in pediatric migraine without aura.

Evaluating the Lower Urinary Tract Syndrome with a Telemedicine Application: An Exploration of the Electronic Audiovisual Prostate Symptom Score.

BackgroundThe Visual Prostate Symptom Score (VPSS) is used for the assessment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). It is usually administered by general practitioners (GPs), but in these cases, outcomes do not seem to be reflecting the real conditions of a patient well, with consequent risks of misestimations and misinterpretations. We developed an electronic audiovisual version of VPSS (EPSS), a new symptom scale based on a telemedicine mobile light-based app. The aim of this study is to test and evaluate its reliability.MethodsWe enrolled male patients aged between 50 and 80 years across 24 community-based healthcare facilities in Guangzhou, China. Patients were asked to complete the Chinese version of VPSS and EPSS before consultation with the urology specialists. Patients were divided into two groups based on age. First, we analyzed the rate of full understanding of EPSS using a chi-square test. Then, we analyzed the difference between each score of EPSS, VPSS, and outcomes measured by specialists, used as the reference score (RS). Finally, the outcomes were analyzed with the Spearman test and Bartlett test separately.ResultsSeventy-nine male patients were included (mean age 70.42 years). Patients were divided into two groups: group 1 (>70 years, n = 40) and group 2 (<70 years, n = 39). The full-understanding rates in groups 1 and 2 were 50% and 64.1%, respectively. No significant differences were noted between groups (p = 0.206). A t-test was presented between each question of VPSS, EPSS, and RS. All questions did not display significant differences (p > 0.05); total scores from the three scales had no significant differences in the evaluation of LUTS. We further explored the variations of choices made by patients in different scales. Spearman’s test among VPSS, EPSS, and RS showed positive correlations, and coefficients of the total score were 0.92, 0.91, and 0.93 (p < 0.05).ConclusionEPSS can be easily used in a significant number of patients and showed correlation with the VPSS and RS. Moreover, certain items resulted in better performance than VPSS. The results showed that EPSS could be a valuable option for both patients and GPs monitoring LUTS and particularly helpful when teleconsultations are considered, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.

How Face Masks Interfere With Speech Understanding of Normal-Hearing Individuals: Vision Makes the Difference.

Objective:To investigate the effects of wearing a simulated mask on speech perception of normal-hearing subjects.Study Design:Prospective cohort study.Setting:University hospital.Patients:Fifteen normal-hearing, native German speakers (8 female, 7 male).Intervention:Different experimental conditions with and without simulated face masks using the audiovisual version of the female German Matrix test (Oldenburger Satztest, OLSA).Main Outcome Measure(s):Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at speech intelligibility of 80%.Results:The SNR at which 80% speech intelligibility was achieved deteriorated by a mean of 4.1 dB SNR when simulating a medical mask and by 5.1 dB SNR when simulating a cloth mask in comparison to the audiovisual condition without mask. Interestingly, the contribution of the visual component alone was 2.6 dB SNR and thus had a larger effect than the acoustic component in the medical mask condition.Conclusions:As expected, speech understanding with face masks was significantly worse than under control conditions. Thus, the speaker's use of face masks leads to a significant deterioration of speech understanding by the normal-hearing listener. The data suggest that these effects may play a role in many everyday situations that typically involve noise.

Youtube videos as an information source about urinary incontinence

AimYoutube is one of the most popular video-sharing websites, and people use Youtube as a source of information. Patients with urinary incontinence may seek information about their condition on Youtube. This study aims to assess the videos on Youtube about urinary incontinence and evaluate the information regarding whether patients can understand and/or act accordingly. MethodsWe performed a Youtube search with the keywords of "incontinence," "urinary incontinence," and "overactive bladder" in the English language with the incognito mode on the browser. All links were extracted and recorded in an excel file. Duplicated links were removed, and metadata of the videos were collected. A custom python language script was used to perform this operation. We selected the most viewed 150 videos for the assessment. After removing the non-related videos, 112 of them were included in the study. Two researchers separately evaluated all the videos with the Patients Education Material Assessment Tool (PEMAT, audiovisual version). ResultsThe total duration of all included (n:112) videos was 12.6 hours, and these videos had been watched 37,332,178 times until the query date. The vast majority of the videos were about information, management, and treatment options (Kegel exercises, surgery modalities) of incontinence, individual experiences of patients with incontinence, commercials about the diapers, and healthcare professionals who wanted to introduce themselves or their services.Mean understandability and actionability scores of the videos were 57.9% and, 44.7% respectively. Our analysis showed that only 12.5% of the videos on Youtube related to incontinence were understandable, as well as actionable, in terms of PEMAT scores. ConclusionAccording to our study, 87.5% of the videos about incontinence on Youtube.com in the English language were not understandable and actionable for users. Development of high-quality content about incontinence is needed.

Development and evaluation of video recordings for the OLSA matrix sentence test

Objective The aim was to create and validate an audiovisual version of the German matrix sentence test (MST), which uses the existing audio-only speech material. Design Video recordings were recorded and dubbed with the audio of the existing German MST. The current study evaluates the MST in conditions including audio and visual modalities, speech in quiet and noise, and open and closed-set response formats. Sample One female talker recorded repetitions of the German MST sentences. Twenty-eight young normal-hearing participants completed the evaluation study. Results The audiovisual benefit in quiet was 7.0 dB in sound pressure level (SPL). In noise, the audiovisual benefit was 4.9 dB in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Speechreading scores ranged from 0% to 84% speech reception in visual-only sentences (mean = 50%). Audiovisual speech reception thresholds (SRTs) had a larger standard deviation than audio-only SRTs. Audiovisual SRTs improved successively with increasing number of lists performed. The final video recordings are openly available. Conclusions The video material achieved similar results as the literature in terms of gross speech intelligibility, despite the inherent asynchronies of dubbing. Due to ceiling effects, adaptive procedures targeting 80% intelligibility should be used. At least one or two training lists should be performed.

Audio Described vs. Audiovisual Porn: Cortisol, Heart Rate and Engagement in Visually Impaired vs. Sighted Participants.

Audio description remains the cornerstone of accessibility for visually impaired audiences to all sorts of audiovisual content, including porn. Existing work points to the efficacy of audio description to guarantee immersion and emotional engagement, but evidence on its role in sexual arousal and engagement in porn is still scant. The present study takes on this challenge by comparing sighted and visually impaired participants’ experiences with porn in terms of their physiological response [i.e., cortisol and heart rate (HR)] and self-report measures of affect [Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS); Watson et al., 1988], anxiety [State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI); Spielberger et al., 1970], sexual reactivity and arousal [Sexual Inhibition/Sexual Excitation Scale (SIS/SES); Moyano and Sierra (2014); and the Ratings of Sexual Arousal (RSA); Mosher (2011)], and narrative engagement or transportation [The Transport Narrative Questionnaire, Green and Brock (2013)]. 69 Spanish participants were allocated into three different groups: 25 sighted participants who watched and heard the porn scenes in their audio-visual version (AV); 22 sighted participants who listened to the audio described version without images (AD); and 22 visually impaired participants who also listened to the audio described version without images (ONCE). Overall, results on physiological and self-report measures revealed no significant differences between groups or different versions of the clips. The analysis of cortisol reactivity to porn as the maximum increase or decrease in cortisol (t+12) with respect to baseline values (t−20) revealed no significant differences between the groups, but pointed to a higher percentage of non-responders than responders in the three groups, the highest being found in the ONCE group. As for participants’ cardiac response to the clips, no significant differences were found across the groups, with the highest HR levels being registered in the baseline phase. Self-report measures revealed significant between-group differences in negative affect. The ONCE group displayed the highest pre-task levels of negative affect and was the only group that showed a decrease in negative affect after exposure to the clips. Sighted and visually impaired participants reported to be moderately aroused and immersed in the films, regardless of exposure to AV or AD porn. In addition, correlations found between participants’ levels of self-report sexual arousal and transportation and post-task affect pointed to a positive relationship between exposure to porn and perceived levels of sexual arousal and affect. Results from the study reflected the efficacy of audio description in providing sighted and visually impaired audiences with a similar experience to that offered by original AV porn scenes. This study is exploratory but provides valid, initial groundwork for further research on the impact of audio description on porn reception.

Efficient Dissection and Culture of Primary Mouse Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells.

Eye disorders affect millions of people worldwide, but the limited availability of human tissues hinders their study. Mouse models are powerful tools to understand the pathophysiology of ocular diseases because of their similarities with human anatomy and physiology. Alterations in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), including changes in morphology and function, are common features shared by many ocular disorders. However, successful isolation and culture of primary mouse RPE cells is very challenging. This paper is an updated audiovisual version of the protocol previously published by Fernandez-Godino et al. in 2016 to efficiently isolate and culture primary mouse RPE cells. This method is highly reproducible and results in robust cultures of highly polarized and pigmented RPE monolayers that can be maintained for several weeks on Transwells. This model opens new avenues for the study of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying eye diseases. Moreover, it provides a platform to test therapeutic approaches that can be used to treat important eye diseases with unmet medical needs, including inherited retinal disorders and macular degenerations.

The psychophysiological impact of audio described porn

Research on audio description (AD) has undergone an enormous development in the last decade. Unfortunately, little attention has been devoted to the social, psychological and emotional factors influencing AD, one exception being the recent line of research which empirically explores the emotional reception of AD (Ramos &amp; Rojo, 2014; Ramos, 2015, 2016) and the influence of psychological factors in its production phase (Ramos &amp; Rojo, 2020). Results from these studies satisfactorily prove that audio described films are capable of evoking a similar emotional response to that elicited by their audiovisual counterparts, especially for scenes inducing disgust and fear, and that reception and production depend largely on film typology. The purpose of this new study is to analyse whether the audio described version of porn scenes can also offer its audience a similar experience to that provided by the original audiovisual scenes. Forty-seven sighted and visually impaired women (mean age = 25.12) took part in the experiment. The sample was divided into two groups: 25 sighted women watched the original audiovisual version of the clips, whereas 22 visually impaired women listened to the audio described version. Participants’ emotional response was analysed by a combination of an indicator of autonomic activation (heart rate, HR,) and self-report measures. Our results indicate that audio described porn films are capable of eliciting a similar response in both blind and sighted audiences to the one evoked by original audiovisual scenes.

Machado de Assis em minissérie

Particularidades estéticas do romance Dom Casmurro e da minissérie Capitu revelam a capacidade de discursos literário e audiovisual de representar singularidades da vida social brasileira do passado, bem como apontam problemas existenciais do representante de classe que conduz o enredo, provocando reflexões no presente. O tratamento oferecido à luta de classes pela narrativa de Machado de Assis e pela transcriação, assim como o modo através do qual o drama existencial é exposto, promovem um tipo de recepção entre leitores/espectadores capazes de rever o passado histórico em tempos que pedem tal revisão, ainda que a série televisiva aposte forçosamente no anticonvencional das imagens bem tratadas e da narrativa não linear. Machado apresentou a tensão entre representação e verdade (bem como entre produção de emoção e de reflexão) com a transfiguração do pathos de tragédia e a mobilização da figura patriarcal para o viés melodramático. Embora acrescidas de uma ironia orquestrada pelos elementos cênicos na versão audiovisual, tais soluções machadianas tenderiam a perder a força de desmascaramento dos sujeitos sociais, contudo a intensificação do melodrama pode evidenciar o que Machado disfarçou com intenções narrativas menos óbvias.

Examining Older Adult Cognitive Status in the Time of COVID‐19

Examining Older Adult Cognitive Status in the Time of <scp>COVID</scp>‐19

Performance of Children With Hearing Loss on an Audiovisual Version of a Nonword Repetition Task.

Purpose The aims of this study were to (a) determine if a high-quality adaptation of an audiovisual nonword repetition task can be completed by children with wide-ranging hearing abilities and to (b) examine whether performance on that task is sensitive to child demographics, hearing status, language, working memory, and executive function abilities. Method An audiovisual version of a nonword repetition task was adapted and administered to 100 school-aged children grouped by hearing status: 35 with normal hearing, 22 with mild bilateral hearing loss, 17 with unilateral hearing loss, and 26 cochlear implant users. Participants also completed measures of vocabulary, working memory, and executive function. A generalized linear mixed-effects model was used to analyze performance on the nonword repetition task. Results All children were able to complete the nonword repetition task. Children with unilateral hearing loss and children with cochlear implants repeated nonwords with less accuracy than normal-hearing peers. After adjusting for the influence of vocabulary and working memory, main effects were found for syllable length and hearing status, but no interaction effect was observed. Conclusions The audiovisual nonword repetition task captured individual differences in the performance of children with wide-ranging hearing abilities. The task could act as a useful tool to aid in identifying children with unilateral or mild bilateral hearing loss who have language impairments beyond those imposed by the hearing loss.

WITHDRAWN

The document associated with this DOI has been withdrawn.

Conflict monitoring in multi-sensory flanker tasks: Effects of cross-modal distractors on the N2 component

The N2 component is a well-known neural correlate of conflict monitoring (CM), being more negative in the presence of conflicting information in visual conflict tasks. However, whether to-be-ignored auditory distractors can introduce additional conflict remains unknown. In the present work, subjects performed a visual (V) and audiovisual (AV) version of a Go/NoGo flanker task, and responded only if the target arrow pointed toward a pre-specified direction (e.g., left). In the AV task, in which to-be-ignored auditory distractors that were semantically associated with the flankers were concurrently presented, the congruency effect on both RT and N2 amplitude was enhanced, confirming that additional conflict can be brought about by cross-modal distractors at both behavioural and neural levels. Consistent with the hypothesis that N2 amplitude reflects response conflict in visual conflict tasks, within-subject correlation between N2 amplitude and RT was significant in the Go conditions for the V task (congruent/incongruent). However, for the AV task, the correlation was significant only in the congruent condition. These findings suggest that while the cross-modal conflict is registered by the CM process, only part of this conflict could effectively induce response conflict.

Dominants of Audiovisual Text in the Aspect of TV Discourses Research

The article proves the possibility of using the method of an emotional and semantic dominant in the analysis of audiovisual texts, namely television news in the aspect of discourses forming. Modern “by-the-way” perception of compression television texts determines the need to investigate the key­words of messages that in the audiovisual version of the presentation appear as complex intermedia dominants. They define the meaning of the text and its understanding by the audience. Identification of such key moments will expand the palette of creative methods of presenting information and reveal the ways of creation of TV discourses.

Education through Movies: Improving teaching skills and fostering reflection among students and teachers.

Learning through aesthetics—in which cinema is included—stimulates learner reflection. As emotions play key roles in learning attitudes and changing behavior, teachers must impact learners affective domain. Since feelings exist before concepts, the affective path is a critical path to the rational process of learning. Cinema is the audiovisual version of storytelling. It enhances emotions and therefore sets up the foundation for conveying concepts. Movie experiences act like emotional memories for developing attitudes and keeping them as reflective reference in the daily activities and events. To foster reflection is the main goal in this cinematic teaching set. The purpose is not to show the audience how to incorporate a particular attitude, but rather to promote their reflection and to provide a forum for discussion. In this paper, the authors relate their experiences in cinematic teaching, particularly the effectiveness of the movie-clip methodology, in which multiple movie clips are shown in rapid sequence, along with facilitator comments while the clips are shown. The movie clip method can improve faculty teaching and stimulate their professional growth. Teachers seldom think about themselves and usually lack the time to disclose their feelings. However, they use their own emotions in teaching, so learning proper methods to address their affective side is a complementary way to improve their communication with students. This methodology offers a special environment for fostering open-hearted discussions, helps teachers improve their self-knowledge, and develop closer relationships with colleagues and students through the affective domain. In this paper the authors want to share the methodology and a summary of their experiences in teaching. Although the authors’ field is mostly medical education they have also had some cinematic teaching experience with other audiences, and consequently they want to share with a extensive community of educators. An Appendix is included at the end, with a collection of movie scenes the authors frequently use in medical education.

O bruxo solto: recepção crítica da microssérie Capitu

&lt;p&gt;O artigo aborda dados da microssérie &lt;em&gt;Capitu&lt;/em&gt;, observando aspectos de sua recepção crítica, com ênfase para a crítica jornalística, além de questões dialógicas relacionadas à estrutura da obra. Nele damos especial atenção à crítica, mas também observamos outros gêneros jornalísticos que abordaram a circulação do produto audiovisual, com enfoque mais informativo. Da mesma forma, estaremos atentos à recorrência nos textos do debate em torno da audiência e comunicabilidade da obra, bem como sobre a relação do audiovisual com o texto-fonte.&lt;/p&gt;

Asymmetries in the exploitation of phonetic features for word recognition.

French listeners' reliance on voicing, manner, and place was tested in a mispronunciation detection task. Mispronounced words were more likely to be recognized when the mispronunciation concerned voicing rather than manner or place. This indicates that listeners rely less on the former than on the latter for the purposes of word recognition. Further, the role of visual cues to phonetic features was explored by the task being conducted in both an audio-only and an audiovisual version, but no effect of modality was found. Discussion focuses on crosslinguistic comparisons and lexical factors that might influence the weight of individual features.

The effects of changes in head angle on auditory and visual input for omnidirectional and directional microphone hearing aids.

Improving the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for individuals with hearing loss who are listening to speech in noise provides an obvious benefit. Although binaural hearing provides the greatest advantage over monaural hearing in noise, some individuals with symmetrical hearing loss choose to wear only one hearing aid. The present study tested the hypothesis that individuals with symmetrical hearing loss fit with one hearing aid would demonstrate improved speech recognition in background noise with increases in head turn. Fourteen individuals were fit monaurally with a Starkey Gemini in-the-ear (ITE) hearing aid with directional and omnidirectional microphone modes. Speech recognition performance in noise was tested using the audiovisual version of the Connected Speech Test (CST v.3). The test was administered in auditory-only conditions as well as with the addition of visual cues for each of three head angles: 0 degrees, 20 degrees, and 40 degrees. Results indicated improvement in speech recognition performance with changes in head angle for the auditory-only presentation mode at the 20 degrees and 40 degrees head angles when compared to 0 degrees. Improvement in speech recognition performance for the auditory + visual mode was noted for the 20 degrees head angle when compared to 0 degrees. Additionally, a decrement in speech recognition performance for the auditory + visual mode was noted for the 40 degrees head angle when compared to 0 degrees. These results support a speech recognition advantage for listeners fit with one ITE hearing aid listening in a close listener-to-speaker distance when they turn their head slightly in order to increase signal intensity.