Digital Audio Watermarking Research Articles

Survey of imperceptible and robust digital audio watermarking systems

Survey of imperceptible and robust digital audio watermarking systems

An effective digital audio watermarking using a deep convolutional neural network with a search location optimization algorithm for improvement in Robustness and Imperceptibility

Watermarking is the advanced technology utilized to secure digital data by integrating ownership or copyright protection. Most of the traditional extracting processes in audio watermarking have some restrictions due to low reliability to various attacks. Hence, a deep learning-based audio watermarking system is proposed in this research to overcome the restriction in the traditional methods. The implication of the research relies on enhancing the performance of the watermarking system using the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and the optimized deep learning technique. The selection of optimal embedding location is the research contribution that is carried out by the deep convolutional neural network (DCNN). The hyperparameter tuning is performed by the so-called search location optimization, which minimizes the errors in the classifier. The experimental result reveals that the proposed digital audio watermarking system provides better robustness and performance in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER), Mean Square Error (MSE), and Signal-to-noise ratio. The BER, MSE, and SNR of the proposed audio watermarking model without the noise are 0.082, 0.099, and 45.363 respectively, which is found to be better performance than the existing watermarking models.

Limit Bipolar Sequences for Patchwork-Based Robust Digital Audio Watermarking

Ensuring the robustness of digital audio watermarking under the influence of interference, various transformations and possible attacks is an urgent problem. One of the most used and fairly stable marking methods is the patchwork method. Its robustness is ensured by the use of expanding bipolar numerical sequences in the formation and embedding of a watermark in a digital audio and correlation detection in the detection and extraction of a watermark. An analysis of the patchwork method showed that the absolute values of the ratio of the maximum of the autocorrelation function (ACF) to its minimum for expanding bipolar sequences and extended marker sequences used in traditional digital watermarking approach 2 with high accuracy. This made it possible to formulate criteria for searching for special expanding bipolar sequences, which have improved correlation properties and greater robustness. The article developed a mathematical apparatus for searching and constructing limit-expanding bipolar sequences used in solving the problem of robust digital audio watermarking using the patchwork method. Limit bipolar sequences are defined as sequences whose autocorrelation functions have the maximum possible ratios of maximum to minimum in absolute value. Theorems and corollaries from them are formulated and proved: on the existence of an upper bound on the minimum values of autocorrelation functions of limit bipolar sequences and on the values of the first and second petals of the ACF. On this basis, a rigorous mathematical definition of limit bipolar sequences is given. A method for searching for the complete set of limit bipolar sequences based on rational search and a method for constructing limit bipolar sequences of arbitrary length using generating functions are developed. The results of the computer simulation of the assessment of the values of the absolute value of the ratio of the maximum to the minimum of the autocorrelation and cross-correlation functions of the studied bipolar sequences for blind reception are presented. It is shown that the proposed limit bipolar sequences are characterized by better correlation properties in comparison with the traditionally used bipolar sequences and are more robust.

Copyright Protection of Music Multimedia Works Fused With Digital Audio Watermarking Algorithm

Copyright law is important in the media sector since an original creative work owner has the exclusive right to consent, publish, broadcast, and even translate or modify their work. A growing number of digital copyright issues can be found behind the widespread use of multimedia technologies. Improvements must be made right away to the copyright infringement prevention approach using digital watermarking. Zero-watermarking has lately gained popularity as one of the alternatives being considered. A novel sparse representation persistent-based digital audio watermarking algorithm (SRP-DAWA) has been presented to increase zero resilience. Using the improved singular value decomposition (iSVD) technique, an optimum over-complete dictionary can be generated from the background audio signal in the suggested method. Using the orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) method, the sparse coefficient of a fragmented sample data is calculated, and the corresponding sparse matrix is generated.

ECSS: High-Embedding-Capacity Audio Watermarking with Diversity Reception.

Digital audio watermarking is a promising technology for copyright protection, yet its low embedding capacity remains a challenge for widespread applications. In this paper, the spread-spectrum watermarking algorithm is viewed as a communication channel, and the embedding capacity is analyzed and modeled with information theory. Following this embedding capacity model, we propose the extended-codebook spread-spectrum (ECSS) watermarking algorithm to heighten the embedding capacity. In addition, the diversity reception (DR) mechanism is adopted to optimize the proposed algorithm to obtain both high embedding capacity and strong robustness while the imperceptibility is guaranteed. We experimentally verify the effectiveness of the ECSS algorithm and the DR mechanism, evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm against common signal processing attacks, and compare the performance with existing high-capacity algorithms. The experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves a high embedding capacity with applicable imperceptibility and robustness.

Private Data Hiding System Using State-Switch DWT Coefficients Quantization on Digital Signal

The watermark embedded by traditional methods is easy to be lost under some attacks. To overcome this problem, this study proposes a novel method based on DWT. It adopts a digital audio watermarking state-switching system which optimizes DWT coefficients doubly. Firstly, it combines the quantization-embedding system and the weights of DWT coefficients with SNR to obtain an optimization model for watermarking. Next, the Lagrange principle, Hessian matrix, and minimum energy play three essential roles to obtain the optimal DWT coefficients and weights. Moreover, the almost invariant feature of the optimal weights holds demonstrating resistance to amplitude scaling. Compared with similar algorithms, the experimental results verify that the embedded audio in the proposed method has higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and lower bit error rate (BER). At the same time, it indicates stronger robustness against various attacks, such as re-sampling, amplitude scaling, and mp3 compression.

Цифровое маркирование аудиосигналов, основанное на модуляции MCLT-коэффициентов

Audio data hiding techniques have various applications such as audio watermarking and steganography. This article provides a brief description of a new method of digital audio watermarking that has been developed based on a modulated complex lapped transform (MCLT). The new audio watermarking algorithm saves the sound quality of the marked signals. The experimental results show the dependence of the sound quality of the marked audio signal on the parameters of the marking method. Moreover, the results of the experiments show the influence of various attacks on the marked audio signal. Based on conducted experiments, it is concluded that the new method of digital audio watermarking can be used to confirm the authenticity of audio files distributed through the Internet or to confirm the integrity of the transmitted audio files.

A Fourier transform based audio watermarking algorithm

In this paper; we propose two new substitution schemes for digital audio watermarking based on the Fourier transform. The integration of the watermark will be performed by combining the parity of the successive coefficients values; each variant will represent a different combination. In our experiments several variants of the Fourier transform are used (Discrete Fourier Transform, a Fractional Fourier Transform as well as a Quaternion Discrete Fourier Transform). For each transform, both variants of our watermarking scheme are applied and the results obtained show that our approach offers good imperceptibility and generates watermarked audio sample robust against various attacks with a high-quality watermark. However, using small audio file for our experiments considerably reduces the capacity of our approach in the frequency domain.

Digital audio watermarking using minimum-amplitude scaling on optimized DWT low-frequency coefficients

This work presents an audio watermarking scheme using minimum-amplitude scaling on the optimized lowest-frequency coefficients in the wavelet domain. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), bit-error-rate (BER) and Perceptual Evaluation of Audio Quality (PEAQ) are commonly utilized performance indexes in measuring the fidelity, robustness and quality of watermarking algorithms. However, there is a tradeoff relationship between audio quality and robustness. To overcome the drawback, this paper aims in proposing an optimization-based scaling scheme using optimal modification of low-frequency amplitude in the wavelet domain. A function connecting the multi-coefficients, composed of arbitrary scaling on the lowest DWT coefficients, and the group SNR of these coefficient is derived. Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) theorem and minimum length play two essential roles to obtain the optimal modification of low-frequency amplitude with optimal scaling factors. Furthermore, the almost invariant feature of these optimized scaling factors hold demonstrates resistance to amplitude modification manipulation. To practically evaluate the watermarked audio quality, an objective measurement using the PEAQ is also performed as well. Experimental results confirm that the embedded audio in the proposed method has high SNR, low BER, and good PEAQ, indicating strong robustness against various attacks, such as re-sampling, amplitude modification, and mp3 compression.

Audio watermarking technique in frequency domain: comparative study MDCT Vs DCT

Digital watermarking is the art of hiding information in a digital document in order to protect it. The inserted mark and the marked document can be an image, an audio or a video. In this article, we will present a comparative study between two variants of a digital audio watermarking technique operating in the frequency domain. In the first variant, the time-frequency mapping is performed by Modified Discrete Cosine Transform (MDCT). For the second variant, the time-frequency mapping is performed by the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT). We will study the contribution of each transformation, point of view robustness against different types of attacks delivered by Stirmark audio, imperceptibility by using a statistical approach by calculating the SNR and an objective approach by calculating the ODG notes given by PEAQ and capacity of insertion. Finally, to highlight our results, we will compare the two variants of the proposed technique with some other existing techniques.

Securing speech signals by watermarking binary images in the wavelet domain

<span>Digital watermarking is the process of embedding particular information into other signal data in such a way that the quality of the original data is maintained and secured. Watermarking can be performed on images, videos, texts, or audio to protect them from copyright violation. Among all of these types of watermarking, audio watermarking techniques are gaining more interest and becoming more challenging because the quality of such signals is highly affected by the watermarked code. This paper introduces some efficient approaches that have capability to maintain the signals’ quality and preserves the important features of the audio signals. Moreover, the proposed digital audio watermarking approaches are performed in the transform domain. These approaches are gaining more attention due to their robustness or resistance to the attackers. These transform domains include discrete cosine transform (DCT), short-term Fourier transform (STFT), and digital wavelet transform (DWT). Furthermore, the most digital wavelet transforms were found to be applicable for speech watermarking are the Haar and the Daubechies-4. </span>

A REVIEW OF DIGITAL AUDIO WATERMARKING SCHEMES

Advances in multimedia technology increased the broadcast and delivery of multimedia content very easily but at the same time, it allows illegal copying and distribution. This high-speed multimedia technology brings a lot of importance in the field of watermarking to protect the digital content authentication. To protect the audio files in this regard, Digital Audio Watermarking (DAW) schemes are more useful. Many researchers came up with different DAW schemes and a significant work has been reported on DAW in the last two decades. An effective DAW scheme is characterized by various performance parameters viz., robustness, imperceptibility, payload, security, computational complexity, etc. This paper presents a review and comparative analysis of performance parameters of state-of-art DAW schemes.

Development of Algorithm for Audio Watermarking Embedding and Decoding using Patchwork Method under Attacks

To protect digital multimedia content from unauthorized reproduction, digital audio watermarking played crucial role. Audio watermarking for the patchwork method has a relatively good level of perception quality.The challengesbetween security, robustness, and imperceptibility is contemporary area of researchand remains relevant issues. This paper introduces discrete cosine transforms (DCT)-based audio watermarking process using the patchwork method for conventional and advanced signal processing attacks. In the first stage of the watermarking audio signal is divided into an equal number of segments and its sub-segments, and then its coefficients are computed. After eliminating high-frequency related coefficients, remaining coefficients are used to form frame pairs of equal length. Watermarks are embedded in a frame using specific criteria and secured data key.The adjustments are made in such a way that the identification ofWatermarked pairs of DCT frames is done in the decoding process by applying the selection criteria used during the embedding process. From watermarked frames, watermark data is extracted by using a secure data key. The proposed audio watermarking algorithm is implemented and tested under conventional and advance signal processing attacks for robustness, imperceptibility, security, and data payload.

Different Types of Attacks and Performance Evaluation Factors in Digital Audio Watermarking

The 21st century is the digital world, the utilization of digital information like multimedia that contains image, audio and video is massively expanding because of the progression in innovation and web transformation. With this headway to achieve the one's proprietorship and copyrights for this advanced information is the greatest test. Digital watermarking is one of the procedures to accomplish one's proprietorship and copyrights with safely and securely. Digital watermarking is the strategy in which the proprietor's copyright data can be installed into the original media either as an image, audio or video. There are two fundamental components we have to consider for this digital audio watermarking to get the high robustness and also imperceptibility against the piracy, malevolent assaults, and different kind of transformation attacks. Despite the fact that there are numerous difficulties to accomplish these outcomes, in this paper, our proposed audio watermarking system is utilized to enhance the robustness, reliability and imperceptibility of the embedded data with security. For Security, in our proposed work we are utilizing DSSS encryption algorithm and some vital transformation techniques utilized that are DWT (Discreet Wavelet Transformation) up to 4-level to get most reduced frequency sub-band and after that DFT(Discrete Fourier Transform) is applied to get least frequency component from sub-band found by DWT in which the alterations are done and after that SVD (Singular esteem Decomposition)is used to it, so unique audio document does not have any effect of watermark bits to improve robustness and imperceptibility. This algorithm is implemented in MATLAB software that is used for numerical computation and data analysis. The GUI is presented in this paper for audio watermarking with different calculations.

High-capacity and Transparent Digital Audio Watermarking using Rounding Reduced-arc MPSK and a Genetic Algorithm

In this paper, a novel, high-capacity and transparent blind audio watermarking system based on rounding reduced-arc M-ary phase shift keying (MPSK) is presented. Signal samples of the audio file are divided into several frames and then transformed into the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform. The watermark is embedded in the phase element of the selected samples based on several criteria. Two modified modulation schemes (256-PSK and binary phase shift keying) are used for the embedding process to compare the effects of the M-ary number used in the system. To improve the system, a genetic algorithm is utilized to obtain the best embedding parameters, which produces the optimal output based on the perceptual quality of the watermarked audio and the robustness of the extracted watermark. Experimental results show that the proposed audio watermarking system produces high-quality watermarked audio while loading a huge amount of data.

A robust digital audio watermarking scheme based on DWT and Schur decomposition

The vulnerability of digital audio signals for different types of risks requires an imperceptible and robust digital audio watermarking scheme. In this research, we propose creating one such imperceptible and robust hybrid watermarking scheme based on a discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and Schur decomposition hybrid method. The proposed scheme embeds the foreground bits of the watermarking image into the least significant bit of the diagonal coefficients of the triangular matrix S generated from Schur decomposition. Schur decomposition is applied on the second sub-band HL2 generated from applying a second-level 2D-Haar DWT on the first channel of the original audio signal. We analyze the proposed digital audio watermarking scheme’s performance in terms of signal to noise ratio (SNR), objective difference grades (ODG), and subjective difference grades (SDG) that resulting 81.43, 4.78 and 0.184, respectively. The resulting of payload capacity, NC, and BER are as high as 319.29 bps, 0.9911, and 0.0135, respectively. Experimental results confirm that the proposed scheme is inaudible and robust against common types of attacks such as Gaussian noise, re-quantization, re-sampling, low-pass filter, high-pass filter, echo, MP3 compression, and cropping. In comparison with state-of-the-art audio watermarking schemes, the proposed scheme’s performance is superior in term of imperceptibility, robustness, and data payload size.

An Audio Mask Algorithm Based on Cepstrum Tansform and Wavelet Tansform

In order to better improve audio watermark robustness and perceptual, the paper puts forward a kind of based on cepstrum transform and the wavelet transform of digital audio watermarking algorithm The algorithm will be audio signal wavelet decomposition, selection of low frequency coefficient of framing and cepstrum transform And according to the statistical mean thought, using the cepstrum domain characteristics of the energy concentration near zero, a pseudo random sequence watermark embedded in cepstrum domain experimental results show that the algorithm not only has good perceptual, but also has better robustness and can withstand attacks of common signal such as low-pass filter resampling quantitative lossy compression and sync to attack.

Robust and Secured Digital Audio Watermarking using Improved DWT-SVD-DFT Approach

Today, the use of digital data like image, audio and video is tremendously increasing due to the advancement in technology and internet revolution. With this advancement to attain the one’s ownership and copyrights for this digital data is the biggest challenge. Digital watermarking is one of the technique to attain one’s ownership and copyrights with securely. It is the technique in which the owner’s copyright information can be embedded into the original media either in the form of an image, audio, text or video. There are two main factors we need to observe for this digital audio watermarking to maintain the robustness as well as imperceptibility against the piracy, malicious attacks, and various transformation operations. Though there are many challenges to achieve this results, in this paper, our proposed audio watermarking technique is used to improve the robustness, imperceptibility of the embedded information with security. For Security, in our proposed work we are using synchronized secret key concept with DSSS encryption algorithm and two important powerful transformation methods used that are DWT (Discreet Wavelet Transformation) up to 4-level to get lowest frequency sub-band and after that DFT is applied to get lowest frequency from sub-band found by DWT in which the modifications are done and then SVD (Singular value Decomposition)is applied to it, so that original audio file does not have any impact of watermark bits to get the better robustness and imperceptibility.

Comparative Studies of various Digital Image and Audio Watermarking Techniques

Comparative Studies of various Digital Image and Audio Watermarking Techniques

The digital audio watermarking based on tetrolet wavelet transform

The digital audio watermarking based on tetrolet wavelet transform