Audience Perspective Research Articles

84539 Developing a Multilevel Intervention to Increase Hepatitis C Virus Screening of Baby Boomers in Primary Care

ABSTRACT IMPACT: This research will improve human health by increasing screening for hepatitis C virus, thereby decreasing morbidity and mortality from hepatitis C-related disease. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The worldwide incidence of liver cancer increased 75% from 1990 to 2015 due, in part, to chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Individuals born 1945-1965 (baby boomers) have five times the prevalence of HCV infection compared to other birth cohorts, but fewer than 15% of this cohort have ever been screened. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Effective interventions to increase HCV screening among baby boomers are urgently needed. In partnership with a provider advisory board and a community advisory board, we will develop a multilevel intervention designed to increase HCV screening that will be delivered to both providers and patients in primary care. We will assess whether the intervention is feasible, acceptable, and usable from the perspectives of the target audiences (providers and patients) by conducting Concurrent Think Aloud (CTA) interviews with eight patients and eight providers. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: While the specific content of both intervention components will not be finalized until the completion of the study, we envision that the provider-level intervention will likely include a one-time educational session and monthly performance feedback provided via e-mail reporting each provider’s HCV screening rates. The patient-level intervention may include mailed reminder letters prior to a scheduled clinic visit informing them that HCV screening is recommended and a tablet-based in-clinic computer program to educate, engage, and activate patients to be screened. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: The goals of this project are to: 1) develop an acceptable, feasible, and usable multilevel intervention aimed at increasing HCV screening in primary care; and 2) understand the relationship between the intervention components and HCV screening; and 3) reduce HCV-related morbidity and mortality.

Challenges, Opportunities and Innovations Faced by the Broadcasting and Hosting Industry in the Era of Convergence Media

Analyzes the challenges and opportunities facing the broadcasting and hosting industry in the era of fusion media from the perspective of audience, host personality and media discourse power. According to the research, with the advent of the era of integrated media, the broadcasting and hosting industry is faced with the impact and challenges brought by the diversification of audience choice, the weak personality of broadcasting and hosting, the transformation of media discourse power and the rapid development of artificial intelligence. However, it also faces the development advantages and opportunities brought by increasing audience, expanding influence, direct communication effect, prominent audience literacy, and modern media technology change. Put forward the innovation old thinking and concept of broadcasting and hosting, set up personalized style of broadcasting and hosting, improve the level of business of broadcasting and hosting, use new media technology innovation, and expand the media culture communication ability and so on industry innovation and development countermeasures of broadcasting and hosting. Finally, the future development prospect of broadcasting and hosting industry in the era of fusion media is prospected.

Confronting and Addressing Historical Discriminations through KOS: A Case Study of Terminology in the Becker-Eisenmann Collection

While historical cultural materials inform users of the past, they may also contain language that perpetuates long-entrenched patterns of discrimination. In organizing and providing access to such materials, cultural heritage institutions must negotiate historical language and context with the comprehension and perspectives of modern audiences. Excerpted from a larger project exploring representation and access around historical terminology and personal identity, the present work offers insight into how knowl­edge organization systems may be used to help modern users confront and make sense of past, discriminatory language in the archive. Using keywords drawn from the titles of 19th and 20th sideshow performer photographs, this work details the construction of a mapping dictionary that brings together corresponding terminology from several vocabulary sources along with annotations designed to explain historical terms to modern audiences. The development of this dictionary revealed several major types of problematic and potentially discriminatory language including historical euphemisms, misnomers, outdated terms, and sensationalist monikers. The finished dictionary offers opportunities to address these through explanatory annotations and to provide a richer, multi-perspective approach to subject analysis for these and other historical materials.

The Capitalization of Diversity within the Film Industry

Diversity within the film industry is growing in popularity both from a social and economic standpoint. More studios are willing to invest in implementing diversity in film through both the crew and cast. Still, the diversity that is added into film is not always genuine and valued—sometimes it is added for financial incentives. This study aims to determine which genre of film has the least financial incentive for including diversity. The study employs a meta-analysis methodology combined with a survey component. Across the action, drama, horror, and comedy genres, the study will compare quantitative financial metrics against qualitative audience response metrics to answer which genre of film adds valued diversity as opposed to using it as a marketing tool. Within the context of the study, diversity in film is defined as passing two of seven chosen diversity tests, which are acknowledged by multiple publications as legitimate. Data sets of box office revenue, total tickets sold, and dollars spent per ticket are compared to generate a financial perspective. Additionally, data sets of share of voice and a Likert scale survey are compared to generate a general audience perspective. The results of the study yielded the horror genre as having the least financial incentive to include diversity in film. As a result of modern, diverse horror being valued by audiences while spending significantly less on average to market and produce the films, compared to its non-diverse counterpart, a thematic shift within the horror genre may occur within the upcoming decade.

Data loop of media and audience

As our digital footprints are collected and analysed by the media and fed back at us as new experiences, providing more data to collect, data circulates in a loop from audiences to media and back. This data loop is for media studies an occasion to revisit the media–audience nexus in an age of datafication. We argue that an audience perspective is needed in order to break with the structure–agency linearity in current understanding of datafication. In this article, we develop a model of the data loop that first presents the fundamentals of data circulation between social actors and digital interfaces, then the moments of agency between actors in a relation of mutual dependence. The article closes with a discussion of previous models within media and communication that have addressed similar ideas, such as audience feedback, mutuality and circularity.

Abstract PO-262: Achieving health equity in cancer preventive services: NIH Workshop insights on barriers and the effectiveness of evidence-based interventions and strategies

Abstract Background: Evidence-based guidelines for preventive services are developed by expert groups such as the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) to help Americans stay healthy. Despite the proven value of evidence-based preventive services (e.g., screenings, provider counseling, and preventive medications), implementation by providers and uptake by patients vary, contributing to disparities in disease burden and life expectancy. The NIH convened a workshop with multidisciplinary and multisector participants in June 2019 to assess the available scientific evidence on achieving health equity in the use of clinical preventive services for three leading causes of death: diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. Methods: The workshop was framed around five key questions (KQ) and included a systematic evidence review, speaker presentations, and public discussion. KQ 1-2 considered the effects of barriers on the part of providers and patients to adopting and implementing evidence-based preventive services, and how they contribute to health disparities. KQ 3-5 addressed the effectiveness of health information technology and health care organization interventions to reduce disparities in preventive services use. An unbiased, independent panel of experts considered the scientific evidence in addition to speaker and audience perspectives to develop a report of findings and recommendations for addressing disparities in the use of ten clinical preventive services recommended by the USPSTF. Results: Overall, the need for more research on the effects of barriers was identified. However, compared with heart disease and diabetes, the barriers to adopting preventive services for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening have received greater attention. While patient navigation was shown to be effective in increasing cancer screening rates, strategies for bundling preventive services and implementing health information technologies require more study. The importance of addressing unmet basic needs related to health and enhancing community resources to reduce disparities were recurring themes throughout the workshop. Lastly, there were implications for more research in cancer dissemination and implementation. Conclusion: Chronic diseases, including heart disease, cancer, and diabetes, are responsible for seven of every ten deaths in the U.S. each year. Greater use of proven clinical preventive services could avert the loss of millions of life-years. Achieving health equity in preventive services is feasible, but requires efforts at the patient, provider, healthcare organization, and community levels, and greater attention to addressing social determinants of health. Citation Format: Antoinette Percy-Laurry, Richard Berzon, Jennifer Croswell, Carrie Klabunde, Melissa Green Parker, LeShawndra Price, Pamela Thornton, Kate Winseck, Xinzhi Zhang. Achieving health equity in cancer preventive services: NIH Workshop insights on barriers and the effectiveness of evidence-based interventions and strategies [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: Thirteenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2020 Oct 2-4. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(12 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-262.

Public Journalism Without the Public: Problematizing the Public Sphere and Press Credibility in Academic Journals, 1991–2018

A review of public journalism journal articles from 1991 through 2018 revealed significant gaps in (a) conceptualizing the public sphere, and (b) ascertaining the credibility of public journalism efforts. These gaps have implications for a press that is becoming increasingly challenged in an era of self-curated news selection and polarization. This work offers conclusions regarding how journalistic engagement efforts can better consider audience perspectives and thereby examine more sustainable footings for a citizen-engaged press.

EU cultural policy and audience perspectives: how cultural value orientations are related to media usage and country context

ABSTRACT This article studies how people across Europe think about cultural value, including cultural heritage, and how this is related to their media usage. Drawing on data from the Eurobarometer in October 2017, which were designed with EU cultural policy goals in mind, we examine which cultural value orientations are most prevalent among citizens in European Union countries, and how these are related to their use of legacy news media and online media, their trust in professional journalists and social networks, and the media system their country belongs to. Our findings show three distinct types of cultural value orientation among Europeans: valuing cultural heritage, valuing cultural exchange, and skepticism towards European culture. These orientations map onto two out of three pillars of EU policy goals. While individual media usage and trust are important predictors of these orientations, we find limited effects of media systems, including market shares of public broadcasters.

Public Service Media in a Digital Media Environment: Performance from an Audience Perspective

For decades, public service broadcasting has played an important role in the provision of news and information in many European countries. Today, however, public service media (PSM) are confronted with numerous challenges, including the need to legitimise their role in an increasingly digital media environment. Against this background, this study examines the audience perspective on the topic with an international comparative approach. It analyses the population’s assessment of, and attitudes towards, the performance of PSM. The aim is to identify what relevance is attributed to PSM by the public in the digital age and how they see PSM’s role in comparison to other more recent (digital) media offerings. An online survey was conducted in three specifically selected countries: Germany, France, and the UK. Overall, the findings show that respondents attribute a clear role to PSM and distinguish it from other media offerings in the increasingly digital media environment. They rate the information quality offered by PSM as higher than that of most other media offerings. Respondents are more likely to value social media platforms for entertainment purposes than PSM. The findings also reveal differences in the evaluation of PSM depending on PSM news use, interest in news, political interest, as well as on demographic variables. On the other hand, differences between the individual countries overall were surprisingly small, pointing to the fact that PSM across the countries sampled are—with deviations—perceived to be performing better than (most) other media, despite being confronted with changes and challenges in their environment.

تکرار بث الفواصل الإعلانیة التلیفزیونیة وعلاقتها بمستویات متابعة المشاهدین للمسلسلات خلال شهر رمضان

تعد الإعلانات واحدة من أهم مصادر التمويل للمحطات التليفزيونية على مستوى العالم، وتبث هذه الإعلانات عادة في الفواصل الإعلانية أثناء إذاعة البرامج أو المسلسلات التليفزيونية أو قبل بدايتها، لذا، يشکل توقف إذاعة برنامج ما لإذاعة فواصل إعلانية اتجاهات سلبية من قبل الجمهور نحو القنوات التليفزيونية، خاصة إذا کان مضمون هذه الإعلانات غير مرض لأذواقهم. لذا، ترکز هذه الدراسة على الفواصل الإعلانية التي تبث على التليفزيون المصري (الحکومي والخاص) کحالة فريدة من نوعها من حيث کمية الإعلانات الهائلة المقدمة أثناء بث المسلسلات التلفزيونية، بالتطبيق على نظرية التلقي، حيث يجب أن يتضمن تلقي الجمهور للمسلسلات التلفزيونية أربع عمليات أساسية هي: الانتباه، الفهم، التذکر، التوقع والتأويل، لذلک، فإن أية عقبة مثل (الفواصل الإعلانية) التي يتم بثها أثناء المسلسلات التلفزيونية قد تعوق عملية التلقي، وقد تم استخدام منهج المسح باستخدام أداة الاستبانة لجمع البيانات من 200 مبحوث من مشاهدي المسلسلات الرمضانية لعام 2019 البالغ أعمارهم 18 عاما فأکثر، وتوصلت نتائج الدراسة إلى أن الفواصل الإعلانية تصرف انتباه الجمهور عن محتوى المسلسلات التلفزيونية، الأمر الذي يعيق إلى حد کبير عملية التلقي، بالإضافة إلى ذلک أعاقت الفواصل الإعلانية فهم تسلسل أحداث المسلسلات التلفزيونية وتفسيرهم لأحداث الحلقة نفسها، وتقترح هذه الدراسة من وجهة نظر الجمهور، أن الفواصل الإعلانية هي أحد العوامل الرئيسة لانخفاض شعبية صناعة المسلسلات التلفزيونية في مصر. Repeating the television breaks and its relation to the levels of watching the serials during Ramadan Advertisements are one of the most important sources of financing television channels. These advertisements appear mostly in 'breaks' during broadcasting a program or television serials .In the case of stopping a program for broadcasting advertisement breaks, the audience might form negative attitudes toward television channels especially if the content of advertisements is not satisfactory. This study focuses on the advertisement breaks broadcasted on the Egyptian television as a unique case of an overwhelming amount of advertisements presented during airing TV serials. Guided by the reception theory, the reaction of the audience toward TV serials should include four processes: attraction, understanding, perception, and interpretation. Therefore, any obstacle like the advertisement breaks broadcasted during the television serials might obstruct the reception process. Methodologically, a survey was used to collect empirical data from the Egyptian audience (n = 200), who watched TV serials during Ramadan2019. The results showed that the television breaks distracted the attention of the audience to the content of the television serials, which largely obstructed the reception process. In addition, it was found that the advertisement breaks hindered the understanding of the sequence of the events of TV serials and how the audience expect and interpret the events of the same episode. This study proposes, from the audience perspective, that the advertisement breaks are one of the main factors of the decline of the popularity of the television serials industry in Egypt

Exploring The Dynamic Interrelationships Between Stigmatization and Legitimation in Social Media

Stigmatization of organizations can threaten their sheer existence. However, despite being stigmatized, organizations often survive and even thrive, indicating that they are, in fact, legitimized. With this article we study the dynamic interrelationship between stigmatization and legitimation processes during a series of scandals in the financial sector. We adopt a communication-based audience perspective and analyse how audiences transform legitimizing conversations through targeted labelling, vilifying, and mobilising against banks in social media. We observe how this stigmatization process reinforces itself through a vicious loop, and later becomes diluted through the re-emergence of legitimizing conversations that render banks as a broader legitimate business category, yet how partial stigmatization remains. Our analysis based on 2.8 million tweets contributes to our understanding of stigma emergence and dilution based on an exploration of the complex interrelationship between stigmatization and legitimation in the so far little understood social media arena of Twitter.

What Journalists Want and What They Ought to Do (In)Congruences Between Journalists’ Role Conceptions and Audiences’ Expectations

ABSTRACT This article analyzes how journalists’ role conceptions compare to what the population expects fromthem. We model this interrelation as part of the reflexive relationship between journalism and audiences which is characterized by mutual (self-)expectations that can be more or less congruent. Through a representative CATI-survey (n = 1,000) we explore the tasks German citizens expect journalists to fulfill and compare them with existing representative data on German journalists’ own role conceptions as collected in the “Worlds of Journalism” study. For that purpose, we adapted the item battery on journalistic role conceptions for the audience's perspective and complemented it with potential new journalistic tasks such as moderating public discourse online. Results show that what journalists want to do most is also what the population thinks they should do: these are primarily the traditional journalistic tasks of objective reporting as well as analysis and explanation, but also the promotion of tolerance and cultural diversity. Looking more closely at the population's opinions reveals that respondents, in general, also want journalists to provide source transparency. However, individual citizens’ preferences are diverse, with age, gender, and news usage practices correlating with different expectations of journalism.

Collaborative performance during lockdown: combining devised drama with film concepts to present cyberdrama during the COVID lockdown in Australia

ABSTRACT When face-to-face tuition was suspended due to COVID-19 health regulations, tertiary drama students engaged in devising and performing drama online. Inspired by Orson Welles’ radio play, ‘The War of the Worlds’, and working online with a film director, the students developed a three-episode livestream drama in response to the pandemic. Through the lens of Davis’ cyberdrama toolkit, this practitioner’s reflection relates the collaborative story development process in which the students devised, scripted and self-taped scenes for the three-episode livestream. The implications of this experience are that the eight-week project expanded the students’ understanding of performance and, increased their skillset to include ‘self-tape’ and manipulation of the audience perspective. The livestream reached a far larger audience than would have attended an onstage production at the regional campus. Enforced online learning during the pandemic has enlivened the way we perceive and teach drama.

Public’s Media Use and Gratification Sought during Corona Virus Outbreak in Indonesia: A National Survey

The recent coronavirus outbreak is without a doubt a global crisis event that has affected almost all nations of the world. This study aims to contribute to crisis communication research from the audience perspective in Indonesia by presenting the public’s media use and gratification sought during the coronavirus outbreak based on a representative national mobile survey with 1,100 respondents. Results show that the majority of Indonesians intensively use (1) private television, (2-4) websites and social media accounts of actors providing information on the crisis and (5) public television to get information regarding the pandemic. The findings indicate that other types of media such as radio and local television are used to a much lower extent. Results also show that there are two media-use gratifications sought during the crisis: (1) information and direction gratification sought and (2) entertainment and comparison gratification sought. Sociodemographic factors such as gender, age and education level demonstrate some significant influence on public media use and the gratification sought during the coronavirus outbreak. Surprisingly, entertainment and comparison sought are demonstrated as having a higher effect on the increasing use of mass media, social media and messenger apps during the crisis event than the information and direction gratification sought.

Politicization of e-voting rejection: reflections from Kazakhstan

Purpose Despite certain political, organizational, technological and socioeconomic benefits that e-voting brings, governments around the world are beginning one by one to denounce its further use in the electoral process. In this regard, the paper aims to analyze reasons that led to the discontinuation of e-voting, resorting to the case of Kazakhstan, a transitional post-soviet country, which actively used the technology in 2004-2011, as a poster child of the global trend, elaborating on key political, socioeconomic, organizational and technological risks that could be associated with the possible return of this innovation in future elections. Design/methodology/approach The research is based on the combination of context and policy analysis, as well as focus groups studies and semi-structured interviews. The context analysis was aimed to understand various political and socioeconomic benefits in adopting e-voting in Kazakhstan. The policy analysis was useful in identifying implementation strategies of the government in promoting e-voting. The focus groups were helpful in understanding the perspectives of various audiences on e-voting. The semi-structured interviews were carried among independent developers in regard to the potential software products that could be used to propose new solutions in the area, including by experimenting with various blockchain platforms. Findings Analyzing the lessons from Kazakhstan, one can conclude that e-voting was introduced and used for several years by authorities in this country for certain economic and organizational benefits, but later they had to reject it and return to traditional paper ballot due to lack of confidence from the non-governmental sector in the capacity of public sector to ensure the integrity of e-voting procedures. As a result, building trust and applying innovative approaches should be a priority for policymakers in the area, if they wish to return to this technology, especially in adopting new presumably more reliable solutions based on blockchain technologies. Research limitations/implications The primary data that was collected by the author from field studies were indexed, refined and presented in a special matrix in a separate section, which were interpreted in the discussion session. These data could be used by other scholars for further interpretation and analysis in their own studies, setting new research agendas and testing hypotheses. This is a single case study research, which is focused on the analysis of reasons that led to the denunciation of e-voting in Kazakhstan, which results could be extrapolated mostly to similar transitional post-totalitarian settings. Practical implications The study can be used to inform ways of how to improve the current e-voting platforms, especially in ensuring better security and transparency of the systems, which could be useful for developers who work on blockchain-driven solutions. Social implications The results of the case study research and expert opinions expressed by various software developers in the e-government areas, which were presented in the paper, could be used by both an academic community and practitioners in understanding better a wide range of political, organizational, economic, social and technological drivers, risks and new opportunities in promoting e-voting technology as a trust generating social phenomenon. Originality/value The paper proposes the first case study of reasons that led to the discontinuation of e-voting in the context of such a typical transitional, post-totalitarian and post-soviet society as Kazakhstan, providing new insights into a wide range of political, regulatory, socioeconomic, organizational and technological aspects of related policy decision-making and implementation strategies adopted by public institutions in this country.

Medical education leadership: from diversity to inclusivity.

Both in Canada and globally, medical schools are prioritizing diversity in medical education. The ensuing development of innovative approaches to augmenting the representation, comfort, and success of students from under-represented groups has been increasing. Curricula have also expanded to better prepare graduates for the realities of effectively meeting the needs of a diverse patient population. Leadership has however, not kept up with this progress. Evidence shows that diverse leadership teams develop innovative solutions to complex problems, recruit and retain the best talent, and remain relevant to the communities they serve. Our international conference workshop included a literature review on the current state of diversity in medical education and in leadership for medical educators, and case-based models of lived experiences to initiate conversations in three different facets of diversity to stimulate reflection, engagement and discussion. The oft-forgotten side of the conversation in conference offerings, the audience’s perspective, was purposefully included in planning the workshop and presenters adhered to this principle throughout the session. Participants recognized the importance of addressing diversity with leadership in medical education. Themes included the need for communication training, cultural education, sharing these data more broadly with faculty in medical education and continuing these conversations. A final theme “we will never represent all minorities”, led us to a conclusion that a culture of inclusivity and not diversity would be required to successfully meet this challenge.

A phenomenology of news: Understanding news in digital culture

Digital media transform news. First, we see this in changing use patterns. Young people today show a decline in interest in traditional news formats and practices, such as watching the evening news on TV or reading a daily newspaper. But digital media also transform production and distribution of news, leading to new ways to conceptualise and understand news. In the light of these profound transformations in audience behaviour many have started to question the concept of news in news research. In the light of such altered production and distribution contexts which are likely to fundamentally impact on audiences’ definitions and perceptions, this article sets out to explore alternative ways to understand and conceptualise news, beyond traditional news research. What is news today, and how can we study it from the perspective of news audiences, without resorting to preconceived notions? We propose a theoretical approach based in classic phenomenology which, we argue, will open up for further reconsideration of the concept as well as providing a potentially fruitful basis for research on digital news consumption. Phenomenology takes human existence as its vantage point and explores how human subjects exist and create meaning in their everyday lives in relation to basic categories such as time, space and (sociocultural) relevance. We argue phenomenology to be particularly relevant for exploring new meanings of news as the basic dimensions of phenomenology not only coincide with the basic dimensions of news consumption, but also of those of news values; time, space, and (sociocultural) relevance.

Héla Ammar's À fleur de peau / Body Talks: From Anonymous to Familiar Bodies

Héla Ammar's À fleur de peau / Body Talks:From Anonymous to Familiar Bodies Anna Rocca HÉLA AMMAR IS A MULTIFACETED and politically active individual. She is a feminist, a visual artist, a jurist, and a professor of law at the University of Tunis. Her personal and professional commitment to social causes is reflected in both her artistic production and legal engagement. Art, specifically photography, is Ammar's preferred medium for addressing societal disparity. Since 2003, she has regularly shown her works nationally and internationally, though the 2011 Tunisian revolution and its aftermath significantly increased and expanded the diversity of her artistic engagement. This article will focus on Ammar's 2018 photography exhibition, À fleur de peau / Body Talks, particularly upon the photographic series of portraits representing seven young Tunisian celebrities, each well known to the media for their political activism and engagement in support of LGBTQ+ rights. Inherent in the artist's aesthetic expression is a type of reflective commitment that intends to shift the audience's perspectives and assumptions about LGBTQ+ people. Ammar portrays celebrities with their heads concealed under a colorful floral scarf. While communicating the complexities of gender identities, these fine-art portraits, in which the faces remain concealed, help to create a mystery, a curiosity, and an interest in looking further into the lives of these bodies. Indeed, because there is often something comforting about seeing a human figure rather than an unfamiliar face, these bodies, I argue, allow for the establishment of a sympathetic relationship with the viewer. They may represent a call for change: a turning away from the interpretation of the body as a site of struggle and control towards a conceptualization of the body as a conduit for communication and connection. Representing the forgotten "'Les gens de la marge' est apparemment un thème qui passionne et obsède Héla Ammar," affirms Olfa Belhassine.1 Indeed, immediately after the revolution, Ammar and five other photographers participated in the Artocratie Inside-Out Tunisia art project, in which images of ordinary Tunisian citizens were displayed on the streets to counteract the propaganda portraits of former President Ben Ali. In the same year, as a member of the CNIDV—Commission nationale d'investigation sur les dépassements et les violations, the [End Page 83] Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 1. "Body Talks," Héla Ammar, 2018. Tunisian National Committee scrutinizing the civil rights violations that were committed during the revolution—Ammar gained access to twelve penitentiaries in order to document prisoners' conditions. As a result of this transformative experience, she produced a series of installations (Counfa 2012), copublished a judicial survey against the death penalty (Le syndrome de Siliana, 2013),2 recorded a TED event entitled "Feriez-vous confiance à des criminels?" (2013), and composed an exceptional book of photographs and text on prisons and prisoners (Corridors, 2015). In 2017, to raise awareness about the impoverished daily life of underprivileged young Tunisians, Ammar produced Contre jour. The installation, which draws its name from the type of light the artist used to photograph and to interview them, was later presented at the Contemporary Art Biennial of Tunis Dream City. Prisoners and disadvantaged youth, Ammar remarked, experience similar problems: "la zatla (drogue), la harga (immigration clandestine), la houma (le quartier), la violence, le délit mineur, la précarité" (Belhassine). The artist's drive to give a voice to people living on the fringes of society is also at stake in À fleur de peau / Body Talks. First presented in 2018 at the Ghaya Gallery in Sidi Bou Said, the installation continues to explore themes central to Ammar's artistic investigation: memory, time, and identity. The [End Page 84] artist invites the audience to contemplate three interconnected aspects of Tunisia's history. One section illustrates the past of the newly independent Tunisia by means of legal documents and newspapers of the period. Regarding that fertile past, full of hopes and new visions, Ammar comments, "j'ai commencé par le passé, évoqué à travers des journaux officiels, des compilations de lois et règlements des premières années de l'indépendance. C'est une époque importante de la Tunisie, celle de la construction de...

Raising awareness on surrogacy through films

Films are considered as a medium of information, education and entertainment. A sensibly made film with a good narrative style, works as a catalyst in encouraging the viewers to change their minds and behavior. With its wide reach, films are the most effective means for change and transformation in society. If a film positively connects with the audience, then it not only entertains them but inspires and motivates them by creating awareness regarding an issue. Films related to social issues help to change the perception of the audience about an issue in society for example movies like Toilet Ek Prem Katha, Padman, Pink etc. these films depict the various hitches faced by women in various areas of life. Surrogacy is one of the issue where films have tried to portray some real life situations and the challenges faced by them regarding reproduction. This topic was first projected in Bollywood in 1983 by Lekh Tandon directed film ‘Doosri Dulhan’ where Shabana Azmi played the role of a prostitute. This film was rejected at that point of time by the audience. But the same idea was projected in 2001 by Abbas-Mustan movie ‘Chori Chori Chupke Chupke’ became a commercially successful film. The study is based on content analysis of these films depicting the issue of surrogacy and trying to understand how these films in the time span of 18 years broadened the perspective of the Indian audience to accept the issue of surrogacy which was earlier considered as a taboo to acceptance.

Wirtualne sale i globalne sieci. Partycypacja w kulturze filmowej w kontekście pandemii

Virtual Screens, Global Networks. Film Culture Participation in the Wake of Pandemic The article discusses the subject of virtualization – the process of partial transmission significant discursive fields into the Internet – of the film culture, which is defined as the group of practices and discourses accompanying cinema, which connect it with the socio-cultural environment. According to the author, the virtualization process is specifically exposed during pandemics and social isolation, what is presented in the text from the perspective of film audience. Pandemic is treated here as liminoidal moment, in which, due to the disorder of cinema’s functioning, its social networks happen to transform in certain manner. By interpreting results of his own fieldwork, author points at general dynamics of virtualization as an element of contemporary film culture, highlighting both the possibilities opened by such situation and dangers it brings.