Audible Information Research Articles

Using computer modeling and auralization to provide classroom listening experiences

Computer modeling and computer auralization will produce comparative listening experiences for architects, building owners, and building users based on selected interior surface shapes, interior finish materials, and ambient noise levels. Will these techniques provide easily understood audible information that will assist classroom designers, school administrators, and teachers in making proper assessments regarding classroom acoustics? Auralizations for both good and bad classrooms, based on ANSI S12.60 2002, will be presented for comparative listening.

鉄道駅プラットホームにおける音情報の複合的状況の現状および晴眼者と視覚障害者による印象評価

This study investigates the current status of overlapped auditory information given at railroad stations and the evaluation on provided auditory information at platforms. The experiment was performed by visually impaired persons and sighted individuals. The survey revealed that factors affecting hearing of audible information include (1) excessive noise caused by passing trains, and (2) superposition of provided auditory information. The impression evaluation in the experiment which is focusing on overlapped auditory information results that the ways of grasping which receives from each situation and valuation basis by different attribute will have great difference compare with the provided situation of different auditory information.

Test Your Basic Equipment Knowledge

paper and pen to answer the questions below, and then grade yourself at the end. Good luck. 1. A Resistor is.... A) A component which resists A.C. current B) A component which resists D.C. current C) A component which resists A.C. Voltage D) A component which resists D.C. Voltage E) All of the above F) B and D Above G) A and B Above 2. A Basic Diode... A) Is used to pass current in one direction B) Can be used to amplify a signal C) Will be damaged if it is reverse biased D) None of the above E) A and C above 3. A Thermistor... A) Changes capacitance when temperature changes B) Changes resistance when temperature changes C) Cannot be used in A.C. circuits D) A and C above E) B and C above 4. Linear Amplification... A) Is often used in the final stages of R.F. transmitters B) Is required when reproducing clear audible information C) Is obtained with a class C amplifier D) All of the above E) A and B above 5. Voltage leads current in which of the following situations? A) In a resistive circuit B) In a capacitive circuit C) In an inductive circuit D) Never E) Voltage is always slightly ahead of current in a timing chart 6. What is the period time of a 10 KHz sine wave? A) 0.0001 seconds B) 0.001 seconds C) 0.0005 seconds D) 0.005 seconds 7. What does a local oscillator do in a radio circuit? A) Mixes the R.F. carrier and the I.F. signal to produce an audible frequency B) Beats with the changing R.F. signal to produce an audible frequency C) Mixes with the R.F. signal to produce the IF frequency D) None of the above 8. What does the Audio Amp do in a radio circuit? A) Amplifies the signal from the I.F. amplifier to produce sound in the speakers B) Amplify the signal from the Discriminator to produce sound in the speaker C) Amplify the signal from the R.F. amplifier section D) None of the above E) A and C above 9. What is the purpose of filament in a CRT? A) To illuminate when electrons strike it B) To control the current in the electron beam C) To heat up and allow the release of electrons D) To absorb static electricity surrounding the tube and short it to ground. E) None of the above. 10. What is the purpose of phosphor in a CRT? A) To illuminate when electrons strike it BMET RESOURCE FILE

Providing audible information relating to the differences in monophonic and multichannel sound reinforcement systems using computer auralization

When selecting the sound distribution system for a particular venue, there is often a decision to be made as to the audible differences between a monophonic and potentially less expensive loudspeaker system and a multi-channel and potentially more expensive system. Computer auralization is a tool that can be used for auditioning the approximate differences between single channel and multi-channel loudspeaker systems.

Participating from the sidelines, online

Asynchronous,text-based communication is different from most other forms of interchange in important ways.It lacks the full spectrum of visual and audible information that people depend upon,often unconsciously, in face-to-face exchanges.It also requires different interaction strategies ifit is to be used to create maximal educational benefit by and for students and teachers.These techniques can be modeled and made explicit by someone closely following online conversations in the role of facilitator, helping participants to construct online teaching/learning experiences in mutually beneficial ways.The Electronic Emissary s years of research have shown that the people best prepared to assist in these ways have experience in both online communication and pedagogy.The Emissary s facilitators provide individualized,just in time assistance to teachers,students,and subject matter experts during their telementoring exchanges.

Digital Watermarking Technology with Practical Applications

Introduction Unlimited number of replicas of the original content can be made from unprotected digital content. This makes the content creators and content owners more anxious about the copyrights management of their digital contents. Concern for the protection of copyrighted digital intellectual properties, such as computer programs, have been high, since 1980s. Today, well-established cryptographic algorithms can resolve many of these issues. However, these solutions can only protect the digital contents if they never leave the digital domain, or remains in some well defined data formats. When multimedia content starts to be digitized, a new problem arises. Normally, the form of the data does not have significant impact on multimedia contents such as video or audio. The visible or audible information can be transferred into other formats or even passing through analog connections without significant change to the value of the contents. This situation calls for technological solutions to be used in addition to the cryptography technology. Digital watermarking technology has been actively studied by several technical institutions since mid-1990s.[1,2,3] A few companies also started offering products and services for the purpose of copyrights protection and the tracking of unauthorized duplication of digital still images.[4, 5]. This group of technologies provides methods to imprint additional data or messages into multi-media contents such as still image, video and audio data. Generally, the imprinted data is invisible (or inaudible) to the ordinary users, and is difficult to be separated from the host media. The imprinted data can be extracted from the imprinted host media, as long as the degradation of the host media is within certain limitation. This desirable characteristic makes digital watermark an ideal technology to carry the signature of its owner, identification code or copy control information that can travel with the content itself. In Section 2, three practical applications of digital watermarking technologies are discussed. In Section 3, some details about the DVD copy control application for DVD are presented, including the standardization activity and the overview of a technology proposal to the DVD Copy Protection Technical Working Group (CPTWG). Applications of Digital Watermarks Digital watermarking technology for rights management One of the traditional applications of the watermark is copyright protection. The primary reason for using watermarks is to identify the owner of the content by an invisible hidden mark that is imprinted into the image. In many cases, the watermark is used in addition to the content encryption, where the encryption provides the secure distribution method from the content owners to the receivers, and the watermark offers the content owners the opportunity to trace the contents and detect the unauthorized use or duplications. Without watermarking, there is no way to extend the control of the content owner once the content leaves the protected digital domain and is released to the user. Digital watermark is used to extend the protection and provide the opportunities for the content owners to protect the rights and properties of the electronic distributed contents. The signature of the owner, content ID and usage limitation can be imprinted into the contents, and stay with the contents as far as it travels. This mechanism extends the opportunity of protecting the contents after the release of the contents to the open environment. The major technical requirements for this application are as follows; * The watermark does not incur visible (or audible) artifacts to the ordinary users. * The watermark is independent of the data format. * The information carried by the watermark is robust to content manipulations, compression, and so on. * The watermark can be detected without the un-watermarked original content. …

What is distinct about infants' "colic" cries?

To investigate (1) whether colic cries are acoustically distinct from pre-feed "hunger" cries; (2) the role of the acoustic properties of these cries versus their other properties in accounting for parents' concerns about colic. From a community sample, infants were selected who met Wessel colic criteria for amounts of crying and whose mothers identified colic bouts. Using acoustic analyses, the most intense segments of nine colic bouts were compared with matched segments from pre-feed cries presumed to reflect hunger. The colic cries did not have a higher pitch or proportion of dysphonation than the pre-feed cries. They did contain more frequent shorter utterances, but these resembled normal cries investigated in other studies. There is no evidence that colic cries have distinct acoustic features that are reproducible across samples and studies, which identify a discrete clinical condition, and which are identified accurately by parents. The most reliable finding is that colic cries convey diffuse acoustic and audible information that a baby is highly aroused or distressed. Non-acoustic features, including the prolonged, hard to soothe, and unexplained nature of the cries may be specific to colic cries and more important for parents. These properties might reflect temperament-like dispositions.

Using Aural (Audible) Information Generated Directly From Conventional NDE Technology Signals to Aid the Inspector in Defect Detection and Discrimination

During nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of a material, an NDE instrument typically is used to receive the inspection signals and display them for visual interpretation. Work has been underway to convert these signals to a range of aural (audible) signals with the intent to enhance the accuracy of evaluation through the use of two senses (ears and eyes) instead of one. This paper describes auralization of ultrasonic NDE testing signals to improve characterization and evaluation of materials.

Hypermedia: Instructional Innovation in Historic Costume

Using key principles of perceptual theory, the researchers examined new instructional methods for presenting visual images of historic costume (in three 5-year increments) to students for analysis and categorization. In addition, principles of cognitive theory provided the basis for examining the effectiveness of the stimuli for each learner. Visual images consisted of different compositions: fashion plates with five figures, single figures, or segments (close-up images of upper, middle, or lower part). The historic costume lesson was developed using hypermedia technology which combines computers and videodiscs allowing for the integration of text, visual images, and audible information. Seventy-nine undergraduate students completed a Learning Style Profile and an achievement test after using the lesson. During the lesson students chose visual images (56%) more often than written descriptions (30%) or audio messages (14%) for acquiring information about historic costume. The visual composition selected most often was the single figure, followed in order by 5-figure fashion plates, and last, segments. The type of media selected correlated strongly with a student's analytical skills. Strong analytical learners used text significantly more frequently than students with average or weak analytical skills (p = .0029). The t-test revealed that for all students the mean scores for the ending achievement test increased significantly (p = .01) over the scores for the preliminary test. In addition, high analytical skills had a significant interaction (F (2,76) = 5.21, p = .008) with high achievement scores. This study lends support to the recommendation that various compositions of visual images are an effective strategy for assimilating information about historic costume. Visual images are highly important but not to the exclusion of text and audio.

Network control method and human-machine interface design for ISDN multimedia terminals

A human-machine interface has been created for an integrated services digital network (ISDN) network control unit (I-NUU). I-NUI is a sophisticated terminal device that allows a voice communication channel and two data channels to be connected through an ISDN I-series interface. ISDN communication functions and network control operations were analyzed to determine the required characteristics of I-NCU. I-NCU features the minimum number of control buttons and a liquid crystal display. Visual and audible information are used to keep the operator fully informed about the state of the communication channels.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Multiple Book Review ofSpeech perception by ear and eye: A paradigm for psychological inquiry

AbstractThis book is about the processing of information in face-to-face communication when a speaker makes both audible and visible information available to a perceiver. Both auditory and visual sources of information are evaluated and integrated to achieve speech perception. The evaluation of the information source provides information about the strength of alternative interpretations, rather than just all-or-none categorical information, as claimed by “categorical perception” theory. Information sources are evaluated independently; the integration process insures that the least ambiguous sources have the most influences on the judgment. Similar processes occur in a variety of other behaviors, ranging from personality judgments and categorization to sentence interpretation and decision making. The experimental results are consistent with a fuzzy logical model of perception, positing three operations in perceptual (primary) recognition: feature evaluation, feature integration, and pattern classification. Continuously valued features are first evaluated, then integrated and matched against prototype descriptions in memory; finally, an identification decision is made on the basis of the relative goodness-of-match of the stimulus information with the relevant prototype descriptions.

Cochlear Implant Devices for the Profoundly Hearing Impaired

The cochlear implant is a neural prosthetic device that provides a perception of hearing and facilitates communication for persons who are profoundly deaf. Speech and sound information is transformed into electrical signals that create a perception of sound upon their application to fibers of the auditory nerve within the cochlea. The device is intended for persons with profound sensorineural deafness. This condition exists when the sensory hair cells of the organ of Corti are disabled while fibers of the auditory nerve and their connection in the central nervous system remain functionally intact. The electrical stimuli that are applied within the cochlea are then appropriately conveyed and interpreted as audible information. Cochlear prostheses are designed to stimulate the auditory nerve in a manner that exploits the ability of the cochlea and central nervous system to discriminate the frequency, tempo aditensity. of ambient sound in ways that assist the wearer to recognize ItS source and information content. Selection of candidates for implantation involves confirmation of profound bilateral sensorineural deafness that cannot be mitigated by the use of a modern powerful hearing aid capable of providing benefits equal to those obtainable from an implant. In addition, the cognitive ability to make use of auditory clues, and the willingness to conscientiously pursue an extended program of aural/visual rehabilitation, must be present. Patients who have become deaf after developing normal language skills are most amenable to implantation since sound recognition is aided by established associations and memory.

Optical-sound-reproducing apparatus

A system for generating audible information from a sound track printed on paper by conventional printing techniques, the sound track consisting of a multiplicity of closely-spaced parallel sound track segments which are curved in a manual scanning direction and oriented generally transverse the manual scanning direction. Also provided is an optical scanner adapted to be manually moved along the sound track in the manual scanning direction, the scanner including means for automatically and continuously sequentially scanning the segments longitudinally to produce electrical signals representative of sound information contained in the sound track, and means for converting the electrical signals into audible sound.

A Multichannel Radiation Monitor with Logarithmic Response from 0.1 to 106 Mrem/Hr

A radiation monitoring system having a very wide dynamic range and providing continuous audible information feedback to the user was built for the 55-MeV Princeton A. V. F. Cyclotron. A remote sensor in each room consists of a plastic scintillator and photomultiplier. At the control room there is a DC amplifier with output proportional to the log of the anode current and hence to the dose rate. This is examined by two independently adjustable set points with DTL outputs which establish limits for human occupancy and radiation damage to equipment respectively. For each channel discrete pulses from the photomultiplier are also amplified and operate a loudspeaker placed near the detector. When the lower set point is tripped the speaker broadcasts a sirenlike tone. A failure condition logic signal is generated if discrete pulses are not present when the low level set point is not tripped. Although this type of detector does not directly respond to slow neutrons, it does indicate the radiation hazzard by detecting the fast neutrons and capture gamma rays which accompany them in a cyclotron environment.