Attitudinal Outcomes Research Articles

Exploring the Role of Positive Leadership for Mobilizing Innovative Practices: A Social Network Approach

An emerging body of literature suggests the importance of positive leadership for school and district improvement (e.g., Cherkowski, 2018; Louis & Murphy, 2018). A number of lines of evidence have converged upon how positive leadership principles can influence behavioral outcomes (e.g., collaboration among school staff), attitudinal outcomes (e.g., job satisfaction), leader-related outcomes (e.g., trust for leadership), and performance outcomes (e.g., collective efficacy), as well as a wide variety of moderating and mediating variables for these outcomes (Murphy & Louis, 2018). At present, there is little evidence about the role of positive leadership in relation to the mobilization of innovative teaching and learning practices, particularly practices that advance well-being and positive mental health for students and teachers. This article reports on a study that examined the associations between school staff perceptions of positive school leadership, their behaviors related to innovative practices, and their connections to other staff within a multi-school network. The question guiding our work was, "How do school staff perceptions of positive leadership alongside information about their school roles and social connections influence the potential for mobilizing innovative practices?" A cross-sectional survey methodolog y combining traditional and social network data collection methods (Carolan, 2014; Groves et al., 2009) was employed to generate an understanding of the interconnectedness of relational patterns within schools, perceptions of positive leadership, and individual efforts toward innovation. The case for this study was a federation comprising three infant schools in Hampshire, England. In total, 31 teaching staff completed the survey: a response rate of 84%. Our analysis suggests that well-being and positive mental health leadership roles are important not only for mobilizing advice about teaching practices and classroom management, but also in galvanizing the expressive social networks that promote self-governance in school staff. Furthermore, expert uses of innovative practices related to well-being appear to be concentrated on the staff holding well-being leadership positions. Although it is intuitively beneficial to have this concentration of expertise in individuals explicitly charged to promote and support well-being, comparisons between the instrumental and expressive networks suggest that some school staff were not strongly influenced by these leaders. We view this finding as reflecting the importance of paying attention to how practices are mobilized throughout school networks. Against the backdrop of positive leadership, mobilizing practices requires that leaders have an authentic understanding of their staff, an attentiveness to their needs, and an ability to attune their behaviors to those needs.

Leader-Follower Ratings of Employer-Provided Training: Moderating Effects of Mandatory Participation

The previous literature on the positive relationship between training and attitudinal outcomes has paid little attention to a group leader’s perception of training and the different natures of voluntary and mandatory participation in training. To deal with these research gaps, this study examines the effects of leader-follower (in)congruence in ratings of employer-provided training on followers’ job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Also, I test the moderating effects of mandatory participation in training on the relationship between leader-follower (in)congruence in ratings of training and follower’s two attitudinal outcomes. Using multilevel polynomial regression models, I analyzed a sample of 861 employees and their group leaders from the Human Capital Corporate Panel (HCCP) survey in 2017. The results overall supported my hypotheses; (1) a leader-follower congruence in ratings of employer-provided training at a high level is associated with higher attitudinal outcomes than that at a low level, (2) a follower’s higher rating than that of the leader is related to high attitudinal outcomes, and (3) mandatory participation in training moderates those relationships between leader-follower (in)congruence in ratings of the training and attitudinal outcomes. I discuss the implications of these findings.

Developing and Validating a Model of Leadership Potential for VUCA Environments

A critical succession planning challenge for organizations across industries is the identification of leadership talent in mid-management roles who are ready for executive-level positions. Despite the incredible demand for greater attention to executive succession practices and the challenges associated with unplanned executive turnover, the published research literature currently lacks a model and assessment process designed for organizations competing in highly complex and volatile business contexts. To develop theory and guide succession management practices, this paper presents a multi-phased study describing the development and validation of such a model: Learning, Engaging, Adapting, and Persevering (LEAP). The first phase presents a qualitative study that identified the leadership competencies associated with executive potential in VUCA (volatile, uncertain, chaotic, and ambiguous) work contexts. The second phase presents a quantitative study of 308 mid-level leaders and 213 of their immediate managers across four organizations in a highly complex and turbulent industry. The third phase consists of a quasi-longitudinal study examining the LEAP’s predictive validity across a series of job performance, promotion, and attitudinal outcomes. Based on convergent, concurrent, and predictive validity estimates provided across the three phases, this paper presents evidence for a theory of leadership potential, providing much needed guidance for executive succession planning. The study’s implications for theory, future research, and a range of practical applications for executive teams, board members, and HR professionals are discussed.

Do Impulsivity and Education Moderate the Effectiveness of Police Sexual Assault Investigations Training? Findings From a Solomon Four-Group Quasi-Experiment

Few studies have evaluated the effectiveness of sexual assault investigations training using experimental designs. Existing studies have not examined the impact of officers’ levels of impulsivity and education on training effectiveness. Using a Solomon four-group quasi-experimental design to assess pretesting effects, we examined the impact of training, impulsivity, and education on officers’ ( N = 432) adherence to rape myths and knowledge of victim reporting behaviors. Ordinary least squares (OLS) models were estimated to examine main effects of training, and moderating effects of impulsivity and education on training for our outcome variables. Results demonstrated that training, impulsivity, and education predicted improvements in attitudinal and cognitive outcomes. However, neither impulsivity nor education moderated—or changed—the effectiveness of training. In addition, training effects held over time, and we did not detect evidence of pretesting effects. Findings from this study improve our understanding of police sexual assault investigations training and provide methodological advancements for police training evaluations.

Persuasive Message Pretesting Using Non-Behavioral Outcomes: Differences in Attitudinal and Intention Effects as Diagnostic of Differences in Behavioral Effects

Abstract Persuasive message designers would like to be able to pretest messages to see which will be more effective in influencing behavioral outcomes, but pretesting using behavioral measures is commonly not practical. Examination of within-study effect size comparisons from 317 studies of 22 message variations suggests that persuasive messages’ relative effectiveness is strikingly similar across attitudinal, intention, and behavioral outcomes—with messages’ relative persuasiveness with respect to intention outcomes especially indicative of relative persuasiveness with respect to behavioral outcomes. Intention measures thus provide a convenient and accurate means of persuasive message pretesting.

The Antecedents and Consequences of Korean Brand Equity in Myanmar: Focusing on Country of Origin Image and Advertising Awareness

Purpose - Brand equity has emerged as an indispensable marketing tool for firms engaging their business in developing nations. This study proposes that the country of origin image and advertising will affect the Korean brand equity formation, which leads to repurchase intention of Korean brands. In the study, attitude factors are applied in brand equity theory to predict repurchase intention of Korean brands. Cognitive brand equity, such as brand awareness, brand association, brand image and attitudinal brand equity, such as perceived quality and brand loyalty are considered with regards to their attitude towards the Korean brand. Design/methodology - A total of 178 Myanmar consumers out of 200 participants who have used Korean brands answered the survey and data were analyzed through SmartPLS 3.3.2 version. PLS-SEM is considered a more suitable analysis to pin down and evaluate the cause-effect relationship among all of the constructs with relatively complex models. Findings - Our results substantiate that the country of origin image positively affects brand awareness, brand associations, and brand image and advertising awareness positively affects brand awareness. Brand awareness gives positive effect only on brand association, which sustains a positive effect on brand image and brand loyalty. Brand image only has a positive effect on perceived quality, which again affects repurchase intention and brand loyalty. Brand loyalty also shows a positive effect on repurchase intention. Originality/value - Brand equity dimensions were viewed as cognitive and attitudinal outcomes of brand equity which affects repurchase intention. The drivers of brand equity were considered from the perspective of country of origin image that firms cannot control or mange, and advertising awareness which firms can control and manage. The findings also explored the relationships between cognitive and attitudinal brand equity.

Accelerating AI Adoption with Responsible AI Signals and Employee Engagement Mechanisms in Health Care

Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology is transforming the healthcare sector. However, despite this, the associated ethical implications remain open to debate. This research investigates how signals of AI responsibility impact healthcare practitioners’ attitudes toward AI, satisfaction with AI, AI usage intentions, including the underlying mechanisms. Our research outlines autonomy, beneficence, explainability, justice, and non-maleficence as the five key signals of AI responsibility for healthcare practitioners. The findings reveal that these five signals significantly increase healthcare practitioners’ engagement, which subsequently leads to more favourable attitudes, greater satisfaction, and higher usage intentions with AI technology. Moreover, ‘techno-overload’ as a primary ‘techno-stressor’ moderates the mediating effect of engagement on the relationship between AI justice and behavioural and attitudinal outcomes. When healthcare practitioners perceive AI technology as adding extra workload, such techno-overload will undermine the importance of the justice signal and subsequently affect their attitudes, satisfaction, and usage intentions with AI technology.

The Moral Distress-Appraisal Scale: Scale development and validation study.

Moral distress-arising when one is constrained from moral action-has been receiving increased attention in nursing research. The phenomenon is associated with negative outcomes and is shown to impact a broad range of healthcare professions. The context-specific nature of existing measures, however, makes it difficult, if not impossible, to compare the prevalence and impact of moral distress across nursing settings and healthcare professions. This study presents an appraisal approach to the assessment of moral distress. The aims of this study were to develop and to investigate the reliability and validity of the Moral Distress-Appraisal Scale as a context-independent assessment instrument for moral distress. This is a cross-sectional correlational validation study. Between September 2018 and June 2019, a total of 406 healthcare employees (mainly nurses) completed a quantitative survey consisting of a standard moral distress measure (Moral Distress Scale-Revised) and the Moral Distress-Appraisal Scale. A subsample (n=164) received extra questions on work characteristics, well-being and attitudinal outcomes. Confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson correlations and regression analyses were conducted in order to evaluate the psychometric properties of the newly developed scale. Confirmatory factor analysis provided evidence for the predicted structure of the 8-item Moral Distress-Appraisal Scale. As expected, the scale is positively correlated with the Moral Distress Scale-Revised and with job demands, burnout, depressive symptoms, and turnover intentions and negatively with job resources and job satisfaction. Furthermore, the scale showed incremental validity in predicting wellbeing and attitudinal outcomes above and beyond both known predictive work characteristics and the Moral Distress Scale-Revised. This study provides first empirical evidence for the reliability and validity of the Moral Distress-Appraisal Scale. The Moral Distress-Appraisal Scale can be used across healthcare professions and contexts. The proposed appraisal approach may facilitate integration of the scale into occupational health research and practice.

Explaining Waldorf students\u2019 high motivation but moderate achievement in science: is inquiry-based science education the key?

BackgroundEvidence so far shows that Waldorf students are characterized by average science achievement but at the same time high socioeconomic status and high science motivation. Moreover, Waldorf education is characterized by high emphasis on inquiry-based science education (IBSE). The present study investigates if the specific attitude-achievement constellation of Waldorf students in science may be explained by the high level of IBSE.MethodsPropensity score matching was applied to control for Waldorf students’ more advantageous social background using the Austrian PISA 2015 sample (N = 7007 15-year old students). After propensity score matching, 1107 matched controls were included alongside all 149 Waldorf students.ResultsThe results show that Waldorf students report higher enjoyment in learning science and more interest in broad science topics than matched controls. On the other hand, they demonstrate lower science achievement. Mediation analyses show that, although Waldorf students’ more positive attitudes towards science can be almost entirely attributed to their higher exposure to IBSE, their underperformance in science cannot.ConclusionsThese results indicate that attending a school type with a high level of IBSE (Waldorf) may have positive effects on attitudinal outcomes (enjoyment and interest in science) whereas it does not seem to have notable effects on science achievement. This indicates that IBSE could be applied in educational contexts aiming to increase students’ scientific attitudes.

Serving Diverse Customers: The Impact of Cultural Intelligence on Employee Burnout, Engagement, and Job Satisfaction

This study examined the impact of cultural intelligence (CQ) on three key work-related attitudinal outcomes (burnout, engagement and job satisfaction) in a structural equation model. Data were collected from 288 restaurant employees in Hawaii, United States, where restaurant patrons are culturally diverse. Among the four dimensions of CQ (metacognitive, cognitive, motivational, and behavioral), cognitive and motivational CQ played a primary role in the proposed model. Motivational CQ predicted employee burnout and engagement; cognitive CQ predicted engagement. In addition, both motivational and cognitive CQs had an indirect influence on job satisfaction through engagement or burnout. Unlike previous studies of people who are studying or working abroad, this study indicates that CQ can be a salient personal resource for hospitality employees in their home countries but who have diverse customers. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed based on the findings of this research.

Psychosis REACH: Effects of a Brief CBT-Informed Training for Family and Caregivers of Individuals With Psychosis.

Psychosis Recovery by Enabling Adult Carers at Home (Psychosis REACH) is a training for families of individuals with psychosis that consists of recovery-oriented psychosis psychoeducation, caregiver self-care, and skills training informed by cognitive-behavioral therapy for psychosis (CBTp). The authors assessed the effects of a 1-day and a 4-day training on the natural supports (i.e., family and other caregivers) of individuals with psychotic disorders. Attendees of a 1-day (N=168) and a 4-day (N=29) Psychosis REACH training were surveyed at three timepoints: pretraining, posttraining, and 4-month follow-up. Longitudinal changes across the full sample were evaluated by paired-sample t tests or a one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Two-way mixed ANOVAs were conducted with training condition, time, and the training condition × time interactions entered into the model. Reductions were noted in self-perceived depression, anxiety, negative aspects of the caregiving experience, and expressed emotion. Trainees also showed more prosocial attitudes toward psychosis immediately and at 4 months after the training. This evaluation of the launch of Psychosis REACH in the United States suggests that the training can improve the mental health, attitudinal, and relational outcomes of family and caregivers of individuals with psychosis. Given the dearth of CBTp and family interventions for psychosis in mental health services in the United States, short-term, intensive training that supplements clinical services has intuitive appeal as a means of surmounting the barriers that have plagued family interventions.

Men’s and women’s changing attitudes towards fatherhood and working fathers in Australia

Since the Second World War there have been significant changes in the gender systems of industrialised countries, largely driven by increased female labour force participation. Changes in men’s domestic participation have been comparatively incremental, and researchers contend the gender revolution will only be complete when men’s and women’s commitments are matched. Prior research on attitudes about gender roles has concentrated on women, but in this research, the focus is on men. Using growth curve analyses of Australian longitudinal data ( N = 24,397), this article examines attitudes towards fatherhood and working fathers and how they changed between 2001 and 2015. Workforce status, relationship status and parenthood are strong predictors of different attitudinal outcomes and change for men and women, indicating that views were influenced by interest and exposure in ways that differed by gender. Further, the authors find attitudes towards fatherhood and working fathers have changed over the last 15 years, particularly amongst working fathers and mothers, which have become more supportive of greater father involvement in the care of children and the ability of working fathers to meet the needs of their children.

Does Job Embeddedness Mediate the Effect of Resilience on Cabin Attendants’ Career Satisfaction and Creative Performance?

An increasing body of research suggests job embeddedness (JE) as a motivational variable influencing employees’ attitudinal and behavioral outcomes such as quitting intentions and task performance. Personal resources have been reported to affect JE and these outcomes. However, little work has investigated the antecedents and consequences of JE among cabin attendants. There is also a dearth of empirical research regarding the mechanism linking resilience to cabin attendants’ affective and performance outcomes. Therefore, drawing on conservation of resources and JE theories, we propose a conceptual model that examines the interrelationships of resilience, JE, career satisfaction (CSAT), and creative performance (CPERF). Moreover, the model explores JE as a mediator of the impact of resilience on CSAT and CPERF. These linkages were tested via data collected from cabin attendants and their pursers. The findings from structural equation modeling reveal that resilience boosts cabin attendants’ JE, CSAT, and CPERF. As predicted, JE is a mediator between resilience and CSAT. Our paper culminates with implications for theory and practice as well as future research directions.

The effects of blue-light filtration on sleep and work outcomes.

In this article, we investigate the effects of blue-light filtration on broad attitudinal and behavioral outcomes (i.e. work engagement, organizational citizenship behavior, and counterproductive work behavior). Drawing on recent developments in the circadian process literature and its related research on chronobiology, we propose that a cost-effective sleep intervention can improve multiple organizationally relevant outcomes. Specifically, we theorize that wearing blue-light filtering glasses creates a form of physiologic darkness, thus improving both sleep quantity and quality. We then argue that wearing blue-light filtering glasses is related to work engagement, task performance, and nontask performance via sleep quantity and sleep quality. Considering that individuals vary in the timing of their circadian process, we propose that chronotype is a first-stage moderator for our theoretical model. We tested these theoretical expectations in 2 experimental experience sampling studies. In Study 1a, we collected data from 63 managers (519 daily observations) and found that wearing blue-light filtering glasses is an effective intervention to improve physiological (sleep), attitudinal (work engagement), and behavioral (task performance, organizational citizenship behavior, and counterproductive work behavior) outcomes. In general, the effects were stronger for employees who tend to have sleep periods later in the day. In Study 1b, we collected data from 67 call center representatives (529 daily observations) and measured task performance from clients. We replicated most of the findings except for the interactions. Our model highlights how and when wearing blue-light filtering glasses can help employees to live and work better. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

An Attack against Us All? Perceived Similarity and Compassion for the Victims Mediate the Effects of News Coverage about Right-Wing Terrorism

Right-wing terrorism (RWT) poses an increasing threat to Western societies, with perpetrators targeting diverse members of society. We investigated the affective and attitudinal outcomes of exposure to news about RWT, depending on the victims’ religious affiliation (Christian vs. Muslim). Results of a quota-based experiment in [Austria; predominantly non-Muslim] (N = 315) revealed no direct effects of the victims’ religious affiliation on affective and attitudinal outcomes. However, mediation analyses suggest that, compared to Muslim victims, Christian victims elicit higher perceived similarity, which in turn, impacts compassion. Similarity and compassion then significantly predict affective and attitudinal outcomes. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

The effectiveness of brand placements: A meta-analytic synthesis

Although brand placements are commonplace in promotion strategies, the extant literature lacks a quantitative empirical synthesis of the effect of placements on cognitive, attitudinal, and conative outcomes. The authors report a meta-analysis addressing the extent to which brand placements affect consumers’ brand placement memory, brand salience, consumer attitude toward the placed brand, and purchase intentions or choice. Four hierarchical meta-regression models explore contexts and executional characteristics that contribute to relatively stronger or weaker brand placement effects. Overall, findings suggest strong, positive placement effects on brand placement memory and small or modest, positive placement effects on brand salience, attitude, and conation. Among the factors potentially moderating these effects, brand-plot connection emerges as a key executional characteristic associated with stronger (more positive) cognitive, attitudinal, and conative effects for plot-connected relative to unconnected placements. Moreover, prominent placements enhance brand placement memory effects while not evidencing any significant backlash on persuasive effects. The same pattern emerges for placement disclosure. The findings have significant implications for marketing managers and public policy makers and provide important directions for further research.

NetSci High: Bringing Agency to Diverse Teens Through the Science of Connected Systems

This paper follows NetSci High, a decade-long initiative to inspire teams of teenage researchers to develop, execute and disseminate original research in network science. The project introduced high school students to the computer-based analysis of networks, and instilled in the participants the habits of mind to deepen inquiry in connected systems and statistics, and to sustain interest in continuing to study and pursue careers in fields involving network analysis. Goals of NetSci High ranged from proximal learning outcomes (e.g., increasing high school student competencies in computing and improving student attitudes toward computing) to highly distal (e.g., preparing students for 21st century science), with an emphasis on doing real-world research into relevant and ambiguous problems through technologically-infused and highly collaborative projects and defending them to a clear (and sometimes potentially intimidating) audience. The cognitive goals of the project covered broad areas including analyzing, synthesizing, and visualizing quantitative data, and understanding modeling and network statistics. Attitudinal outcomes included improving attitudes toward the statistical study of networks, self-efficacy, and a sense of agency for continuing to pursue further involvement in college studies and careers.

Putting Things into Context: A Meta-Analysis of Media Context Effects on Attitudinal Outcomes

The role of media context in advertising has been the subject of interest for marketers and media practitioners over the past 50 years. However, there remains a lack of clarity on the relationship between media context and advertising outcomes. To structure previous literature and facilitate knowledge development, this study meta-analytically examines the relationship between media context and attitudinal outcome measures (i.e., consumers’ attitudes toward the ad/brand/product and purchase intentions [PI]). A total of 31 years of research findings, 96 studies, and 597 effect sizes involving 139,233 research participants were synthesized. The key findings suggest that different media context facets leverage consumers’ attitudes and PI differently. Felt involvement with media, transportation (consumers’ experience of becoming non-volitional and absorbed in the media contexts), and perceived trust/credibility of media vehicles exhibited a stronger influence on attitudes/PI. Media–ad congruence, the most commonly examined media context among objective contexts, resulted in a very weak influence on attitudes/PI. The context effect also differed by advertising-related characteristics and extraneous methodological factors. Accordingly, there is a need for both academia and practice to revisit the media context construct with a fresh eye.

Evaluating the outcomes of "Resilient left-behind children" – A social-emotional learning and mindfulness group counseling program

International migration has a powerful impact on both the sending and receiving countries, especially for adults migrating for better working conditions and leaving family members, including children, behind. Increasing numbers of left-behind children in Romania (Save the Children Romania, 2019) require attention and support through specific policies and school-based programs. The purpose of this empirical study is to develop and assess a school-based prevention/intervention group counseling program for left-behind children. The program is based on previous social-emotional learning curricula and it incorporates mindfulness technics (Sibinga, Webb, Ghazarian, & Ellen, 2016). It is designed to increase resilience and self-regulatory abilities in children, thus improving their school adjustment in terms of emotional, social, behavioral and attitudinal outcomes. Using a sample of 62 children, aged 12-15 (M = 12.71, SD = .868), we conducted a quasi-randomized trial with a control and an intervention group to investigate the efficacy of the program. Children in the intervention group reported improved self-regulation and resilience and reduced loneliness and social dissatisfaction. Teachers reported significantly fewer emotional and behavioral difficulties for the children following the intervention. This study emphasizes the role of the evidence-based approach to counseling services in schools, by capitalizing on the latest findings in the field and addressing the specific needs of left-behind children.

A Brief Overview of Despotic Leadership Research

The present study is an attempt to give a brief overview of despotic leadership research in a chronological order. Starting from the pre-historic era, the study links the concept of despotic leadership with Greek era and explains its existence in other domains which includes sociology and political science. It briefly addresses questions like how despotic leadership evolved from the broader construct of destructive leadership. What are the different types of destructive leaders and how despotic leadership differs from other type? It also covers different consequences of the despotic leadership with multiple themes. The study deeply analyzes the integration of despotic leadership research with multiple behavioral and attitudinal work-related outcomes. Finally, current trends and future directions are proposed for further scientific and logical validation. Keywords: Despotic leadership, Historical Review, Multiple Dimensions, Current and Future Trends.