Trust Attitudes Research Articles

Доверие и этническая толерантность в условиях социальных перемен

The purpose of the article is to consider the conceptual approaches to the study of trust, instruments of its study, and empirical research of the level of trust and ethnic tolerance in Moscow. The paper presents the results of sociological research of Muscovites carried out in 2014 by the method of formalized interview. The author studied attitudes of trust and distrust, subjective ground for the trust and distrust which have developed in the Moscow society. Some problems of the empirical study of the level of generalized trust are discussed. The simple 4-point scale was used as a tool for study of trust. The research found that the population of Moscow is strongly polarized — 47.6% tend to trust people in general, and 46.5% — do not trust. The networks of trust in Moscow are formed mainly on the basis of the closest circle of relatives and friends; trust is formed by assessing the reliability of partners. Rules and norms underlying the culture of trust are taken into account but they are inferior to the other grounds of trust. There is the obvious shortage of basic trust. The research indicates that ethnic tolerance and generalized trust are interrelated phenomena. Ethnic tolerance assists to generalized trust. Certain degree of ethnic tolerance, favorable (or just neutral) attitudes towards ethno-cultural diversity of society is necessary for the formation of generalized trust. Modern culture of trust in Moscow is created on the basis of cooperation, friendly relations and good neighborly.

Доверие и этническая толерантность в условиях социальных перемен

The purpose of the article is to consider the conceptual approaches to the study of trust, instruments of its study, and empirical research of the level of trust and ethnic tolerance in Moscow. The paper presents the results of sociological research of Muscovites carried out in 2014 by the method of formalized interview. The author studied attitudes of trust and distrust, subjective ground for the trust and distrust which have developed in the Moscow society. Some problems of the empirical study of the level of generalized trust are discussed. The simple 4-point scale was used as a tool for study of trust. The research found that the population of Moscow is strongly polarized — 47.6% tend to trust people in general, and 46.5% — do not trust. The networks of trust in Moscow are formed mainly on the basis of the closest circle of relatives and friends; trust is formed by assessing the reliability of partners. Rules and norms underlying the culture of trust are taken into account but they are inferior to the other grounds of trust. There is the obvious shortage of basic trust. The research indicates that ethnic tolerance and generalized trust are interrelated phenomena. Ethnic tolerance assists to generalized trust. Certain degree of ethnic tolerance, favorable (or just neutral) attitudes towards ethno-cultural diversity of society is necessary for the formation of generalized trust. Modern culture of trust in Moscow is created on the basis of cooperation, friendly relations and good neighborly.

Trying to trust: Brain activity during interpersonal social attitude change.

Interpersonal trust and distrust are important components of human social interaction. Although several studies have shown that brain function is associated with either trusting or distrusting others, very little is known regarding brain function during the control of social attitudes, including trust and distrust. This study was designed to investigate the neural mechanisms involved when people attempt to control their attitudes of trust or distrust toward another person. We used a novel control-of-attitudes fMRI task, which involved explicit instructions to control attitudes of interpersonal trust and distrust. Control of trust or distrust was operationally defined as changes in trustworthiness evaluations of neutral faces before and after the control-of-attitudes fMRI task. Overall, participants (n = 60) evaluated faces paired with the distrust instruction as being less trustworthy than faces paired with the trust instruction following the control-of-distrust task. Within the brain, both the control-of-trust and control-of-distrust conditions were associated with increased temporoparietal junction, precuneus (PrC), inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and medial prefrontal cortex activity. Individual differences in the control of trust were associated with PrC activity, and individual differences in the control of distrust were associated with IFG activity. Together, these findings identify a brain network involved in the explicit control of distrust and trust and indicate that the PrC and IFG may serve to consolidate interpersonal social attitudes.

Financially-legal description of management methods in the process of work with problem credits in economic activity

In practice the questions of the legislative adjusting of certain types of collate, realization of politics a bank remain unsolved in relation to the estimation of solvency of borrower, providing of return of the given out credits. Reasons of failure to return of credits can be such as too trustful attitude toward a borrower; off-grade estimation of solvency of borrower; errors are in the estimation of material well-being of loan; an incomplete reflection is in the credit agreement of terms that provide interests of bank, control absence after a borrower in a period the return of credit, uneffective development of credit brief-cases that must be perfected and complement in a period financial crises. Every problem credit has his features, about the origin of difficulties for a borrower identical facts testify: - stopping of contacts with the workers of bank; - presentation of the financial reporting with delays that is not explained; - unfavorable price changes on the action of borrower; - a presence of net losses during one, or a few periods covered; - negative changes of indexes of liquidity, correlation of the personal and attracted funds, business activity; - a rejection of volume of realization of products and money streams from those, that was planned at delivery of credit; - dramatic changes of bits and pieces on the accounts of client, that was not expected and not explained. There are two basic methods of management in the process of work with problem credits: rehabilitation and liquidation. The method of rehabilitation consists in development of general with a borrower plan of measures in relation to the return of credit. The method of liquidation means the return of credit by realization of procedure of bankruptcy and sale of assets of borrower. Liquidation and rehabilitation are expensive enough methods of management problem credits from the point of view of duration of process, financial charges, payment of legal services. Certainly, the best politics from a management losses consists in their avoidance, but, unfortunately, in the real life, attaining it is not succeeded. The existent methods of management problem credits do not diminish them to the volume, there is a requirement in the use of modern instrument of management of banks problem credits. For minimization of volumes of problem credits banks can take advantage of such basic directions of perfection of methods of management a problem debt for to the credits: - creation of separate subdivision from a management problem credits; - automation of organization of process; - the permanent monitoring of information about a client; - timely and adequate reacting on the origin of problem credit, including by his restructuring.

Factors associated with patient trust in electronic health records used in primary care settings

ObjectiveThis study aimed to identify factors associated with patient trust in electronic health records (EHRs) used in primary care. MethodA cross-sectional study conducted at five primary care clinics in the Midwestern United States gathered patients׳ post-visit responses to a validated written survey questionnaire consisting of close-ended questions. ResultsA total of 142 patients responded to the survey. Of the survey respondents, 87.3% reported a positive trust attitude toward EHRs used in their primary care. Bivariate logistic regression analyses found that patient trust in EHRs was associated with the patient having complete trust in the physician, patient perception of characteristics of EHRs, and patient perception of how the physician used the technology. ConclusionsThis study found a generally positive patient attitude toward EHRs used in primary care. The study findings indicate that it is important to provide increased health informatics training to health care providers.

Mekanisme Pasar dalam Islam

The market mechanism will be reflected in the concept of Islamic Shari'ah principles in the formof values which can generally be divided into two perspectives: macro and micro. Shari'ah valuesin a micro perspective emphasizes the aspects of competence/professionalism and attitude oftrust, while the macro perspective Shari'ah values emphasize aspects of the distribution, theprohibition of usury and economic activities that do not provide real benefits to the economy.Therefore, it can be seen clearly benefit the Islamic economic system in the market thataddressed not only to the citizens of the Islamic community, but to all human being (rahmatanlil’Ālamín).

Improving Clinician Attitudes of Respect and Trust for Persons With Sickle Cell Disease.

To test the effect of 1 high-intensity, and 1 reduced-intensity, educational intervention designed to improve health care provider attitudes toward youth with sickle cell disease (SCD). We exposed a regional sample of pediatric health care providers to a 2.5-day high-intensity educational and experiential intervention using videos about the SCD patient experience. Additionally, we traveled to a different set of regional health care institutions and offered pediatric providers a reduced-intensity intervention, consisting of a 90-minute lunchtime in-service centered on our same set of videos about the patient's experience. We assessed the impact of both interventions by taking pre/post measurements of the negative and positive attitudes expressed by participating providers toward patients with SCD. Both interventions tested elicited improvements in the SCD attitudes expressed by the pediatric providers as suggested through a reduction in measured negative attitude scores (20.0 vs 12.1, P < .001), and an improvement in positive attitude scores (67.1 vs 72.2, P < .001). Further testing suggested that the high-intensity intervention elicited a stronger effect than the reduced-intensity intervention across multiple attitudinal domains. Video-based interventions can be used to improve the attitudes of pediatric providers toward patients with SCD. The availability of interventions of varying intensities provides greater flexibility in designing efforts to advance the quality of SCD care through the improvement of provider attitudes.

The attitude of trust is basic

Most philosophical discussion of trust focuses on the three-place trust predicate: X trusting Y to φ. This article argues that it is the one-place and two-place predicates – X is trusting, and X trusting Y – that are fundamental

TACO: a novel method for trust rating subjectivity elimination based on Trust Attitudes COmparison

Trust ratings shared by users in electronic commerce environments are subjective as trust evaluation depends on evaluators' personal disposition to trust. As such, aggregation of shared trust ratings to compute a user's reputation may be questionable without proper consideration of rating subjectivity. Although the problem of subjectivity in trust opinions has already been recognized, it has not been adequately resolved so far. In this paper, we address the problem of proper trust rating analysis and aggregation, which includes elimination of subjectivity. We propose a novel method based on Trust Attitudes COmparison (TACO method), which derives adjusted reputations compliant with the behavioral patterns of the evaluators and eliminates the subjectivity from the trust ratings. With the TACO method, all participants have comparable opportunities to choose trustworthy transaction partners, regardless of their trust dispositions. The TACO method finds the users with similar trust attitudes, taking advantage of nonparametric statistical methods. After that, it computes the personalized reputation scores of other users with the aggregation of trust values shared by users with similar trust attitudes. The method derives the characteristics of participants' trust dispositions implicitly from their past ratings and does not request them to disclose any part of their trust evaluation process, such as motivating criteria for trust assessments, underlying beliefs, or criteria preferences. We have evaluated the performance of our method with extensive simulations with varying numbers of users, different numbers of available trust ratings, and with different distributions of users' personalities. The results showed significant improvements using our TACO method with an average improvement of 50.0 % over the Abdul-Rahman and 72.9 % over the Hasan method.

Research on Knowledge Coordination Model in Engineering Project Cooperation under the Network Environment

In the era of knowledge economy, under the network environment project collaborative knowledge construction has been paid more and more attention. Project team knowledge transfer between form a knowledge network, in line with the basic core in complex network theory goal-directed (edge network structure), has its uniqueness. In this paper, this paper discusses the knowledge network formation, network evolution stage, according to the knowledge sharing, knowledge transfer, knowledge learning and knowledge creation of four phases of the micro mechanism of knowledge collaboration, and points out that the body of knowledge of the cooperative intention, attitude and sense of trust, the body of knowledge of the network structure, location and neighborhood structure, the overall network effect and the types of knowledge, is an important factor affecting the knowledge synergy. Discusses the co-evolution of knowledge network project in cooperation, use the interpretative structural model to construct collaborative knowledge construction process of analogy model.

Crowding Out Trust in the Informal Monetary Relationships: The Curious Case of the Hawala System

Trust, along with other influential norms of cooperation, has been traditionally viewed as an important coordination mechanism stabilizing expectations of the participants in the informal economic exchanges. Drawing on the example of the informal value transfer system called hawala, this paper, however, shows that the role of safeguard against opportunism in the informal monetary settings is much more reliably performed by the instruments of social control. Norms of control embedded in community beliefs and common social practices among the hawala members entirely replace trusting attitudes, rendering them superfluous for the purpose of protecting financial interests of clients and intermediaries in this informal system of monetary exchanges.

Adapting a Human – Automation Trust Scale to an Air Traffic Management Environment

Adapting a Human – Automation Trust Scale to an Air Traffic Management Environment

Work attitudes, career success and health: Evidence from China

Research on the determinants and implications of career success, and in particular on how they are related to health among Chinese workers is scarce. This research explores the impact and relevance of individual attitudes of trust and organizational citizenship behavior on objective and subjective career success, and their relevance to physical and mental health. Further, we explore the moderating role of a career system on the relationships between work attitudes and career success. Using a random sample of 10,372 people in China we used multi-level linear regression methodology to explore a mediation–moderation model based on organizational theories. We found support for the impact of organizational citizenship behaviors and trust, for both objective and subjective career success as mediators of mental and physical health, and for a career system as a moderator, with significant differences emerging between workers employed in the public and private sectors. The results are important as they shed light on the relationship between work and life attitudes on outcomes of high relevance at national level. The original contribution would be of interest to policy makers at both organizational and national level.

Financial Analysts' Perceptions of Goodwill Accounting Under IFRS

This study explores financial analysts’ perceptions of the goodwill accounting under IFRS. The empirical data are collected using survey questionnaire to Nordic and Austrian financial analysts. The study uses exploratory factor analysis and OLS regression to discover two lines of thought concerning goodwill accounting under IFRS among financial analysts. The first exhibits a trusting attitude toward the standards of goodwill accounting in IFRS. The second line of thinking is critical toward managerial discretion in goodwill impairment testing. The study finds that an earlier audit experience adds to the analysts’ skepticism towards impairment testing.

Competition Between Local Dealerships and Internet Markets: The Role of Local Relationships, Risk Tolerance, and Trust in Used Farm Machinery Markets

ABSTRACTWe analyze recent and intended transactions of used farm equipment and find the quality of buyers' relationships with local equipment dealers influences whether their most recent purchase came from an Internet source and whether they will consider future purchases from Internet sources. We find local dealers who provide excellent parts and repair service face a double‐edged sword: customers are less likely to have purchased from Internet sources during their last transaction but express stronger absolute interest in future Internet purchases. Also, customers who view their dealer as having treated them fairly during past price negotiations are less likely to express interest in transacting on the Internet in the future. Finally, buyers sort across channels based on several personal characteristics, including risk tolerance, trust attitudes, and negotiation style, but seller sorting is primarily based on risk tolerance. Specifically, buyers and sellers with greater risk tolerance sort to online markets. [JEL Descriptors: L81, Q12].

Using a Public Key Registry for Improved Trust and Scalability in National E-Health Systems

An increasing number of countries are faced with an aging population increasingly needing healthcare services. For any e-health information system, the need for increased trust by such clients with potentially little knowledge of any security scheme involved is paramount. In addition notable scalability of any system has become a critical aspect of system design, development and ongoing management. Meanwhile cryptographic systems provide the security provisions needed for confidentiality, authentication, integrity and non-repudiation. Cryptographic key management, however, must be secure, yet efficient and effective in developing an attitude of trust in system users. Digital certificate-based Public Key Infrastructure has long been the technology of choice or availability for information security/assurance; however, there appears to be a notable lack of successful implementations and deployments globally. Moreover, recent issues with associated Certificate Authority security have damaged trust in these schemes. This paper proposes the adoption of a centralised public key registry structure, a non-certificate based scheme, for large scale e-health information systems. The proposed structure removes complex certificate management, revocation and a complex certificate validation structure while maintaining overall system security. Moreover, the registry concept may be easier for both healthcare professionals and patients to understand and trust.

Parental Investment and the Intergenerational Transmission of Economic Preferences and Attitudes

We study empirically whether there is scope for parents to shape the economic preferences and attitudes of their children through purposeful investments. We exploit information on the risk and trust attitudes of parents and their children, as well as rich information about parental efforts in the upbringing of their children from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study. Our results show that parents who invest more in the upbringing of their children are more similar to them with respect to risk and trust attitudes and thus transmit their own attitudes more strongly. The results are robust to including variables on the relationship between children and parents, family size, and the parents' socioeconomic background.

Social capital and equilibrium selection in Stag Hunt games

Surveys of trusting attitudes are found to correlate with growth and development outcomes. The question of why trust attitudes correlate with economic growth remains open however. I argue that trust surveys capture facets of social capital not previously investigated, namely, coordination. Hence a complete investigation of the relationship between trust attitudes in growth must encompass their predictive power in a coordination game. This study shows that affirmative responses to surveys of trust attitudes correlate with and predict efficiency-supporting behavior in a Stag Hunt game.

Political Solidarity, Justice and Public Health

In this article, I argue that political solidarity is important to justice. At its core, political solidarity is a relational concept. To be in a relation of political solidarity is to be in a relation of connection or unity with one’s fellow citizens. I argue that citizens of a shared state can be said to stand in such a relation when they have attitudes of collective identification, mutual respect, mutual trust, loyalty and mutual support toward one another. I argue that there are distinctly social bases for political solidarity and that justice requires that social and political institutions be structured so that they promote these. As an example of the sort of social and political arrangements that might encourage relations of political solidarity, I discuss Canada’s response to the recent H1N1 pandemic and the failings of this response with respect to members of the Aboriginal community within Canada. I focus on these issues because considerations relating to solidarity and justice have received little attention in most discussions of them. I argue that ensuring that members of the Aboriginal community had equal access to the goods they needed to protect themselves against H1N1 infection would have more effectively promoted political solidarity and, in turn, would have more effectively promoted justice.

Unifying Conflicting Models of Trust and Distrust for Enhanced Understanding and Predictive Power in Organizational Relationships: Proposing the Unified Trust-Distrust Model (UTDM)

This paper proposes the Unified Trust-Distrust Model (UTDM) to reconcile the differences in the literature on the complex relationship between trust and distrust. Extant research on trust and distrust follows two main approaches that are built on contradictory assumptions: trust has been conceptualized as a different construct than distrust by some researchers, while others consider trust and distrust to represent opposite ends of a single continuum. UTDM expands upon both of these approaches while resolving their contradictions; thus, UTDM provides a novel view of the trust-distrust relationship that has the potential for more explanatory power than previous models. Further, UTDM introduces ambivalence to the trust-distrust literature as a possible consequence of contradictory trust and distrust attitudes, and as an antecedent of trusting intentions. Ambivalence was shown in previous research to attenuate the relationship between trusting beliefs and trusting intentions. UTDM further expands the trust-distrust literature by expanding the nomological network of distrust by proposing two new antecedents of distrust: suspicion and situational abnormality. The measurement of this model is then discussed along with future research possibilities that naturally result from this model.