Attention Deficit Disorder Children Research Articles

Efeitos colaterais do metilfenidato

OBJETIVOS: Revisar os principais efeitos colaterais do metilfenidato, em curto e longo prazos, no tratamento de crianças com Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção (TDAH). FONTES DE DADOS: Revisão de literatura nos últimos doze anos através de pesquisa no Medline e Lilacs. RESULTADOS: Dentre os efeitos colaterais que surgem em curto prazo, prevalecem a redução de apetite, insônia, cefaléia e dor abdominal, sendo a maioria autolimitada, dose-dependente e de média intensidade. Dentre aqueles em longo prazo, são descritas alterações discretas de pressão arterial e freqüência cardíaca e uma possível discreta diminuição da estatura. O abuso e a dependência ao medicamento são observados muito raramente. CONCLUSÕES: O perfil de efeitos colaterais do metilfenidato é seguro, não parecendo justificar o seu uso constrito no Brasil, ante os benefícios robustos amplamente demonstrados na literatura.

Diagnósticos neurológicos en la atención primaria de salud en Santiago, Chile

Neurological diseases are a growing concern for public health planners. The purpose of this study was to determine the burden of neurological diagnosis in a primary health care setting in the East Metropolitan Health Service in Santiago, Chile. A random blocked sample of diagnosis in a one year period was obtained balanced by each of the fourteen clinics in the area. This corresponded to 3% of all visits. A total of 72 diagnosis corresponding to diseases of the nervous system were selected according to ICD 9 definitions. Of a total of 13,388 visits, 705 (5.3%) corresponded to disease or disorders attributable to the nervous system or that frequently mean consultation with neurologists. Of these, 63.5% were women. The highest rates were found between the second and fourth decades. The most frequent diagnosis were attention deficit disorder in children, headache in adults and spinal pain in the elderly. The demand for care for syndromes that affect the nervous system in the primary health care setting in a sample of visits is concentrated in chronic disease that require a multidisciplinary approach. The finding are similar to other studies. The data help in defining were to concentrate efforts in health planning and education for the care of neurological disorder in the primary care setting.

Diagnosis of Childhood ADHD: Differences Across Psychology Specialty Areas

Free AccessDiagnosis of Childhood ADHD: Differences Across Psychology Specialty AreasMarcie W. Handler and George J. DuPaulMarcie W. Handler1. May Institute in Norwood, MA.Search for more papers by this author and George J. DuPaul2. Lehigh University in Bethlehem PA.Search for more papers by this authorPublished Online:May 2005https://doi.org/10.1521/adhd.10.3.7.20555PDFPDF PLUS ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations AboutReferencesBarkley , R. A. (1998). Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press. Google ScholarCopeland , L., Wolraich, M., Lindgren, S., Milich, R., & Woolson, R. (1987). Pediatricians' reported practices in the assessment and treatment of attention deficit disorders. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 8, 191–197. Crossref, Google ScholarHennigan , L. M. (1997). Clinical assessment practices for the diagnosis of attention deficit disorders in children. Dissertations Abstracts International, 58 (10), 5645B (University Microfilms No. AAM98–11700). Google ScholarNational Institutes of Health. (1998). Diagnosis and treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. NIH Consensus Statement Online 1998 Nov 16–18;16(2), 1–37. Available http://odp.od.nih.gov/consensus/cons/110. Google ScholarRosenberg , R. P., & Beck, S. (1986). Preferred assessment methods and treatment modalities for hyperactive children among clinical child and school psychologists. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 15, 142–147. Crossref, Google ScholarUllman , D. G., & Doherty, M. E. (1984). Two tivity: The child and the clinician. Advances in Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 5, 167–219. Google ScholarUllman , D. G., Egan, D., Fiedler, N., Jurenec, G., Pliske, R., Thompson, P., & Doherty, M. E. (1981). The many faces of hyperactivity: Similarities and differences in diagnostic policies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49, 694–704. Crossref, Google ScholarWolraich , M. L., Lindgren, S., Stromquist, A., Milich, R., Davis, C., & Watson, D. (1990). Stimulant medication use by primary care physicians in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics, 86, 95–101. Google Scholar Previous article Next article FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 10Issue 3Jun 2002 Information© The Guilford PressPDF download

Review: short acting methylphenidate has short term efficacy in children and adolescents with attention deficit disorder

Schachter HM, Pham B, King J , et al. How efficacious and safe is short-acting methylphenidate for the treatment of attention-deficit disorder in children and adolescents? A meta-analysis. CMAJ2001 Nov...

Predicting Cognitive Performance in Alcoholics and Nonalcoholics: Specification of Affective, Childhood Behavior Disorders, and Antisocial Variables

Glenn, Errico, Parsons, King, and Nixon (1993) reported that composite indexes of childhood behavior disorders, current affective distress, and lifetime antisocial behaviors predicted different aspects of neurocognitive functioning in abstinent male and female alcoholics and in peer nonalcoholics. To make the results more pertinent to clinical assessment, we have: (a) identified the components of the composite indexes that were the best predictors, (b) added new data predicting overall impairment, and (c) conducted within-group male and female comparisons. In alcoholics, the depressive symptoms component of the affective distress composite index predicted set-shifting and overall impairment scores; the childhood attention deficit disorder behaviors component of the childhood behavior disorders composite predicted lower verbal performance. For nonalcoholics, childhood attention disorder behaviors predicted verbal, visuospatial, set-shifting, and overall impairment scores. Results for men and women were generally consistent with overall group analyses. The results have implications for cognitive assessment in alcoholic and nonalcoholic persons.

Behavioral disinhibition and the development of substance-use disorders: findings from the Minnesota Twin Family Study.

One variant of substance-use disorder is characterized by behavioral disinhibition. In this report, we martial evidence for a model for the development of this variant. We hypothesize that genetic liability for this variant is reflected in a spectrum of risk indicators linked to the inability or unwillingness to inhibit behavioral impulses. Included in this spectrum are personality traits suggesting low constraint, and externalizing psychopathology, including conduct, oppositional defiant, and attention-deficit disorder in children and antisocial personality disorder and behavior in adults. We further hypothesize that these individual differences in behavioral disinhibition are manifestations of underlying central nervous system processes associated with various psychophysiological anomalies, some of which may index genetic risk for substance abuse. Support for the model is derived from the analysis of findings from the Minnesota Twin Family Study, an epidemiological investigation of approximately 2,700 adolescent twins and their parents.

Transdermal iontophoretic delivery of methylphenidate HCl in vitro

Methylphenidate is prescribed orally for Attention Deficit Disorder in children and adults, and for narcolepsy patients. Methylphenidate has a short plasma half-life (1–2 h) and thus needs to be frequently administered for effective therapy. Such therapy has limitations in terms of patient compliance, particularly in young children. For such reasons, the development of a transdermal dosage form of methylphenidate may be useful. This study was undertaken to evaluate the passive and electrically assisted transport (iontophoresis) of methylphenidate from aqueous methylphenidate hydrochloride solutions across excised human skin. A maximum flux of 12.0 μg/(cm 2 h) of protonated methylphenidate was estimated from the passive transport data at pH 3.5. Iontophoresis significantly enhanced protonated methylphenidate transport as compared with passive delivery. From the present experiments, the efficiency of iontophoretic delivery of methylphenidate was approximately 700 μg/(mA h). Based on in vitro skin flux data, the daily dose of 15–40 mg methylphenidate can be achieved using a current density of 0.5 mA/cm 2 and a minimum transport area of 2–5 cm 2 for 24-h application, or an area of 4–10 cm 2 for 12-h (daytime) application. From methylphenidate skin flux values, methylphenidate mobility of 2.2×10 −4 cm 2/(V s) was estimated, which compares reasonably with its free solution mobility of 6.6×10 −4 cm 2/(V s).

THE ROLE OF INTELLIGENCE AND HYPERACTIVITY IN DIAGNOSIS OF ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Article THE ROLE OF INTELLIGENCE AND HYPERACTIVITY IN DIAGNOSIS OF ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS was published on July 1, 1997 in the journal International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health (volume 9, issue 3).

P-6-1 - Behavioural & cognitive effects of stimulant & non stimulant drugs in childhood attention deficit disorder

P-6-1 - Behavioural & cognitive effects of stimulant & non stimulant drugs in childhood attention deficit disorder

Attention Deficit Disorder in Children

A clinic-referred population of 116 children with attentional problems was classified by DSM-III [attention deficit disorder (ADD)] with respect to inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. The sample proved to subdivide into three groups: inattentive, impulsive, and hyperactive (HII), n = 60; inattentive and impulsive (II), n = 26; and inattentive (I), n = 30. The distinction between II and I resolves the confounding of impulsivity and inattention in previous studies of children who have ADD but are not hyperactive. The three groups were found to be similar in mean age, gender ratio, prevalence, and pattern of associated learning disabilities, family history of psychopathology, and probability of favorable response to methylphenidate. Group I differed from Groups HII and II in the frequency of externalizing relative to internalizing comorbid psychopathology. A group that is hyperactive and impulsive but not inattentive was not found. The preponderance of similarities in associated characteristics suggests that the three groups are differing clinical presentations of an ADD spectrum.

Critical issues in the assessment of attention deficit disorders in children

A great deal of research has been directed toward understanding the general principles that govern attention. More specifically, research has sought to define the multidimensional nature of attention, the neuroanatomical system responsible for attention, and the ways in which attention can be operationally defined and measured. In addition to these investigations on attention in general, there is a large body of literature examining attention in children and in particular children who have deficits in this area. The purpose of this article is to summarize the extant literature on attention deficit disorders both with and without hyperactivity, the current diagnostic criteria, its prevalence, developmental course, and proposed etiologies. With that as a background, a conceptual framework for designing a comprehensive assessment battery is presented with specific attention to the relationship between attentional deficits and language disorders in both etiology and assessment.

History and significance of childhood attention deficit disorder in treatment-seeking cocaine abusers

Thirty-five percent of 298 treatment-seeking cocaine abusers met DSM-III-R criteria for childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Subjects with childhood ADHD were likely to be male (78%), meet Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for conduct disorder (93%) and antisocial personality disorder (47%), and report a history of conduct disorder in first-degree relatives. With respect to those without the disorder and regardless of co-occurrence with sociopathy, cocaine abusers with childhood ADHD were younger at presentation for treatment and reported more severe substance use, earlier onset of cocaine abuse, more frequent and intense cocaine use, intranasal rather than freebase or intravenous use of cocaine, higher rates of alcoholism, and more previous treatment. This pattern of cocaine use is consistent with clinical descriptions of self-medication of residual symptoms of ADHD in cocaine abusers. Data from this study suggest that there may be more cocaine abusers with a history of ADHD than previously recognized in clinical samples of cocaine users, and that these individuals may differ in clinically meaningful ways from those without childhood ADHD. Moreover, the poorer outcome of subjects with ADHD in this sample underlines the importance of identifying and treating residual symptoms of ADHD in cocaine abusers.

Allergic disorders and attention deficit disorder in children

It has been suggested that children with attention deficit disorder-hyperactivity (ADDH) are likely to show allergic disorders, and that both ADDH and allergic disorders may share a common biological background. In a large sample of children from the general population we found no association between parent, teacher, and self-reports of ADDH behaviors and a history of allergic disorders (asthma, eczema, rhinitis, and urticaria) at ages 9 or 13 years. Similarly, reports of ADDH behaviors at age 13 years were not related to level of atopic responsiveness by skin test or serum IgE levels. Our findings call into question the hypothesis that there is a relationship between ADDH and allergic disorder.

Attention deficit disorder in children: Three clinical variants

Attention deficit disorder in children: Three clinical variants

Short-Term Follow-up of Child Psychiatric Hospitalization: Clinical Description, Predictors, and Correlates

Short-term outcomes were evaluated for 65 children who were followed for 2, 4, or 6 months after psychiatric hospitalization. Child (e.g., aggression), parent (e.g., depression), family dysfunction (caretaker inconsistencies), and the modalities of treatment (e.g., point system) are described. Analyses of variance revealed no effects of follow-up interval or length of stay. A regression analysis revealed that low improvement was predicted by child attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity and depressive symptoms, older age, neurological dysfunction, and history of physical abuse. High improvement compared with low improvement children had a more successful adjustment in several critical roles and exhibited fewer individual problem behaviors.

Managing Attention Deficit Disorders in Children: A Guide for Practitioners

Managing Attention Deficit Disorders in Children: A Guide for Practitioners

Diagnosis and management of attention deficit disorder in children

In this review, attention deficit disorder is defined, and an approach to assessment is illustrated. The cooccurrence of learning disabilities and oppositional and conduct disorders is then examined. Diagnostic criteria and the interrelationship and distinction between attention deficit disorder and oppositional conduct disorders are discussed. A multimodal treatment approach is recommended. The use of pharmacotherapy, specifically stimulants and tricyclic antidepressants, is reviewed, highlighting issues relating to efficacy and side effects. The authors emphasize the necessity of clinical monitoring of side effects and of attention deficit disorder symptomatology during treatment.

History of Childhood Behavior Problems in Biological Relatives of Boys With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Conduct Disorder

Assessed the history of childhood behavior problems in the biological relatives of 177 outpatient boys aged 7 to 12 years with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or conduct disorder (CD). The mothers, fathers, and other biological relatives of children with ADHD were significantly more likely to have a history of childhood ADHD but not problems of antisocial behavior or substance use in childhood Attention deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity was similarly associated with a family history of ADHD. In contrast, fathers of children with CD were more likely to have a childhood history of either CD or substance abuse, although these results did not remain significant with the effects of race and socioeconomic status controlled. These results provide further support for the independence of ADHD and CD as clinical syndromes, in spite of their high degree of comorbidity.

Attention Deficit Disorders in Children and Adolescents

Children and adolescents who present with inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity constitute a large portion of the behavior problems seen in pediatric patients. Attention deficit disorders are associated with various other childhood conditions that need to be investigated systematically. Multimodality treatment includes psychoeducational counseling, pharmacotherapy, behavior management, school interventions, family therapy, and social skills training. This article summarizes recent scientific and clinical research into this complex biopsychosocial disorder and presents a comprehensive guide to its evaluation and management.

The specificity of the effects of stimulant medication on classroom learning-related measures of cognitive processing for Attention Deficit Disorder children

There appear to be beneficial effects of stimulant medication on daily classroom measures of cognitive functioning for Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) children, but the specificity and origin of such effects is unclear. Consistent with previous results, 0.3 mg/kg methylphenidate improved ADD children's performance on a classroom reading comprehension measure. Using the Posner letting-matching task and four additional measures of phonological processing, we attempted to isolate the effects of methylphenidate to parameter estimates of (a) selective attention, (b) the basic cognitive process of retrieving name codes from permanent memory, and (c) a constant term that represented nonspecific aspects of information processing. Responses to the letter-matching stimuli were faster and more accurate with medication compared to placebo. The improvement in performance was isolated to the parameter estimate that reflected nonspecific aspects of information processing. A lack of medication effect on the other measures of phonological processing supported the Posner task findings in indicating that methylphenidate appears to exert beneficial effects on academic processing through general rather than specific aspects of information processing.