Attention Deficit And Hyperactivity Disorder Research Articles

Lévy Flight Model of Gaze Trajectories to Assist in ADHD Diagnoses

The precise mathematical description of gaze patterns remains a topic of ongoing debate, impacting the practical analysis of eye-tracking data. In this context, we present evidence supporting the appropriateness of a Lévy flight description for eye-gaze trajectories, emphasizing its beneficial scale-invariant properties. Our study focuses on utilizing these properties to aid in diagnosing Attention-Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children, in conjunction with standard cognitive tests. Using this method, we found that the distribution of the characteristic exponent of Lévy flights statistically is different in children with ADHD. Furthermore, we observed that these children deviate from a strategy that is considered optimal for searching processes, in contrast to non-ADHD children. We focused on the case where both eye-tracking data and data from a cognitive test are present and show that the study of gaze patterns in children with ADHD can help in identifying this condition. Since eye-tracking data can be gathered during cognitive tests without needing extra time-consuming specific tasks, we argue that it is in a prime position to provide assistance in the arduous task of diagnosing ADHD.

Implementation of Stimulation, Early Detection, and Intervention Programs for Monitoring the Growth and Development of Children Aged 2-3 Years

Starting from growth that supports development, in the end growth and development go hand in hand. An important period in a child's growth and development begins in infancy because basic growth is what will influence and determine the child's subsequent development. The aim of this research is to detect deviations in the development of early childhood children aged 2-3 years at the ECCE Rahmah El Yunusiyyah Padang Panjang through the Stimulation, Detection and Early Intervention of Child Growth and Development (SDICGD) instruments in the Android feature. This research was conducted using a cross-sectional approach. Participants in this study were 26 children aged 2-3 years using a consecutive sampling technique of 10 children whose growth and development were monitored using the SDICGD android application. The results of this study showed that several partisipants experienced malnutrition, one partisipant out of nine normal partisipants. The Developmental Pre-Screening Questionnaire (DPSQ) instrument of the ten child participants contained nine children (90%) who were according to the developmental stage aged 24-36 months, and one child was not according to the developmental stage. The results of the Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) test showed that three children (60%) were normal, and two children (40%) were hyperactive. Early detection of children's growth and development must be carried out regularly every month, and according to the child's age. For further research, it is hoped that early detection will also be carried out on the development of children's mental health, not just growth and development which is common and widely researched. Schools and parents must play an active role in children's growth and development so that no developmental stages are missed, and children grow and develop according to their age. Keywords: simulation, detection, early intervention, child growth and development, development of children aged 2-3 years

Raman Spectra of Blood Serum as Holistic Biomarker for Differential Auxiliary Diagnoses of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Adults

Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental condition, impacting approximately 10% of children globally. A significant proportion, around 30–50%, of those diagnosed during childhood continue to manifest ADHD symptoms into adulthood, with 2–5% of adults experiencing the condition. The existing diagnostic framework for ADHD relies on clinical assessments and interviews conducted by healthcare professionals. This diagnostic process is complicated by the disorder’s overlap in symptoms and frequent comorbidities with other neurodevelopmental conditions, particularly bipolar disorder during its manic phase, adding complexity to achieving accurate and timely diagnoses. Despite extensive efforts to identify reliable biomarkers that could enhance the clinical diagnosis, this objective remains elusive. In this study, Raman spectroscopy, combined with multivariate statistical methods, was employed to construct a model based on the analysis of blood serum samples. The developed partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model demonstrated an ability to differentiate between individuals with ADHD, healthy individuals, and those diagnosed with bipolar disorder in the manic phase, with a total accuracy of 97.4%. The innovative approach in this model involves utilizing the entire Raman spectrum, within the 450–1720 cm−1 range, as a comprehensive representation of the biochemical blood serum setting, thus serving as a holistic spectroscopic biomarker. This method circumvents the necessity to pinpoint specific chemical substances associated with the disorders, eliminating the reliance on specific molecular biomarkers. Moreover, the developed model relies on a sensitive and reliable technique that is cost-effective and rapid, presenting itself as a promising complementary diagnostic tool for clinical settings. The potential for Raman spectroscopy to contribute to the diagnostic process suggests a step forward in addressing the challenges associated with accurately identifying and distinguishing ADHD from other related conditions.

RASopathies influences on neuroanatomical variation in children.

BackgroundRASopathies are a group of disorders characterized by pathogenic mutations in the Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase (Ras/MAPK) signaling pathway. Distinct pathogenic variants in genes encoding proteins in the Ras/MAPK pathway cause Noonan syndrome (NS) and neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), which are associated with increased risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). MethodsThis study examines the effect RASopathies (NS and NF1) has on human neuroanatomy, specifically on surface area (SA), cortical thickness (CT), and subcortical volumes. We compared structural T1-weighted images, using vertex-based analysis for cortical measures and Desikan ROI parcellation for subcortical volumes on children with RASopathies (n=91, mean age = 8.81, SD = 2.12) to sex- and age-matched TD (n=74, mean age=9.07, SD = 1.77). ResultsCompared to TD, RASopathies had convergent effects on SA and CT, exhibiting increased SA in the precentral gyrus, decreased SA in occipital regions, and thinner CT in the precentral gyrus. RASopathies exhibit divergent effects on subcortical volumes, with syndrome-specific influences from NS and NF1. Overall children with NS display decreased volumes in striatal and thalamic structures and children with NF1 display increased volumes in the hippocampus, amygdala, and thalamus. ConclusionsOur study reveals the converging and diverging neuroanatomical effects of RASopathies on human neurodevelopment. The convergence of cortical effects on SA and CT indicates a shared influence of Ras/MAPK hyperactivation on the human brain. Therefore, considering these measures as objective outcome indicators for targeted treatments is imperative.

Long-term low-dose lamotrigine for paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia: a two-year investigation of cognitive function in children.

While low-dose lamotrigine has shown effectiveness in managing paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) in pediatric populations, the cognitive consequences of extended use are yet to be fully elucidated. This study seeks to assess the evolution of cognitive functions and the amelioration of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms following a two-year lamotrigine treatment in children. This investigation employed an open-label, uncontrolled trial design. Between January 2008 and December 2021, thirty-one participants, ranging in age from 6.5 to 14.1 years, were enrolled upon receiving a new diagnosis of PKD, as defined by the clinical diagnostic criteria set by Bruno in 2004. Comprehensive evaluation of PRRT2 variants and 16p11.2 microdeletion was achieved using whole-exome sequencing (WES) and bioinformatics analysis of copy number variant (CNV) for all subjects. Immediately after diagnosis, participants commenced treatment with low-dose lamotrigine. Cognitive function was assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Chinese Revised (WISC-CR) at baseline and after 2 years, with ADHD diagnoses and symptom severity simultaneously assessed by experts in accordance with the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for ADHD and the ADHD Rating Scale-IV (ADHD-RS-IV). Initially, twelve out of 31 patients (38.7%) presented with comorbid ADHD. The latency to treatment initiation was notably longer in PKD patients with ADHD (30.75 ± 12.88 months) than in those without ADHD (11.66 ± 9.08 months), t = 4.856, p<0.001. Notably, patients with a latency exceeding 2 years exhibited a heightened risk for comorbid ADHD (OR = 4.671, P=0.015) in comparison to those with shorter latency. Out of the cohort, twenty-five patients saw the clinical trial to its completion. These individuals demonstrated a marked elevation in WISC-CR scores at the 2-year mark relative to the outset across FSIQ (baseline mean: 108.72 ± 10.45 vs 24 months: 110.56 ± 10.03, p=0.001), VIQ (baseline mean: 109.44 ± 11.15 vs 24 months: 110.80 ± 10.44, p=0.028), and PIQ domains (baseline mean: 106.52 ± 9.74 vs 24 months: 108.24 ± 9.38, p=0.012). Concurrently, a substantial mitigation was observed in ADHD inattention at 2 years compared to baseline (p<0.001), with an average total subscale scores decrement from 9.04 ± 4.99 to 6.24 ± 4.05. Prolonged duration of untreated PKD in children may elevate the risk of ADHD comorbidity. Notably, following a 2-year lamotrigine regimen, enhancements were observed in both cognitive test outcomes and ADHD symptomatology.

The effect of cognitive training on children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis

Objective This document is a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that evaluated the effect of cognitive training interventions on attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase from the inception of each database to April 28, 2022. Data were analyzed using Stata 15 software. The risk of bias assessment was conducted using five domains from the Cochrane Collaborations tool. Results A total of 10 studies with 446 children with ADHD were included. The results showed that cognitive training was effective in improving attention symptoms [SMD= −0.78 (95% CI: −1.46, −0.1)] and executive function [SMD = −0.3 (95% CI: −0.56, −0.05)] in children with ADHD compared to controls. No significant difference in the degree of improvement in hyperactivity/impulsivity with cognitive training compared to the control group [SMD = −0.65 (95% CI: −1.35, 0.05)]. In addition, subgroup analyses also found that cognitive training significantly improved attention in children with ADHD <10 years of age [SMD = −1.3 (95% CI: −2.58, −0.02)] and children with ADHD with length of training >30 days [SMD = −0.94 (95% CI: −1.81, −0.07)] compared to controls. Conclusion This meta-analysis found that the beneficial effects of cognitive training on attention (particularly for children with ADHD <10 years old and >30 days of training) and executive function in children with ADHD, but not on hyperactivity/impulsivity.

Deep Factor Learning for Accurate Brain Neuroimaging Data Analysis on Discrimination for Structural MRI and Functional MRI.

Analysis of neuroimaging data (e.g., Magnetic Resonance Imaging, structural and functional MRI) plays an important role in monitoring brain dynamics and probing brain structures. Neuroimaging data are multi-featured and non-linear by nature, and it is a natural way to organise these data as tensors prior to performing automated analyses such as discrimination of neurological disorders like Parkinson's Disease (PD) and Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). However, the existing approaches are often subject to performance bottlenecks (e.g., conventional feature extraction and deep learning based feature construction), as these can lose the structural information that correlates multiple data dimensions or/and demands excessive empirical and application-specific settings. This study proposes a Deep Factor Learning model on a Hilbert Basis tensor (namely, HB-DFL) to automatically derive latent low-dimensional and concise factors of tensors. This is achieved through the application of multiple Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) in a non-linear manner along all possible dimensions with no assumed a priori knowledge. HB-DFL leverages the Hilbert basis tensor to enhance the stability of the solution by regularizing the core tensor to allow any component in a certain domain to interact with any component in the other dimensions. The final multi-domain features are handled through another multi-branch CNN to achieve reliable classification, exemplified here using MRI discrimination as a typical case. A case study of MRI discrimination has been performed on public MRI datasets for discrimination of PD and ADHD. Results indicate that 1) HB-DFL outperforms the counterparts in terms of FIT, mSIR and stability (mSC and umSC) of factor learning; 2) HB-DFL identifies PD and ADHD with an accuracy significantly higher than state-of-the-art methods do. Overall, HB-DFL has significant potentials for neuroimaging data analysis applications with its stability of automatic construction of structural features.

Developing Productive Thinking Skills in the field of Artistic Works using the SCAMPER Strategy for Twice Exceptional Students

This study investigates whether the SCAMPER technique is an appropriate tool to develop productive thinking skills related to artistic works among gifted students in general and students with Twice Exceptionality (2e) in particular. The current study aims to verify the effectiveness of the SCAMPER technique for the aforementioned purpose. The sample consisted of 35 2e students aged 8-12 from Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. A quasi-experimental approach was used, and the study sample was divided into three experimental groups. The first experimental group included nine gifted students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD); the second group consisted of 15 gifted students with learning disabilities (LD); and the third group included 11 gifted students with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The researchers developed a measure of productive thinking skills related to artistic works (PTSRAW) and a training program based on the SCAMPER technique. The statistical methods that have been used were the Wilcoson and the Kruskal-Walls tests. The findings of the study consisted of differences between the mean ranks of the three study groups on the post-test of the PTSRAW test in favor of gifted students with LD, followed by gifted students with ADHD, followed by gifted students with ASD. The authors suggest more studies to enhance understanding of the benefits of this method and its use in various disciplines of education and arts.

Past-Year Mental Illness Diagnosis and E-cigarette Use Status Among a College-Aged Sample: Findings From the National College Health Assessment (2017-2019).

To examine associations between past-year mental illness (MI) diagnoses and e-cigarette use status. Data were obtained from the National College Health Assessment, a nationally recognized cross-sectional survey of university students. Participants were recruited from 2-year and 4-year public and private universities across the United States from 2017-2019. The analytic sample included 277291 university students. Self-reported past-year MI diagnosis, binarily coded, served as the primary predictor. The outcome was e-cigarette use status (never, noncurrent, and current user). Multinomial logistic regression models were used to estimate relative risk ratios (RRR) of e-cigarette use, as predicted by past-year MI diagnoses, age, race/ethnicity, sex and gender, sexual identity, geographic region, and other combustible tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use. Compared to those who had never received any MI diagnosis in the past year, those who did had a 16% higher relative risk (RRR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.20) of being a noncurrent e-cigarette user and a 33% higher relative risk (RRR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.28, 1.38) of being a current e-cigarette user. Schizophrenia, substance use or addiction, bipolar disorder, and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnoses demonstrated the strongest associations with noncurrent and current e-cigarette use. Results suggest the need to screen young adults for e-cigarette use and mental health indicators to facilitate early detection and timely intervention for at-risk university students.

Learning Process of Parents with Children of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Reception

Ideally, every parent wants a child who is physically and psychologically healthy. However, the reality on the ground shows that there are children who are born or grow up in abnormal conditions and require special attention. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder that is related to a person's neurology. Out of school education is a realm of education that intersects with several elements, one of which is parents. Thus, this research refers to the learning process of parents with children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (GPPH) in self-acceptance and learning. The research that will be carried out uses qualitative research methods with a case study approach and aims to describe the social problems faced, the learning process in acceptance, and learning resources for parents in the @temanadhd parent community. Based on the research that has been conducted, it can be seen that parents experience social problems related to their children's conditions. Parents overcome this problem by joining and learning in the @temanadhd community which acts as a forum for facilitating parents' learning. The learning processes and resources used by parents are information from various sources, training and seminars on parenting and self-acceptance.

Impulsivity and attention deficit-hyperactivity symptoms among patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a case-control study

ABSTRACT Background and objectives Multiple sclerosis(MS) is a progressive, autoimmune, neurodegenerative disease.Studies have suggested that autoimmune diseases play a role in the pathogenesis of Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder(ADHD).We aim to evaluate ADHD symptoms among patients with RRMS(pwRRMS). Methods The study included 48 RRMS patients and 54 healthy controls. ADHD symptoms were assessed by self-report questionnaires and performance tests.Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Turgay’s Turkish version of Adult-ADD/ADHD (A-ADHD), Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS-11), and World Health Organization Quality of Life-Short Form (WHOQoL-Bref) were completed by the participants.Stroop Colour and Word Interference Test – TBAG Form (SCWT); was used for assessing cognitive function by a trained psychiatrist. Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) were used to evaluate by pwRRMS. Results PwRRMS had significantly higher attention-deficit scores and poor performance in all SCWT subtests.All SCWT scores were positively correlated with MS duration.A-ADHD-Total scores were negatively correlated with the age of MS diagnosis.A moderate positive correlation was found between falls and A-ADHD-total scores, and psychomotor speed.A moderate negative correlation was found between WHOQoL-Bref scores and BID, FSS, ADHD-Attention Deficit, SCWT-3, SCWT-5, and SCWT-interference.In multivariate linear regression analyzes, attention-deficit predicted EDSS positively, while depressive symptoms, attention-deficit, and psychomotor speed time were negative predictors of physical health quality. Conclusions In pwRRMS, cognitive dysfunctions such as response inhibition and intervention control, which are symptoms of attention deficit and impulsivity, have been shown to reduce the overall QoL. Among the strategies to reduce the impact of RRMS disease on patients’ lives, it is essential to implement programs to prevent depression and increase cognitive reserve.

Does attention deficit hyperactivity disorder worsen family functioning and parenting styles? A case control study

Objective A bidirectional relationship between family functioning and parenting styles and Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is proposed. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of ADHD symptoms on parenting styles and the general functionality of the family as well as symptoms of depression and anxiety. Methods 73 children with ADHD (56%) and 56 controls (43%) (a total of 129 participants, 31% female, 69% male) with a mean age of 11.3 (7–17, n: 129) were included in the study, which was conducted in Gaziantep University Hospital Child Psychiatry Department in 2022. The participants completed psychometric scales. Results Parents of children with ADHD showed higher positive parenting scores than the control group (p < 0.05). Inconsistent discipline scores were substantially higher in the ADHD combined subtype (14.38 ± 5.2) than in the attention deficit dominant group (17.59 ± 3.96) In addition, a strong correlation was found between familial functionality scores and ADHD severity in the ADHD attention deficit dominant subtype (r:0.601; p:0.027) and as ADHD severity increased, family functionality decreased. Conclusions This study shows that parents of children with ADHD have different parenting styles and ADHD affects the overall functionality of the family in the Turkish sample.

Relationship between hair cortisol concentrations and cognitive functioning in adolescents with ADHD

ABSTRACT Background: Our study aimed to explore whether the hair cortisol concentration (HCC), a measure of long-term cortisol output, is associated with poorer cognitive functioning in adolescents with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We further aimed to test the potential moderating effects of sex and childhood maltreatment. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, fifty-three adolescents with ADHD were studied. The ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS) and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) were administered. Seven cognitive tasks from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) were administered, and two cognitive factors (attention and memory and executive functioning) were identified by confirmatory factor analysis. A 3-cm hair sample from the posterior vertex region of the head was obtained. HCCs were determined by a high-sensitivity enzyme immunoassay kit. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to explore the association between HCCs and either cognitive performance or ADHD severity while adjusting for sex, childhood maltreatment and the ADHD-RS total score. Results: Sex moderated the relationship between HCCs and attention/memory confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) scores, with better performance in boys with higher HCCs. HCCs were not associated with executive functioning or ADHD symptoms. Childhood maltreatment was associated with inattention symptoms in adolescents with ADHD. Conclusions: Our study suggests that HCCs are positively associated with attention and memory performance in adolescents with ADHD, with a moderating effect of sex (the relationship is strongest in boys).

A new mechanistic insight into the association between environmental perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) exposure and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-like behavior

Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) is one of the main residual environmental pollutants that threaten human health. PFOS exposure is positively correlated with the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); however, the underlying mechanism is unknown. Given that dopamine (DA) is a crucial target for PFOS and that its dysfunction is a key role in ADHD development, it is speculated that PFOS exposure contributes to the occurrence of ADHD to some extent by disrupting DA homeostasis. To establish the relationship between PFOS exposure, DA dysfunction, and ADHD-like behavior, adult zebrafish were exposed to PFOS for 21 days using PFOS concentrations in the serum of patients with ADHD as the reference exposure dose. Results showed that PFOS caused ADHD-like behaviors, with the presence of the slightly elevated percentage of time spent in movement and prolonged time spent in reaching the target zone in the T-maze. Hyperactivity and cognitive ability impairment were more severe with increasing PFOS concentrations. Further investigation showed that PFOS exposure resulted in a decrease in the DA content, accompanied by a decrease in the number of dopaminergic neurons and a disturbance in the transcription profiles of genes associated with the dopaminergic system. Treatment with Ritalin effectively alleviated PFOS-induced ADHD-like behavior and restored DA levels, number of dopaminergic neurons, and expression of DA metabolism-related genes, suggesting that PFOS exposure induced ADHD-like behavior by triggering DA secretion disorder. This study enriches our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying ADHD development and emphasizes the importance of focusing on the health risks pertaining to environmental exposure.

Clinical and genetic analysis of a child with maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 20

To explore the clinical and genetic characteristics of a boy with isolated maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 20 [UPD(20)mat]. A child who was admitted to the Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology on April 8,2021. was selected as the study subject. Phenotypic and endocrinological findings of the child were retrospectively analyzed. Whole exome sequencing (WES) and methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MS-MLPA) were carried out for detecting the UPD sequences and copy number variations. Both of his parents were verified by Sanger sequencing. Relevant literature was systematically reviewed. The child, a 3-year-and-8-month-old boy born to a 41-year-old mother by Cesarean delivery at 36+2 gestational weeks due to oligohydramia, had a birth weight of 2 300 g and length of 46 cm. He was admitted to the NICU for feeding difficulties which had persisted despite of clinical management. At the age of 3.75, he had a height of 92.5 cm (< 3rd percentile; 25th ~ 50th percentile at 2.5 years) and a weight of 10.8 kg (< 3rd percentile; 50th percentile at 15 months). He had also presented with growth retardation, short stature, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), mild mental retardation, and speech and language development disorders. He had simian creases in both hands but no additional dysmorphic signs, and his motor development was normal. Serum insulin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and insulin growth factor binding protein 3 levels were within the normal ranges, though insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) was slightly decreased. Since that time he had continuously used atomoxetine hydrochloride capsules to control his ADHD. WES and MS-MLPA revealed the existence of UPD (20)mat. The UPD(20)mat syndrome is characterized by feeding difficulties, growth retardation and short stature. The child in our case has been accompanied by ADHD and speech and language development disorders, which required long-term treatment. For women with advanced maternal age and suggestive phenotypes, genetic testing and counseling should be conducted.

Causal relationship between ADHD and frozen shoulder: Two-sample Mendelian randomization.

To investigate the causal relationship between attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and frozen shoulder using Mendelian randomization (MR). Data were pooled from large-scale genome wide association studies, and genetic loci that were independent of each other and associated with ADHD and frozen shoulder in people of European ancestry were selected as instrumental variables. Three MR analyses, inverse variance weighting, weighted median and MR-Egger, were used to investigate the causal relationship between ADHD and frozen shoulder. Heterogeneity and multiplicity tests were used, and sensitivity analyses were performed using the "leave-one-out" method to explore the robustness of the results. The inverse variance weighting results showed an OR (95 % CI) of 1.12 (1.00-1.25), P = .046, indicating a causal relationship between ADHD and frozen shoulder. And no heterogeneity and multiplicity were found by the test and sensitivity analysis also showed robust results. The present study used a two-sample MR analysis, and by analyzing and exploring the genetic data, the study showed that ADHD is a risk factor for developing frozen shoulder, and patients with ADHD are more likely to suffer from frozen shoulder.

Relationship types of parenting styles in providing smartphone with the risk of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in preschool children

Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a childhood disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, particularly in children under seven years old. Addiction to electronic media, such as smartphones, is one of the causes. The way parents provide smartphones to their children can have an effect on the impact of smartphone use. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of parenting styles and the risk of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in preschool children. This study employs an observational analytic methodology with a cross-sectional approach. The data was analyzed using univariate and bivariate methods, as well as the chi-square test. Conforming to the results, democratic parenting was the most common kind of parenting in children who did not have ADHD, with 38 respondents (92.7%), and authoritarian parenting was the least common, with 17 respondents (89.5%). Meanwhile, for children at risk of ADHD democratic parenting is the most common parenting style, with 3 respondents (7.3%), while authoritarian parenting is the least common, with 2 respondents (10.5%). The chi-square correlation test revealed no connection between the styles of parenting in providing smartphones and the risk of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in preschool children (p-value 0.676 &gt; 0.05). The appropriate parenting style in handing smartphones to children from both parents and the closest people is very significant because it is related to the bad influence that children gain from using smartphones.

Effects of child abuse and neglect on executive functions among children diagnosed with learning disabilities or attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder

BackgroundStudying cognitive deficits due to abuse and neglect in vulnerable children with neurodevelopmental disorders can fuel the battle to save them. We aimed to assess effects of child abuse and neglect on executive functions (EF) among children diagnosed with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and specific learning disorders (SLD). Three hundred forty drug-naive children were divided into four groups according to their diagnosis. They have all been through history taking, clinical interview, assessment of exposure to abuse or neglect, Barkley Deficit in Executive Functioning Scale-Children and Adolescents (BDEFS-CA), and Conners and intelligence quotient (IQ) test.ResultsChildren with ADHD or SLD were significantly exposed to abuse and neglect showing significant executive dysfunctions. The mostly affected domains with abuse among ADHD were emotion regulation with effect size (ES): 0.576, self-restraint ES: 0.38 and self-motivation ES: 0.256, abuse was significantly associated with lower social class 63.6% ES: 0.377 while neglect was significantly associated with parents’ marital status of being divorced 92% ES: 0.621. Abuse and neglect were significantly associated with emotion regulation executive dysfunction with OR 23.5 and 22.8 respectively.ConclusionExecutive dysfunctions are significantly related to exposure to abuse and neglect. The most affected domains were emotion regulation and self-restraint executive functions. Also, we concluded that prevalence of abuse and neglect to be significantly higher in lower social class than average and higher classes and in divorced parents than married ones. Health education and early intervention programs should be directed more specifically to the more vulnerable children diagnosed with neurodevelopmental disorders and of lower social class or of divorced parents.

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children is related to maternal screen time during early childhood in Taiwan: a national prospective cohort study

BackgroundIt is unclear to familial screen time in early childhood is associated with the subsequent diagnosis of attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Our study is to evaluate the association between screen time during early childhood in families and the incidence of ADHD.MethodsWe conducted a population-based birth cohort study by using the Taiwan Birth Cohort Study, which recruited 24 200 mother–child pairs when children were 6 months old. Screen time exposure for children and parents were collected at the age of 18 and 36 months. Whether the child has ever been diagnosed with ADHD was determined at a follow-up interview at age 8. Factors including socioeconomic factors and screen time were analyzed using logistic regression to determine their association with the rate of ADHD.ResultsA total of 16 651 term singletons were included in the final analysis. Of them, 382 (2.3%) were diagnosed as having ADHD before the age of 8 years. No significant relationship between children’s or fathers’ screen time and ADHD was noted. When compared to children whose mothers spent less time on screens, those whose mothers spent more than 3 h a day on screens when the child was 3 years old exhibited a higher incidence of ADHD (adjusted OR [aOR]: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.03–1.66).ConclusionHigher maternal screen time when the child was 3 years old was associated with an increased incidence of ADHD in this population-based study. However, children’s screen time did not find related to ADHD. We found that it was the mother’s screen time, who typically serves as the primary caregiver in our study participants, not the child’s, that mattered. In addition to superficial screen use time, future research is needed to replicate the findings and clarify mechanisms underlying this association.

Emotion Recognition in Children and Adolescents with ASD and ADHD: a Systematic Review

AbstractChildren and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show difficulties in recognizing emotions. Similarities and differences between these two clinical groups’ emotion recognition (ER) have been little explored. This systematic review aims to summarize the results of comparative studies that included samples of cases with ASD and ADHD. A systematic search was conducted following PRISMA guidelines, and 24 papers were included. Behavioral, brain-based, and eye-tracking studies were considered, paying particular attention to the different methods used and to the characteristics of the study groups, such as cognitive factors, age-related differences, and comorbidities. This review provides some insight on the complex process of ER in ASD and ADHD, highlighting important directions for future research.