Time Of Attack Research Articles

DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES TO ENSURE ANTI-TERRORIST SECURITY OF SOCIALLY SIGNIFICANT FACILITIES

A new software package ‒ electronic testing ground ‒ designed to increase the anti-terrorist protection of socially significant objects is presented. The complex supports mathematical modeling of antagonistic conflict between the offender and risk recipients in the context of a terrorist attack. The complex is based on the author’s methodology for increasing security, based on countering a terrorist attack through the controlled movement of human flows (controlled evacuation) to security zones along safe trajectories. Active protection of risk recipients under attack conditions takes into account the capabilities of engineering and technical means of protection. Algorithms for modeling controlled movement are built on the conditions of minimizing damage to risk recipients in conditions of a terrorist attack. Active protection is advisable when the attack time horizon is about 10 minutes. The most important feature of the presented electronic test site is the design of movement trajectories of risk recipients in automatic mode, taking into account the dynamics of the development of a terrorist attack. A digital model of the protected object is built using the domestic BIM system Renga. To simulate the activity of the intruder and the movement of human flows in real time the building model is represented as a topological graph. Quantitative assessment of the level of terrorist security of each socially significant object is based on a comparison of the levels of threats and security. Correspondence between the level of security and the level of threats is decisive for identifying a set of objects whose protection system requires modernization. The software package is focused on solving practical problems. In particular, the distribution of limited resources allocated to improve anti-terrorist security. The practical orientation of the electronic training ground is demonstrated by the example of the distribution of funds for the modernization of the anti-terrorism security system for the buildings of an educational institution.

The 21-foot principle: Effects of age and sex on knife attack characteristics

IntroductionKnives are commonly-used weapons in criminal activities and interpersonal assaults worldwide. Injury reports have identified the upper body as the most frequent location of knife injuries, and that stabbing attacks are more fatal than slashing attacks. The first two aims of the study explore whether the type of attack and attack location could be predicted from age and sex group. The following aims compared attack times between sex and age groups and evaluated the influence of subject characteristics on attack duration. The exploratory aim surveyed subjects on attack location during the scenario if the target was not wearing body armor. MethodsA total of 74 subjects (male: n = 40; female: n = 34) participated. Subjects were video recorded during a 21-foot (ft) attack and participated in follow-up questions and completed a push-up test to determine physical strength. Attack time (AT), concealment location, attack type, and demographic information were correlated to age group and sex. ResultsMean AT from 21 ft was 2.40 ± 0.47 s, with the fastest of 1.75 s. The most commonly observed concealment location, attack type, and attack location on the target included the right hip (n = 62), stab (n = 62), and the chest (n = 28), respectively. After controlling for push-up ability (p < 0.05), no differences were reported between any combination of sex and age group in AT from 21 ft. Push-up ability was the sole significant predictor of AT from 21 ft (p < 0.05). Twenty-eight subjects reported they purposely avoided the body armor vest during the 21 ft attack. ConclusionLaw enforcement officers are encouraged to train for quick defensive or offensive responses, such as hand-to-knife combat or rapid firearm skills that can be performed in under 1.75 s. Stronger people were predicted to complete the 21 ft attack faster.

The Dynamics of Victory: Exploring the Movement Patterns of Female Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Athletes in Win-ning and Losing Combats through Time-Motion Analysis

In the quest to understand the dynamics of female Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) combats, this research delves into the world of winning and losing. By comparing time-motion analysis based on different outcomes, our objective was to unveil the movement patterns of victory. Our sample included 209 winning (W) versus 209 losing (L) female international BJJ combats, presenting a comprehensive picture of the combat landscape. Through time-motion analysis, we explored various BJJ combat phases, such as approach, gripping, transition, side control, mounting, attack, defense, low-intensity movement, and total time. The statistical results highlight significant differences between winners and losers in key aspects of the combats. Notably, side control (W= 47.7 [27.8; 96.5]s vs. L= 27.3 [20.3; 41.9]s), mount (W= 40.0 [16.6; 85.9]s vs. L= 15.9 [6.1; 25.6]s), attack (W= 50.1 [28.6; 86.7]s vs. L= 16.6 [7.7; 35.7]s), defense (W= 14.6 [6.6; 38.2]s vs. L= 38.8 [17.7; 77.0]s), and low-intensity movement (W= 55.9 [23.4; 132.2]s vs. L= 111.5 [58.7; 225.6]s) revealed differences between the winners and losers. The implications extend to sports psychology and judo training, providing knowledge for enhancing performance, optimizing training programs, and making strategic decisions during combat. Keywords: sports psychology, technical-tactical analysis, task performance and analysis, judo, martial arts.

TRAITEMENT DU PHOSPHATE NATUREL DE LA TAPOA (NIGER) PAR DES ACIDESMINERAUX ET ORGANIQUES

This study propose away for the development of hardly soluble natural phosphate. Thusitwascarried out, the dissolution of natural phosphate from Tapoa (Niger) in solutions of mineralacids (nitricacid and sulfuricacid) and in solutions of organicacids (citricacid and ethylene diamine tetraacetic EDTA) in function of pH and attack time. The resultsobtainedshowedthat the maximum rate of dissolvedphosphorus as a percentage of phosphoric anhydride (P2O5) is 14.08% and 15.99% respectively in solutions of nitricacid and sulfuricacid at the concentration of after 7 hours of attack. In organicacid solutions, the dissolution rate is 4.67% and 5.17% respectively in citricacid and EDTA solutions at the same concentration. In addition, the dissolution rate decreaseswhen the acid concentration decreaseswhileit tends to increasewith the attack duration regardless of the acid solution used (mineral or organic). Also, this dissolution rate isalmostzero in solutions of organicacidswhen the concentrationis.

امام ابو الحسن الماوردیؒ کے مصادرتفسیر اور منہج واسلوب : سورۃ النساءکا اختصاصی مطالعہ

"The chapter of An-Nisa (Women) in the Holy Quran is not limited to a single theme, but encompasses various subjects, including an important topic addressing the rights and responsibilities among relatives. It begins with a brief account of human history before elaborating on the rights and regulations pertaining to family ties and relationships. The exposition starts with a concise historical account of human origin, emphasizing that all humans are the offspring of Prophet Adam (peace be upon him). Hence, there exists a familial relationship among all humans. Whether the relationship is close or distant, there is a bond of kinship between individuals. The rights of relatives are discussed, including the guidelines concerning orphans. The responsibilities of the guardians of orphans are emphasized regarding their care and upbringing. Similarly, the rights of women are discussed, encompassing marriage, inheritance, and protocols to be observed during conflicts between co-wives and in the event of a husband's death, ensuring the rights of the widowed woman and other related matters.&#x0D; Furthermore, social issues affecting Muslims are discussed, such as financial matters, defense in times of enemy attack, establishment of justice, fulfillment of trust, and some basic rules regarding the prohibition of alcohol. Additionally, certain primary rules and regulations related to worship, specifically concerning prayer, cleanliness, and prayer during fear, are addressed. Alongside, there is a discussion about Jews, hypocrites, and some of their characteristics. Within these regulations, preaching and advice, encouragement for good deeds, caution against envy, and similar admonitions to refrain from evil actions are also highlighted.

Deep Learning-Based Analysis of Glottal Attack and Offset Times in Adductor Laryngeal Dystonia.

Diagnosis of adductor laryngeal dystonia (AdLD) is challenging as it mimics voice features of other voice disorders. This could lead to misdiagnosis (or delayed diagnosis) and ineffective treatments of AdLD. This paper develops automated measurements of glottal attack time (GAT) and glottal offset time (GOT) from high-speed videoendoscopy (HSV) in connected speech as objective measures that can potentially facilitate the diagnosis of this disorder in the future. HSV data were recorded from vocally normal adults and patients with AdLD during the reading of the "Rainbow Passage" and six CAPE-V (Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice) sentences. A deep learning framework was designed and trained to segment the glottal area and detect the vocal fold edges in the HSV dataset. This automated framework allowed us to automatically measure and quantify the GATs and GOTs for the participants. Accordingly, a comparison was held between the obtained measurements among vocally normal speakers and those with AdLD. The automated framework was successfully developed and able to accurately segment the glottal area/edges. The precise automated measurements of GAT and GOT revealed minor, nonsignificant differences compared to the results of manual analysis-showing a strong correlation between the measures by the automated and manual methods. The results showed significant differences in the GAT values between the vocally normal subjects and AdLD patients, with larger variability in both the GAT and GOT measures in the AdLD group. The developed automated approach for GAT and GOT measurement can be valuable in clinical practice. These quantitative measurements can be used as meaningful biomarkers of the impaired vocal function in AdLD and help its differential diagnosis in the future.

A Novel Simulation Approach for Fault Injection Mechanism Assessing Dependability of Cybersecurity Attacks

Clock attacks and power attacks are used as common means to inject faults in embedded devices. Critical analysis of the properties and the components engaged with these fault injection methods is of high importance to assess the related dangers and furthermore to enhance the process of designing suitable counter-measures. This paper provides critical analysis of induced faults on combinational and sequential circuits and study effects of various attacks (over-clock, under clock, power attack). While doing analysis, it was revealed that clock attacks i.e., under and over clock attacks have similarity index of (80–90%). Also it was found that power attacks have results similar (60–70%) to clock attacks but they cause propagation delay in circuits affecting the output. Cadence virtuoso 45 nm technology node, Keil and Multi-sim software’s were used to generate various attacks. The comparative analysis reveals that the attack timing and frequency of the glitch is the key while inducing fault injection attacks. While performing this work, it is observed the sequential circuits get less impacted by attacks comparing to combinational circuits. This research is conducted from an attacker’s perspective instead of mitigation perspective.

Gaming the system: how predators induce prey to make themselves more vulnerable

We describe a natural situation that supports predictions of theoretical scenarios in which predators tactically influence the food - safety trade-off faced by prey to increase their vulnerability. By using low-cost ‘false attacks’ or otherwise advertising their presence, predators force prey to spend time in refuges or in other forms of safety-enhancing behavior, during which foraging is impaired or impossible. Prey must compensate by taking extra risks at other times or places to meet their energy requirements, and as a consequence become easier to capture. We used data on the occurrence of over-ocean flocking (OOF) by Pacific dunlins (Calidris alpina pacifica), and on the timing and success of attacks by peregrines. OOF is a safe but energetically expensive alternative to traditional roosting, and largely replaced the latter in Boundary Bay of southwest British Columbia as the presence of wintering peregrines rose during the 1990s. Peregrines appear to use ‘false’ or ‘non-serious’ attacks to shift the occurrence of OOF to a tidal time frame earlier than is ideal for dunlins, thereby creating later hunting opportunities during which dunlins were vulnerable than otherwise would have been the case. The shift increased dunlin mortality substantially. Tactics used by predators such as prominent perching, salient signals and unpredictable appearances, could have evolved because this forces prey to increase their level of caution, rendering them more vulnerable at other times or places.

A Novel Hybrid Security Framework (HSF) with Vshield Based Firewall to Secure Cloud Computing Environment

Cloud Computing is an emerging technology that provides an enormous amount of computing resources which includes networks, servers and storages which are accessed through the internet. In addition it allows useful provisioning of the resources based on the user’s demands. A crucial aspect of cloud computing infrastructure is to provide secure and reliable services. The main challenge lies in the security issues is to reduce the impact of third party attacks in the cloud computing environment. Hence a novel Hybrid Security Framework(HSF) based on Reinforcement Learning (RL) Methodology with Vshield Firewall is proposed for securing the cloud environment. The RL method is used for deep packet inspection and VShiled based firewall is established to deny the attacks which are malicious when authenticating the signature of incoming packets. The bipartite pattern matching approach is integrated with the RL method to verify the signatures for obtaining the decisions quickly. The simulation results shows that the hybrid security framework is effective when compared with the existing methods by considering response time, resource utilization and denial of malicious attacks. This indicates that our proposed framework achieves not only better security but also attains better efficiency in cloud computing environment.

SAT449 Clinical Characteristics Of Patients With Thyrotoxic Periodic Paralysis; An Experience From A Tertiary Care Hospital

Abstract Disclosure: T. Park: None. I. Goak: None. H. Jin: None. K. Lee: None. Y. Kim: None. Backgrounds: Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP) is a life-threatening complication characterized recurrent episodes of hypokalemia and muscle weakness in the setting of thyrotoxicosis. The present study aimed to describe clinical manifestation and outcome of patients admitted for TPP in emergency department (ED). Methods: This retrospective study analyzed 42 patients with TPP who were admitted ED from January 2000 through December 2020 in a single tertiary referral hospital. Their clinical characteristics were reviewed retrospectively. Results: 42 patients with TPP were identified. The mean age of the patients was 35.0±12.4 years; all were males. The month in which the most patients occurred paralysis symptoms was February (16.7%), followed by October (14.3%). 5 patients had a history of severe exertion, 7 patients had ingested a heavy carbohydrate meal, one patient had an infection, 5 patients had ingested alcohol, but more than half of the patients (57.1%) were without a precipitating cause. TPP was the first presentation of thyrotoxicosis in 85.7% of patients. The most common cause of thyrotoxicosis in TPP patients was Graves' disease (88.1%). At the time of admission, the mean potassium level was 2.77±0.93 mmol/L (reference, 3.5-5.5), mean ionized calcium level was 1.17±0.15 mmol/L (1.13-1.32), mean Free T4 level was 43.36±16.92 pmol/L (11.5-22.7). About half of the patients (47.6%) suffered at least one further attack of TPP. 28 patients (66.7%) diagnosed with Graves’ disease had anti-thyroid drugs alone and 5 patients (11.9%) with thyrotoxic relapses eventually underwent radioactive iodine therapy. None of the patients underwent surgery. Conclusions: TPP can be the presenting feature of previously undiagnosed thyrotoxicosis and should be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients presenting with acute onset of motor paralysis. At the time of the TPP attack, a detailed interview and inquiry with a thorough physical examination usually provide clues to the diagnosis. Presentation: Saturday, June 17, 2023

Biomechanics research on laterality effect between dominant and non-dominant during double roundhouse kick in the competitive taekwondo

BackgroundThe Double Roundhouse Kick (DRK) is one of the major scoring tools and athletes employ the leg of the dominant side (DS) or the non-dominant side (NS) for always attacking in an alternating state. The purpose is to examine the discrepancies in the biomechanical characteristics of the DS and NS of the leg of the DRK skills of sub-elite taekwondo athletes. MethodsUsing the Vicon, Kistler, and Daedo brand Electronic Body Protector (EBP), collection of the DRK data (attack time, joint angle, joint angular velocity, joint moment, ground reaction force, etc.) of 12 sub-elite taekwondo athletes (19.6 ± 2.0 yr, 180 ± 7.3 cm, 70 ± 9.8 kg) with the DS leg and NS leg. The measured data analyses via Visual3D, and statistical methods using nonparametric tests paired with samples based on the Wilcoxon signed-rank test (The significance level is set as significant for P<0.05, and very significant for P<0.01). Results(i) There is no statistically significant discrepancy between the DS and NS at the time of hit (P>0.05) and shift of the center of gravity (P>0.05). (ii) Attacking leg (AL): the maximum knee flexion angle (Knee-MFA) (P<0.05) and the peak linear velocity of attack of the foot in the vertical hitting direction (P<0.01) on the DS was greater than that on the NS during the first hit phase (P1). (iii) Supporting leg (SL): the peak hip extension moment (P<0.05) on the DS was reported to be higher than that of the NS during the second hit phase (P2). (iv) Symmetry Index (SI): In the P1, the vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) of the SL leads to SI = 10.19 %, and in the P2, the vGRF of the SL results in SI = 18.48 %. ConclusionsThe DRK requires more and more symmetry between the DS and NS. The Knee-MFA of the AL and the line of attack speed of the foot in the vertical striking direction of the SL exhibited significant discrepancies. The DS has higher striking speed, athletes need to improve the striking speed of the NS leg in training, achieving more scoring opportunities in the game. Both the DS and NS revealed strong symmetry in the peak SI of the ground reaction force of the SL stirrup; however, weak symmetry was attained in the peak SI of the vGRF of the SL landing cushion.

Modeling and assessing load redistribution attacks considering cyber vulnerabilities in power systems

Introduction: Load Redistribution (LR) attacks, as a common form of false data injection attack, have emerged as a significant cybersecurity threat to power system operations by manipulating load buses’ measurements at substations. Existing LR attack methods typically assume that any substation can be equally attacked, contributing to the analysis of LR attacks in power systems. However, the diversity of cyber vulnerabilities in substation communication links implies varying costs associated with falsifying load buses’ measurements. Thus, quantitatively evaluating these costs and analyzing the impact of LR attacks on power systems within cost constraints holds practical significance.Methods: In this paper, we employ a Bayesian attack graph model to characterize the intrusion process through cyber vulnerabilities. The costs of falsifying load buses’ measurements at substations are quantitatively evaluated using the mean time-to-compromise model. Subsequently, from the attacker’s perspective, we propose a bi-level optimization model for LR attacks, considering the mean time to compromise in conjunction with limited attack resources and power flow constraints.Results: Simulations conducted on the IEEE 14-bus system illustrate the influence of cyber vulnerabilities on LR attacks within power systems. Furthermore, we verify that the attack scenario of the existing LR attack model aligns with a case of the proposed bi-level LR attack model when there is sufficient attack time to compromise all communication links.Discussion: The findings of this research demonstrate that the impact of cyber vulnerabilities on LR attacks can be quantified by assessing the attack costs. Effective management of LR attacks can be achieved under cost constraints through optimization methods. These insights contribute to enhancing network security strategies for power systems, mitigating potential threats posed by LR attacks in power system operations.

An overview of corrosion behavior and contemporary management techniques of thermomechanically treated rebars in concrete structures

ABSTRACT The corrosion of reinforcement possesses a huge problem for our present infrastructure both in terms of human lives and monetary ground. Understanding the corrosion of thermomechanically treated (TMT) rebar in concrete structures is essential as it represents a large segment of reinforcement materials. In this review, we have tried to scrutinize this issue from different directions. The established corrosion model for rebar, especially for TMT rebar, has been examined. The main contributing factor for rebar corrosion is how passivation occurs and its disintegration in contact with aggressive ions. The effects of composition, microstructure, concrete-rebar interface, concrete type, and corrosion media on this phenomenon have been analyzed. We have realized that the exact time of chloride ion attack determines the effectiveness of the passive layer in inhabiting the corrosion initiation. A combination of suitable alloying and controlled thermomechanical treatment ensures corrosion resistant rebar. Concrete also plays an important role in corrosion prevention as it helps passivation step and stops aggressive ions from reaching the rebars. Finally, we have discussed some recent trends in corrosion management technologies and their effectiveness.

Neuroethological analysis of the features of aggressive and submissive behavior of rats with alcohol dependence during the action of intranasally administered progesterone

The aim of the work was to study in a chronic experiment the effect of intranasal progesterone administration on the specifics of behavioral (aggressive and submissive) reactions of rats with alcohol dependence during agonistic encounters. It was shown that the intranasal administration of progesterone to aggressive rats with alcohol dependence under conditions of long-term psychoemotional consequences of zoosocial confrontational interactions led to a decrease in aggressive motivational reactions (the number and total time of attacks); rats with a subordinate type of behavior with alcohol addiction — to a decrease in quantitative and time indicators of passive-defensive behavior. The features of the anxiolytic and hypnotic effects of progesterone on the emotional behavior of aggressive and submissive rats with alcohol dependence were revealed. Key words: alcohol dependence, intranasal administration of progesterone, agonistic collisions

Investigating the relationship between sleep and migraine in a global sample: a Bayesian cross-sectional approach

BackgroundThere is a bidirectional link between sleep and migraine, however causality is difficult to determine. This study aimed to investigate this relationship using data collected from a smartphone application.MethodsSelf-reported data from 11,166 global users (aged 18–81 years, mean: 41.21, standard deviation: 11.49) were collected from the Migraine Buddy application (Healint Pte. Ltd.). Measures included: start and end times of sleep and migraine attacks, and pain intensity. Bayesian regression models were used to predict occurrence of a migraine attack the next day based on users’ deviations from average sleep, number of sleep interruptions, and hours slept the night before in those reporting ≥ 8 and < 25 migraine attacks on average per month. Conversely, we modelled whether attack occurrence and pain intensity predicted hours slept that night.ResultsThere were 724 users (129 males, 412 females, 183 unknown, mean age = 41.88 years, SD = 11.63), with a mean monthly attack frequency of 9.94. More sleep interruptions (95% Highest Density Interval (95%HDI [0.11 – 0.21]) and deviation from a user’s mean sleep (95%HDI [0.04 – 0.08]) were significant predictors of a next day attack. Total hours slept was not a significant predictor (95%HDI [-0.04 – 0.04]). Pain intensity, but not attack occurrence was a positive predictor of hours slept.ConclusionsSleep fragmentation and deviation from typical sleep are the main drivers of the relationship between sleep and migraine. Having a migraine attack does not predict sleep duration, yet the pain associated with it does. This study highlights sleep as crucial in migraine management.

Regular (up to 10 puffs 4-hourly) inhaled salbutamol should be prescribed at discharge after an asthma attack: myth or maxim?

Over the past 20 years, the concept of asthma weaning plans on discharge after an attack has crept into common practice, although the precise origin of these plans is unclear. High use of short-acting β2-agonists (SABAs) may result in tolerance to their bronchodilator effects, thus diminishing their efficacy, particularly when they are most needed at the time of an acute attack. Furthermore, key warning signs of a deterioration in asthma control may be masked and the weaning plan may encourage the over-use and over-reliance on SABAs. Side-effects from over-use may also occur, including lactic acidosis, downregulation of the β2-adrenoreceptor, increased allergen response and pro-inflammatory effects. The need for asthma education at discharge, a personal asthma action plan and vigilance about prescribing and ensuring adherence to maintenance therapy are definitely important. However, the current authors conclude that the benefit of prescribing regular salbutamol (up to 10 puffs every 4 h) at discharge after an acute asthma attack is a myth, and a very dangerous one.

Event-Triggered Quantized Stabilization of Markov Jump Systems under Deception Attacks

This paper focuses on the event-triggered quantized control for Markov jump systems with deception attacks. First, we design an event-triggered scheme relying on dwell time and end instants of attacks. It can limit the number of switches within the triggered intervals and the lower bound of triggered instants. Second, the quantization rules and the increasing/decreasing rate of Lyapunov function are obtained for different cases. Next, combined with the increasing/decreasing rate, the lower bound of triggered instants, and the probability of switches occurring, the upper bound of Lyapunov function at the triggered instants is provided. On this basis, sufficient conditions ensuring the exponential convergence in the mean sense of the closed-loop system are given. Finally, atwo-tank system is provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed stability analysis framework for Markov jump systems.

Patients with cluster headache show signs of insomnia and sleep related stress: results from an actigraphy and self-assessed sleep study

BackgroundCluster headache (CH) is a primary headache disorder which is characterized by circadian timing of headache attacks, usually at nighttime, in around two thirds of patients. Patients with CH often report sleep difficulties, though it is unknown whether this is a cause or a consequence of nightly headache attacks.ObjectiveIn this case-control study we have assessed sleep quality in study participants with CH in cluster bout respectively in remission, compared to a control group of neurologically healthy individuals to investigate the potential connection between sleep and CH.MethodsFifty study participants with CH and 42 controls were recruited for sleep assessment. Sleep was recorded using MotionWatch 8 actigraphs (CamNTech) for a period of two weeks. Study participants were instructed to wear the unit during rest and sleep and to fill out a sleep diary daily through the two-weeks period.ResultsResults from actigraphy recordings and sleep diaries suggested that patients with CH spend longer time in bed than controls (CH 8.1 hours vs. Controls 7.7 hours, p=0.03), but do not sleep more than controls (CH 6.7 hours vs. controls 6.5 hours, p=0.3). In addition, CH patients reported increased sleep latency (p=0.003), particularly during, but not restricted to, cluster bouts. Study participants with CH further reported higher levels of stress at bedtime (p=0.01), and they felt less well rested than controls (p=0.001).ConclusionOur analysis suggests that sleep is negatively affected in CH both in cluster bout and in remission, manifesting in symptoms consistent with insomnia such as prolonged sleep latency and increased time in bed.

A case study on conflict intensity between humans and elephants at Teknaf Wildlife Sanctuary, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh

Humans’ and elephants’ conflict is considered a common phenomenon in Bangladesh due to extreme anthropogenic interferences on elephant habitats. Concurrently, the landless people were encouraged to encroach on forest land due to their financial hardship and poor and weak forest management systems. We conducted our research work through frequent field visits, site-oriented positioned research correspondents, and an adopted semistructured questionnaire. We recorded a total of 903 conflict-related cases between humans and elephants, including crop raids (N= 337), house raids (N= 200), homestead garden raids (N= 263), and accidental attacks (N= 103), across sites, during August 2018 to July 2019, in Teknaf Wildlife Sanctuary (TWS). Elephant attack rates varied significantly between traditional forest dwellers (N= 179), illegal settlers (N= 370), villagers nearest forest (N= 212), Rohingya refugees (N= 53), and traditional forest different tribes (N= 89). It also varied along a space gradient, including inside forests (N= 423), buffer zones (N= 297), and outside forest villages (N= 183). The number of conflicts possessed by elephants varied discriminately and was unparalleled among different professions such as cattle ranchers (N= 104), gardeners (N= 112), paddy cultivators (N= 236), vegetable growers (N= 158), betel-leaf growers (N= 163), and forest resources collectors (N= 130). Most conflicts between humans and elephants occurred significantly during the night (N= 592), many during the morning (N= 154), evening (N= 138), and much less during midday (N= 19). The conflict intensity was also higher on the east coast (N= 552) than on the west coast (N= 351). The seasonal variation, including summer (N= 367), monsoon (N= 274), and winter (N= 262), was also significant. The elephant herd size was also an important factor triggering the conflict in TWS. We conclude that conflict intensity between humans and elephants is driven by settlers’ location, forest gradient, the profession of forest-dependent people, their household size and income level, attack time, and season.

Optimal acknowledgment signal attacks against remote estimation

In this paper, we consider a malicious attack issue against remote state estimation in cyber-physical systems. Due to the limited energy, the sensor adopts an acknowledgment-based (ACK-based) online power schedule to improve the remote state estimation. However, the feedback channel will also increase the risk of being attacked. The malicious attacker has the ability to intercept the ACK information and modify the ACK signals (ACKs) from the remote estimator. It could induce the sensor to make poor decisions while maintaining the observed data packet acceptance rate to keep the attacker undetected. To maximize the estimation error, the attacker will select appropriate attack times so that the sensor makes bad decisions. The optimal attack strategy based on the true ACKs and the corrosion ACKs is analytically proposed. The optimal attack time to modify the ACKs is the time when the sensor’s tolerance, i.e., the number of consecutive data packet losses allowed, is about to reach the maximum. In addition, such an optimal attack strategy is independent of the system parameters. Numerical simulations are provided to demonstrate the analytical results.