Risk Of Attack Research Articles

Cover Picture and Issue Information

Functional EcologyVolume 37, Issue 4 p. 793-795 COVER PICTURE AND ISSUE INFORMATIONFree Access Cover Picture and Issue Information First published: 05 April 2023 https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.14074AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Graphical Abstract This caterpillar, Manduca sexta, is parasitized by a wasp, Cotesia congregata (credit: Laura McMillan). The female wasp injects eggs, venom, and a domesticated virus (polydnavirus) into the host. The caterpillar shows normal behaviour while the wasp larvae are developing inside the caterpillar’s blood space. Once the wasp larvae are ready to metamorphose into adult wasps, they scape their way through the body wall of the caterpillar and spin a cocoon. At this stage, the caterpillar loses all self-generated behaviour but shows heightened defense reflexes, thereby becoming a bodyguard for the wasp cocoons. Who pays for manipulating the host’s behaviour, mother or offspring? In this system, the mother wasp appears to pay most of the cost by producing the polydnavirus. However, the wasp larvae also play a role in inducing changes for their own individual benefit. For example, they numb the area of the caterpillar’s body wall around their exit hole, thus reducing the risk of host attack. There are many species of parasitic wasps, with different life histories (e.g. how many offspring are placed within each host), and these differences alter the selective forces on who pays for parasitic manipulation (10.1111/1365-2435.14150). Volume37, Issue4Special Feature: Mechanisms and Consequences of Infection‐Induced PhenotypesApril 2023Pages 793-795 RelatedInformation

High Levels of Statin non‐acceptance shown to persists

Heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide and statin therapy has consistently shown in multiple landmark studies to reduce cardiovascular events and death. Despite the strength of evidence of its benefits, clinicians face many patients who are reluctant to start statin therapy. A new study published in the JAMA Network Open, by investigators from Brigham and Women's Hospital has conducted the first population-based study on patients’ non-acceptance of statin therapy recommendations. The study focused on high-risk patients who either had coronary artery or vascular disease, diabetes, high cholesterol levels, or previous history of stroke. All of these patients were recommended statins by their physicians, by virtue of their high cardiovascular risk in order to reduce their risk of heart attack and stroke and reduce cholesterol levels. The retrospective study included more than 24,000 patients who were seen at Mass General Brigham between Jan. 1, 2000, and Dec. 31, 2018. The study found that in patients at high risk of developing cardiovascular disease, more than 20 percent of patients refused to take statin medications. Interestingly, they observed that women were more likely than men to refuse statin therapy, by about 20%, and 50 percent more likely than men to never accept the recommendation. The study also showed that all patients who refused statin therapy developed higher LDL cholesterol levels. Unfortunately, no data is available yet on whether nonacceptance of statin therapy wold adversely affect cardiovascular event rate such as heart attacks, strokes, and death. The study highlight the importance of targeting patients who decline statins by providing further education, understanding the reasons behind non-acceptance and devise strategies to further reduce patients cardiovascular disease risk.

A Comparison of a Touch-Gesture- and a Keystroke-Based Password Method: Toward Shoulder-Surfing Resistant Mobile User Authentication

The pervasive use of mobile devices exposes users to an elevated risk of shoulder-surfing attacks. Despite the prior work on shoulder-surfing resistance of mobile user authentication methods, there is a lack of empirical studies on textual password authentication methods, particularly the hybrid passwords that integrate textual passwords with biometrics. To fill the literature gap, this research compares two hybrid password methods, touch-gesture- and keystroke-based passwords, with respect to their shoulder-surfing resistance performance. We select a touch-gesture-based password method that deploys multiple shoulder-surfing resistance strategies and a keystroke-based password method that leverages keystroke dynamics. To gain a holistic understanding of these password methods, we examine them under a variety of shoulder-surfing settings by varying interaction mode, observation angle, entry error, and observation effort. Going beyond effectiveness metrics, we also introduce efficiency metrics to assess shoulder-surfing resistance performance more comprehensively. We hypothesize and test the effects of shoulder-surfing settings by conducting both a longitudinal lab experiment and an online experiment with diversified participants. The results of both studies demonstrate the superior performance of the touch-gesture-based password method to the keystroke-based counterpart. The results also provide evidence for the effects of interaction mode, observation angle, and observation effort on shoulder-surfing resistance of hybrid passwords. Our findings offer suggestions for the design and strategies for strengthening the security of password authentication methods.

SoK: Managing risks of linkage attacks on data privacy

Novel attacks on dataset privacy are usually met with the same range of responses: surprise that a route to information gain exists from information previously thought to be safe; disputes around the viability or validity of the attack in real-world contexts; and, in the case of the computer science community, a drive to produce techniques that provably protect against the new class of attack. The result is a disjointed landscape with no shared approach to modelling threats to dataset privacy, and a toolbox of technically complex systems whose guarantees come with narrow assumptions and whose application in real-world contexts is hard to achieve. In this paper we aim to understand these issues by charting the history of dataset privacy attacks and systematising breaches through the lens of data linkage. We show how identification or information gain on a dataset's subjects can be expressed as data linkage, and use this to present a taxonomy of threat models which we apply to ninety-four attacks from across the literature. Our work demonstrates that dataset privacy must be approached first as a risk management problem, rather than one of strict guarantees, an approach which aligns well with law and practice. Our taxonomy of attacker intents provides a coherent language for expressing the wide variety of threat models in dataset privacy, and a framework for understanding how risks identified under one model can be understood within another. We also present insights around the factors that affect the feasibility and severity of attacks, and proposals for practical techniques that can be used for risk appraisal and management by practitioners, researchers, and regulators alike.

PENGARUH PERAN KELUARGA DALAM PENCEGAHAN DAN PENANGANAN PERILAKU AGRESIF PRE HOSPITAL PADA KLIEN ODGJ

ABSTRACTThe phenomenon of hypertension is a deadly silent killer, meaning that hypertension cannot directly kill the sufferer but can trigger complications, such as: the risk of heart attack, heart failure, stroke, and kidney failure.The family has a role or function to carry out nursing care practices, namely to prevent health problems or treat sick family members. Family is the closest person who can provide support, care and affection to family members who suffer from hypertension and have a history of inpatient and outpatient care.Objective: To determine the influence and differences in the role of the family before and after the effective self-management intervention for preventing complications in hypertensiveMethods: The study used a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test nonequivalent control group design. The study population was all patients who had a history of hypertension who visited the Kasihan I Health Center, Bantul, DI Yogyakarta from January to August 2022, with a total sample of 30 people, carried out by purposive sampling. The data collection instrument used a respondent characteristic questionnaire, and a questionnaire about knowledge of family roles with effective self-health management interventions for preventing complications in hypertensive patients Data were analyzed univariately and bivariately with q-square test (95% CI).Results: There is an influence in the form of an increase in the role of the family, seen from the difference in the average value from pretest to posttest only 0.7 in the respondents' answers. There is a difference from the pre-test value to the post-test value, seen from the significance of p = 0.000 (p <0.05) after being given treatment/intervention about the role of the family with effective self-management interventions towards preventing complications in hypertensive patientsConclusion :There are influences and differences after the intervention was carried out on respondents regarding the role of the family with self-health management interventions effective in preventing complications in hypertensive patients

Study on Internet Usage and Cyber Security Awareness Among Degree College Students in Mumbai Region

In the present scenario, modern technology has entered every nook and corner of our lives at rocket speed. People have now become used to smart phones, smart watches, surveillance cameras, smart home appliances etc. The Internet has led to a paradigm shift in our lives of people and students. The increase in internet usage has increased the risk of cybersecurity attacks this makes it necessary to provide awareness and education on cybersecurity to students who are potential targets for exploitation. The study deciphers the purpose of internet usage, the internet usage pattern and problems related to security faced while using internet. The study comprehends the degree college student’s familiarity to cyber security awareness and countermeasures. A questionnaire consisting of various questions on internet usage and cybersecurity concepts was prepared. The key contribution of this paper is to create awareness and to set forth suggestion to overcome the issues to minimize the cybercrime in future.

A tri-level optimal defense method against coordinated cyber-physical attacks considering full substation topology

In recent years, power systems have been facing an increasing risk of malicious attacks. As modern power systems have a greater reliance on communication and automatic control systems, coordinated cyber-physical attacks will cause more serious consequences for the reliable power supply than traditional malicious attacks. To enhance the resilience of power systems against coordinated attacks, a defense method to allocating hardening resources is proposed in this paper considering the full substation topology and the multi-stage response process of power systems. The problem is formulated as a tri-level optimization model involving interactions among the defender, the attacker, and the operator, in which the synergy impact of three attack forms is considered, i.e., physical attacks causing short-circuiting, cyber attacks causing protective relay misoperation, and cyber attacks causing protective relay maloperation. A graph-based analytical model is established to characterize the impact process of such coordinated attacks on power systems. Case studies are conducted on the IEEE RTS 24-bus system. The influence mechanism of coordinated cyber-physical attacks involving protective relays on power systems is systematically revealed. Results show that the proposed method can effectively defend against the above-mentioned coordinated attacks, and enhance the resilience level of power systems. In addition, a sensitivity analysis is implemented on the influence of attack resources and defense resources on the unserved energy at each stage of the system.

The Nutraceutical Role of Pumpkin Seed and its Health Eff ect: A Review

Pumpkin seed also known as pepita in North America, is highly nutritious and benefi cial for the body. It is also called as little seed of squash. They are included among the edible parts of the pumpkin. They belong to the family Cucurbitaceae as they are extracted from pumpkins. As nutritious as they are, they provide a lot of health benefi ts. It has an outer shell that is highly rich in fi ber. They are highly nourishing and are packed full of antioxidants. The major components recognized to provide health benefi ts are omega-3, omega 6 fatty acids, fi ber, antioxidants, vitamins and minerals. They provide a substantial quantity of healthy fats, magnesium and zinc. Eating small amounts of pumpkin seeds can provide substantial health benefi ts. They are known to improve heart and prostate health, and it protects against certain cancers. They are high in minerals, including manganese and vitamin K, both of which aid in wound healing. They are also high in zinc, which helps to increase immunity. They’re high in protein and include a good amount of healthful fats. Omega 6 and omega 3 fatty acids are abundant in them. The fatty acids in the pumpkin seeds contain a range of benefi cial nutrients, such as sterols, squalene and tocopherols. Sterols may help to reduce the risk of heart attack and heart stroke. Also they might help lower the cholesterol levels of the body by inhibiting the outer cholesterol to enter the body. Squalene mimics skin’s natural oils. Also, it is a natural antioxidant. Provides certain conditions like eczema, psoriasis, dermatitis etc. Tocopherol promotes healthy skin. Since ages, pumpkin seeds have been used in folk medicine to treat kidney, bladder, and prostate problems. As rich in antioxidants, they reduce infl ammation and protects the cells from harmful free radicals. They promote healthy glowing skin. Diets rich in pumpkin seeds are related to reducing the risk of stomach, breast, lung, prostate and colon cancers. Lignans in pumpkin seeds may play key role in preventing breast cancers. According to the research, people who consume more lignans are less prone to cancer. Pumpkin seeds may help with benign prostate enlargement and overactive bladder symptoms. Pumpkin seeds can be eaten as usual because they have a mild fl avor and a nutty, crunchy texture.

Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model of urinary δ-aminolevulinic acid reduction after givosiran treatment in patients with acute hepatic porphyria.

Givosiran, an RNA interference-based therapeutic, is a recent addition to the limited treatment armamentarium for acute hepatic porphyria (AHP). As a small interfering RNA that is selectively taken up in the liver, both the mechanism and targeted delivery create a complex relationship between givosiran pharmacokinetics (PK) and the pharmacodynamic (PD) response. Using pooled data from phase I-III clinical trials of givosiran, we developed a semimechanistic PK/PD model to describe the relationship between predicted liver and RNA-induced silencing complex concentrations of givosiran and the associated reduction in synthesis of δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a toxic heme intermediate that accumulates in patients with AHP, contributing to disease pathogenesis. Model development included quantification of variability and evaluation of covariate effects. The final model was used to assess the adequacy of the recommended givosiran dosing regimen across demographic and clinical subgroups. The population PK/PD model adequately described the time course of urinary ALA reduction with various dosing regimens of givosiran, the interindividual variability across a wide range of givosiran doses (0.035-5mg/kg), and the influence of patient characteristics. None of the covariates tested had a clinically relevant effect on PD response that would necessitate dose adjustment. For patients with AHP, including adults, adolescents, and patients with mild to moderate renal impairment or mild hepatic impairment, the 2.5-mg/kg once monthly dosing regimen of givosiran results in clinically meaningful ALA lowering, reducing the risk for AHP attacks.

Enhancing Microservices Security with Token-Based Access Control Method.

Microservices are compact, independent services that work together with other microservices to support a single application function. Organizations may quickly deliver high-quality applications using the effective design pattern of the application function. Microservices allow for the alteration of one service in an application without affecting the other services. Containers and serverless functions, two cloud-native technologies, are frequently used to create microservices applications. A distributed, multi-component program has a number of advantages, but it also introduces new security risks that are not present in more conventional monolithic applications. The objective is to propose a method for access control that ensures the enhanced security of microservices. The proposed method was experimentally tested and validated in comparison to the centralized and decentralized architectures of the microservices. The obtained results showed that the proposed method enhanced the security of decentralized microservices by distributing the access control responsibility across multiple microservices within the external authentication and internal authorization processes. This allows for easy management of permissions between microservices and can help prevent unauthorized access to sensitive data and resources, as well as reduce the risk of attacks on microservices.

In Hospital Outcome Among Smoker and Nonsmoker Patients Presented with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Objective: To determine the association between smoking and in-hospital outcomes in patients presented with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methodology: This prospective cohort study was conducted at Department of Cardiology, National Institute of Cardiovascular Disease (NICVD), Karachi, from November 9, 2020 to May 8, 2021. All the patients (current smoker, ex-smoker and non-smoker) with age 18 years to 85 years, both gender, patients diagnosed with STEMI in accordance with operational definition and underwent primary PCI were included. Patients diagnosed with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction were divided into two groups, expose (smoker) and unexposed (nonsmoker). Before PPCI demographic detail were noted and body mass index was calculated after management of STEMI then PCI was performed. In hospital outcome i.e. heart failure, in-hospital mortality and transient ischemic attack were assessed within 30 days of hospital stay after PCI. All the collected data were entered into the proforma. Results: Mean ±SD of age in exposed group was 56.5±11.8 and non-exposed group was 57.7±12.1 years. In group wise distribution of gender, 82 (70.7%) males and 34 (29.3%) females were enrolled in exposed group and 80 (68.9%) males and 36 (31.1%) females were included in non-exposed group. Risk of heart failure and transient ischemic attack were 1.4 and 5.0 times more likely in exposed as compared to unexposed with [Relative Risk 1.444 and 5.0 respectively. While risk of mortality was 0.2 times less likely in exposed as compared to unexposed with [Relative Risk 0.222] and P value was found to be as significant i.e. (P=0.030). Conclusion: It is to be concluded that significant risk of heart failure and transient ischemic attack were noted in exposed as compared to unexposed and vice versa in case of mortality, but we cannot rule out residual confounders.

Females adopt sexual catalepsy to facilitate mating.

Theory predicts that males and females of dioecious species typically engage in an evolutionary sexual conflict over the frequency and choice of mating partner. Female sexual cannibalism, a particularly dramatic illustration of this conflict, is widespread in certain animal taxa including spiders. Nevertheless, females of some funnel weaving spiders that are generally aggressive to conspecifics enter a cataleptic state after male courtship, ensuring the males can mate without risk of attack. In this study, we demonstrated that the physical posture and duration, metabolites, and central neurotransmitters of females of Aterigena aculeata in sexual catalepsy closely resemble females in thanatosis but are distinct from those in anesthesia, indicating that the courted females feign death to eliminate the risk of potentially aggressive responses and thereby allow preferred males to mate. Unlike the taxonomically widespread thanatosis, which generally represents a deceptive visual signal that acts against the interest of the receivers, sexual catalepsy of females in the funnel weaving spiders may deliver a sexual-receptive signal to the courting males and thereby benefit both the signal senders and receivers. Therefore, sexual catalepsy in A. aculeata may not reflect a conflict but rather a confluence of interest between the sexes.

Terrorist Attacks against Health Care Targets that Provide Abortion Services.

Terrorist attacks against hospitals and health care providers have disproportionally increased during the last decades. A significant proportion of these attacks targeted abortion clinics and abortion providers. In the light of the overturning of Roe v. Wade in 2022, an increase of anti-abortion terrorist attacks is anticipated. Therefore, it becomes imperative to gain further insight into the risk and characteristics of past terrorist attacks. This study aimed to review terrorist attacks against health care targets providing abortion services from 1970 through 2020. Data collection was performed using a retrospective database search through the Global Terrorism Database (GTD). The GTD was searched using the internal database functions for all terrorist attacks against abortion health care providers from January 1, 1970 - December 31, 2020. Temporal factors, location, attack and weapon type, and number of casualties or hostages were analyzed using descriptive statistics. In total, 262 terrorist attacks were identified in five different countries. The majority (96.6%) occurred in the United States, with the highest counts during the last 20 years of the 20th century. Facility and infrastructure attacks were the most common attack types, followed by bombings and explosions. The attacks resulted in 34 injuries and nine fatalities. Kidnapping took place in three incidents. Of all successful attacks, 96.9% resulted in property damage. Abortion-related health care facilities and providers have repeatedly been the target of terrorists over the past decades. Nearly all of these attacks took place in the United States, with the highest counts during the last 20 years of the 20th century.

Regeneration Progress in Heart Attack

Heart attack, also known as myocardial infarction, is a common and fatal cardiovascular disease all around the world. Not only is there the high death rate, but is there the increased risk of further heart failure, which makes the researches on heart regeneration of great importance and worthy of continuing. Although great progress has been made in recent years, current treatment of heart attack cannot perfectly eliminate the potential risks of future heart problems. In order to find an ultimate solution to the disease, scientists have been studying the heart regeneration abilities on newts, zebrafish, and neonatal mice, etc, and have understood various mechanisms of animal heart regeneration; however, heart regeneration possibility on humans is still not studied enough and the side effects on humans are the main obstacles for the regeneration techniques to be medically used, but this technology still has great potentials and might ultimately eliminate the underlying risks of heart attack.

Stem Cell Therapy in Heart Failure

Heart related disease are among leading causes of death worldwide, but there are few efficient treatments available. Stem cells possess excellent potential because therapeutic methods now enhance patient quality of life and address comorbidities. A growing corpus of research demonstrates that local cardiac stem cells are activated to rejuvenate the heart. Recent clinical trials seem to confirm that stem cell therapy for people with persistent heart failure is safe. Along with the most effective pharmacological and technology therapies, stem cell therapy may improve NT-proBNP, exercise tolerance, and cardiac function. However, following a severe heart injury, the heart's intrinsic ability to regenerate is insufficient to facilitate healing. With stem cell therapy, the risk of fatal heart attacks and strokes is reduced by 65%. In some heart failure patients, stem cell therapy has been found to lower the risk of heart attack and stroke. More research on the effectiveness and safety of these medications is needed before they can be used more frequently.

Heart Attack Risk Analysis and Estimation Using Machine Learning Methods

Heart disease is a disease that is difficult to diagnose and leaves serious damage to individuals like many other diseases today. It is not known whether the risk of this disease is carried or not, and it is observed that there is an increase in the number of individuals at risk today. This increase; It requires accelerating the diagnosis of the disease to humanity by making early intervention and risk analysis together with developing technologies. Machine learning methods are developing rapidly in this field, facilitating early diagnosis in medicine. Diagnosing the disease with the developed methods provides a great advantage in terms of time cost. With the developments made, the diagnosis of diseases related to more than one parameter is carried out in a very short and reliable way. In this study; with the dataset consisting of the parameters and values of carrying the risk of heart attack, the classification of the risk of heart attack with high / low probability was made using Logistic Regression, which is one of the machine learning methods. By referring to what the parameters are, the distribution and values of these parameters on the dataset are determined. Obtained values; The effect of the parameters on the result status was analyzed using visualization methods. The main purpose of these analyzes is to determine the need for corrections on the dataset before training the network. As a result of the experimental analysis, 97% overall accuracy was achieved with the proposed approach.

Left ventricular functional improvement appears to contribute to lower rates of device thrombosis in patients on durable mechanical circulatory support

By unloading the failing heart, left ventricular (LV) assist devices (LVADs) provide a favorable environment for reversing adverse structural and functional cardiac changes. Prior reports have suggested that an improved native LV function might contribute to the development of LVAD thrombosis. We used the Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support and found that LV functional improvement is associated with a lower risk for device thrombosis. The risk for cerebrovascular accident and transient ischemic attack was comparable across post-LVAD LV function subgroups, while the risk of hemolysis was lower in subgroups of patients with better LV function on LVAD support.

Optimal event log sanitization for privacy-preserving process mining

Event logs that originate from information systems enable comprehensive analysis of business processes. These logs serve as the starting point for the discovery of process models or the analysis of conformance of a log with a given specification. However, logs potentially contain personal information about individuals involved in process execution. In this paper, we therefore address the risk of privacy attacks on event logs. Specifically, we rely on group-based privacy guarantees instead of noise insertion in order to enable anonymization without adding new behaviour to the log. To this end, we propose two new algorithms for event log sanitization that provide privacy guarantees in terms of k-anonymity for the behavioural perspective of a process and t-closeness for sensitive information associated with events. The algorithms thereby avoid the disclosure of employee identities, prevent the identification of employee membership in the log, and preclude the characterization of employees based on sensitive attributes. Our algorithms overcome the limitations of an existing, greedy algorithm, providing users with a trade-off between computational complexity and the utility of the sanitized event log for downstream analysis. Our Experiments demonstrate that sanitization with our algorithms generates event logs of higher utility compared to the state of the art.

HEART ATTACK PREDICTION USING MACHINE LEARNING

Early detection is essential for both the treatment and prevention of heart attacks, which account for the majority of deaths worldwide. A machine learning model for predicting a person's risk of having a heart attack based on various medical factors is the goal of this project. Patients' medical histories, lifestyle, and physical characteristics, such as temperature, humidity, heart rate (in beats per minute), and spo2 (blood oxygen levels) by corresponding sensors. Using machine learning algorithms like the naive Bayes classifier, SVM classifier, and KNN classifier, the data will be cleaned, pre-processed, and analyzed. Using metrics like precision, recall, and the F1-score, the model will be trained and tested on a dataset of patients who are known to be at risk for heart attacks. The final model will be put into use as a web application that lets users enter their medical information to get a customized heart attack risk score. This project aims to provide individuals and healthcare professionals with an easy-to-use, wearable device and accurate tool for identifying heart attack risk factors and taking preventative measures. Key words – Body Temperature, Heart rate, breathing rates, blood oxygen level, smart wearable system

Deterring a Chinese military attack on Taiwan

ABSTRACT There is a growing risk of a military attack on Taiwan by mainland China (otherwise known as the People’s Republic of China, or PRC) to achieve what the latter terms “reunification.” Taiwan, the US, and Japan must urgently and interactively prepare for this contingency—which is also the best way of deterring it. Taiwan must increase military spending (as it has begun to do), with an emphasis on a “porcupine strategy” of lots of distributed, mobile, survivable, affordable, and lethal weapons. The US must increase its military deployments and joint exercises in the region, again emphasizing the types of weapons that can survive a preemptive PRC attack and counter a Chinese blockade or amphibious invading force. Japan will double defense spending over the next five years in a welcome and transformative move, but effective deterrence requires that it also signal that the collective defense of Taiwan against a military attack is existential for its own security.