Atrazine In Soil Research Articles

Controle de papuã (Urochloa plantaginea) e produtividade de milho em solo argiloso através de formulação e doses de atrazina com liberação controlada

A utilização de herbicidas com formulações com liberação controlada poderá se constituir em uma ferramenta importante para reduzir problemas de lixiviação e garantir a eficácia desses produtos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi comparar a eficiência de controle de Urochloa plantaginea (UROPL) e o rendimento de grãos de milho entre uma formulação de atrazina comercial (WG) e uma formulação de liberação controlada (xerogel). O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições, em um esquema (2x7)+1. Nas parcelas principais, foram locadas as formulações de atrazina (WG e xerogel) e, nas subparcelas, as concentrações dos herbicidas (0, 2400, 3200, 3600, 4200, 5400 e 8000g de atrazina ha-1). Foram determinados os níveis de controle e densidade de plantas de UROPL e o rendimento de grãos da cultura do milho. A elevação das doses de atrazina resultou em aumento dos níveis de controle de UROPL. Em avaliações realizadas aos 28 e 35 dias após a aplicação, a atrazina xerogel demonstrou eficiência agronômica superior à formulação WG. Não ocorreram diferenças de rendimento de grãos de milho em parcelas tratadas com diferentes formulações e níveis de atrazina.

Ageing of atrazine in manure amended soils assessed by bioavailability to Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP

Animal manure is applied to agricultural land in areas of high livestock production. In the present study, we evaluated ageing of atrazine in two topsoils with and without addition of manure and in one subsoil. Ageing was assessed as the bioavailability of atrazine to the atrazine mineralizing bacteria Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP. Throughout an ageing period of 90days bioavailability was investigated at days 1, 10, 32, 60 and 90, where ~10(8) cells g(-1) of the ADP strain was inoculated to the (14)C-atrazine exposed soil and (14)CO2 was collected over 7days as a measure of mineralized atrazine. Even though the bioavailable residue decreased in all of the three soils as time proceeded, we found that ageing occurred faster in the topsoils rich in organic carbon than in subsoil. For one topsoil rich in organic carbon content, Simmelkær, we observed a higher degree of ageing when treated with manure. Contrarily, sorption experiments showed less sorption to Simmelkær treated with manure than the untreated soil indicating that sorption processes are not the only mechanisms of ageing. The other topsoil low in organic carbon content, Ringe, showed no significant difference in ageing between the manure-treated and untreated soil. The present study illustrates that not simply the organic carbon content influences adsorption and ageing of atrazine in soil but the origin and composition of organic matter plays an important role.

Using the long-term memory effect of pesticide and metabolite soil residues to estimate field degradation half-life and test leaching predictions

As a consequence of the repeated and widespread use of pesticides in agriculture, pesticide soil residues can be informative tracers of the spatial distribution of soil properties or of the application history. Atrazine, desethylatrazine and terbutylazine soil residues were measured in ninety-six soil samples taken on seventy-one contiguous fields four and a half years after the last atrazine application. The influence of soil texture and the application cycles were still clearly distinguishable in the spatial distribution of the pesticide residues. Half-lives calculated for a first order degradation kinetics from the atrazine and terbutylazine soil residues were within the range of values reported in the literature. The pesticide fate model PEARL calibrated on groundwater measurements underestimated slightly atrazine soil concentrations. The joint simulation of the fate of atrazine and its degradation product desethylatrazine also proved useful to estimate their respective half-lives and sorption parameters, and gave insight into degradation losses occurring during transport through the sandstone aquifer underlying the study site.

Assessment of the bacterial community structure in a Brazilian clay soil treated with atrazine

In the present paper, the bacterial communities in two soils, one from an agricultural sugarcane cropped field and the other from an unperturbed soil with similar geopedological characteristics, were characterized using the Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) method. FISH consists of in situ identification of bacteria using fluorescent labeled 16S rRNA targeted oligonucleotide probes visualizable under epifluorescence microscope. In the cultivated soil, in line with agricultural practice, the pre-emergence herbicide atrazine had been regularly applied each year at a concentration of 5 L/ha. The Shannon Diversity and Evenness Indices were also calculated using the phylogenetic data obtained from the FISH analysis. Although, at the sampling time (6 months after soil atrazine treatment), no residual herbicide concentration was found, the overall bacterial community results show a lower diversity and evenness in the agricultural soil than in the unperturbed one, demonstrating how microbiological indicators are sensitive to anthropogenic disturbance. In the natural soil, the dominant groups were α-Proteobacteria, β-Proteobacteria, and γ-Proteobacteria (representing more than 50 % of the bacteria), but in the agricultural soil, their abundance decreased significantly and represented just 31 % of the bacteria domain.

Impacts of nitrogen and phosphorus on atrazine-contaminated soil remediation and detoxification by Arthrobacter sp. strain HB-5

The relationship of atrazine-degrading bacteria Arthrobacter sp. HB-5 and nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer to atrazine degradation and detoxification in soil was investigated in a microcosm pot experiment. Treatments of soil containing atrazine (AW) with atrazine plus strain HB-5 alone (A), together with atrazine and strain HB-5 plus nitrogen alone (AN), phosphate alone (AP), and nitrogen and phosphate together (ANP) were used to investigate atrazine degradation and ecotoxicity. Atrazine residues in the soils were determined by high performance liquid chromatography, while soil ecotoxicity was tested by micronucleus (MN) assay of Vicia faba root tip cells. The results showed that degradation of atrazine in soil could be facilitated by the treatment of strain HB-5 as well as strain HB-5 application with the addition of nitrogenous and/or phosphorus fertilizers. The degradation rates varied as the following: ANP > AP > AN > A > AW in different treatments. At 10 days post treatment, degradation efficiency of over 90 % was achieved in all strain HB-5 treatments except AW, but with no statistically significant differences found between treatments. Soil ecotoxicity was significantly reduced along with the degradation of atrazine by strain HB-5, and the ecotoxicity of soils with applied fertilizer was below that of treatments without fertilizer. On the seventh day and later, the MN frequencies of all treatments were decreased in the control levels except for AW. Thus, adjusting soil nutrient contents not only promoted strain HB-5 to remove atrazine in soil but also mitigated soil ecotoxicity effects caused by atrazine. These results are important keystones for future remediation of atrazine-contaminated soils.

Metabolism of Atrazine in Liquid Cultures and Soil Microcosms by Nocardioides Strains Isolated from a Contaminated Nigerian Agricultural Soil

Atrazine-degrading microorganisms designated EAA-3 and EAA-4, belonging to the genus Nocardioides, were obtained from an agricultural soil in Nigeria. The degradation kinetics of the two strains revealed total disappearance of 25 mg l−1 of atrazine in less than 72 h of incubation at the rate of 0.42 mg l−1 h−1 and 0.35 mg l−1 h−1, respectively. Screening for atrazine catabolic genes in these organisms revealed the presence of trzN, atzB, and atzC. Other genes, specifically atzA, atzD, and trzD, were not detected. Potential intermediates of atrazine catabolic route such as hydroxyatrazine, desethylatrazine, and desisopropylatrazine were utilized as sources of carbon and energy, while desisopropyl desethyl-2-hydroxyatrazine and desisopropyl-2-hydroxyatrazine were attacked but in the presence of glucose. A soil microcosm study showed that degradation was faster in microcosms contaminated with 13 mg of atrazine per g−1 of soil compared with 480 mg g−1 of soil. In the former, degradation was 10% higher in the inoculated soil than the non-inoculated control (natural attenuation) over the 28-day study period. Corresponding value obtained for the latter was nearly 70% higher. This study has demonstrated that the bacterial strains isolated enhanced atrazine degradation and the catabolic activities of these strains were not affected with increasing soil atrazine concentration.

Simultaneous Determination of Selected Insecticides and Atrazine in Soil by Mae–GC–ECD

Abstract The procedure for simultaneous extraction from soil and determination by means of GC-ECD insecticides: aldrin, dieldrin, endrin and herbicide: atrazine was worked out. The proposed GC-ECD technique provides limits of detection in range 12 μg/mL - 18 μg/mL and 2 μg/mL, for insecticides and atrazine, respectively. Two different types of extraction: microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) with different solvents were tested to choose the procedure that provides the highest recoveries of analytes and low detection limits, typical for trace analysis (100 ppm or 100 mg/g, IUPAC). On the basis of recoveries and precision both extraction methods were compared. The insecticides recovery from soil samples obtained by UAE were in range 40-85%, coefficient of variation (CV): 1.3-5.0%, whereas for atrazine recovery was below 15% (CV: 8-18%). The most efficient and precise extraction procedure turned out to be MAE with n-hexane: acetone. The recoveries were in range 70-85% for insecticides and 84% for atrazine, CV: 0.4-2.2% and 5.3% for insecticides and atrazine, respectively. The presented MAE-GC-ECD procedure enables extraction and determination of aldrin, dieldrin, endrin and atrazine in soil samples with high recoveries, precision and limits of detections in range 6 ng/g - 8 ng/g in the case of insecticides and 1.5 ng/g for atrazine. The MAE-GC-ECD procedure was applied for the above mentioned pesticides determination in environmental samples. Soils were collected in agricultural as well as rural areas in Poland. In all cases atrazine was determined in concentration range: 0.0187 mg/g - 0.1107 mg/g. Aldrin and dieldrin was detected in soil samples from two locations.

Diffusion Limitation for Atrazine Biodegradation in Soil

Effects of sub-millimeter scale heterogeneity in chemical and microbial distributions on atrazine degradation were examined using Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP introduced into soil at a population mimicking atrazine-adapted soils (~2000 cells/g), and employing a range of soil water pressures (?100, ?300, ?500 kPa). Heterogeneous cell distribution was employed in all treatments whereas uniformity of distribution was a variable for atrazine introduction. Two methods of initially distributing atrazine in soil were examined. Proximally-applied atrazine (PAA) was intended to yield elevated atrazine concentrations in the vicinity of the degraders. Dispersed atrazine (DA) was introduced to distribute the chemical uniformly as compared to the distribution of degraders. Both rate and extent of degradation were greater than PAA, regardless of water content, presumably due to proximity of atrazine to degraders. Biodegradation decreased with decreasing water content for both application methods, attributed to decreases in atrazine’s effective diffusion. Mineralization of nearly 100% of DA in soils receiving a heterogeneous inoculum with a greater cell density (~107 cells/g) indicates that biodegradation was limited by the distance atrazine had to diffuse. Results support the hypothesis that enhanced populations of atrazine degraders, as reported elsewhere for atrazine-adapted soils, though heterogeneously distributed, may overcome bioavailability limitations.

Bioaccumulation and degradation of atrazine in several Chinese ryegrass genotypes

Soil pollution with herbicides is a global problem. Before phytoremediation technology is developed for the plant-based clean-up of polluted soils, investigation of potential plants that can be used to accumulate and degrade herbicides is a critical step. In this study, three selected genotypes of ryegrass were comprehensively analyzed with regard to the atrazine accumulation, degradation and toxicological response. Under the conditions of soil with 0.8 mg kg(-1) atrazine, the maximum value for atrazine accumulation was 2.70 mg kg(-1) in shoots and 0.58 mg kg(-1) in roots. The residue of atrazine in soil with ryegrass cultivation was much lower than that in soil without ryegrass cultivation. Also, the content of atrazine residues in the rhizosphere was significantly lower than that in the non-rhizosphere soil. Activities of several enzymes (urease, invertase, polyphenol oxidase, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase) in soil were assayed. These enzymes were depressed by atrazine but activated by ryegrass cultivation, even in the presence of atrazine. Finally, comparative studies have been conducted on the ryegrass genotypes in response to atrazine. They showed different capacities of degradation and bioaccumulation of atrazine. One of the grass cultivars Changjiang II (CJ) had better growth and higher levels of chlorophyll, but displayed less oxidative injury than two others, Abode (AB) and Jiewei (JW), under atrazine exposure.

Quantifying effects of primary parameters on adsorption–desorption of atrazine in soils

Purpose Adsorption and desorption are important processes that influence the transport, transformation, and bioavailability of atrazine in soils. Equilibrium batch experiments were carried out to investigate the adsorption–desorption characteristics of atrazine. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine and quantify the main soil parameters governing atrazine adsorption and desorption phenomena; (2) find the correlativity between the identified soil parameters; and (3) investigate the universal desorption hysteresis traits.

Glycine-β-Cyclodextrin–Enhanced Electrokinetic Removal of Atrazine from Contaminated Soils

Glycine-β-cyclodextrin (G-β-CD) was synthesized by the reaction of β-CD with glycine in the presence of KOH and epichlorohydrin. G-β-CD–enhanced solubilization and desorption behavior of atrazine were investigated, and the feasibility of using G-β-CD in electrokinetic (EK) removal of atrazine from contaminated soil was evaluated for the first time. Bench-scale EK tests were conducted under a voltage gradient of 2.0 V cm−1 for 10 d, and deionized water, 0.05 M Na2CO3/NaHCO3 buffer solution, 0.05 M Na2CO3/NaHCO3 buffer solution containing 2 g/L G-β-CD and 0.05 M Na2CO3/NaHCO3 buffer solution containing 10 g/L G-β-CD were used as anodic flushing solutions, respectively. Results from solubilization experiments showed that the solubility of atrazine in 30 g/L of G-β-CD was enhanced about 4.2-fold. Desorption efficiency of atrazine in soil increased with increasing G-β-CD concentration. Experimental results from EK remediation tests showed that migration and removal of atrazine in soil were significantly affected by G-β-CD concentrations and cumulative electroosmotic flow. pH control is beneficial for migration and removal of atrazine. In a test with deionized water (E1), only about 4.4% of atrazine was removed from the soil near the anode, whereas 12% of atrazine was removed using the deionized water test with pH control (E2). When G-β-CD was added to anodic flushing solution, the 2 g/L and 10 g/L G-β-CD flushing solution showed approximately 33% and 40% removal, respectively. The EK process combined with G-β-CD flushing and pH buffering may be a good remediation alternative for hydrophobic organic contaminant removal from contaminated soil.

The effects of copper on microbial activity and the degradation of atrazine and indoxacarb in a New Zealand soil

Copper is present in a range of fungicides as well as in some animal manures and biosolids that are applied to agricultural soils as fertilisers. Elevated and increasing levels of copper in agricultural soils are of worldwide concern. Copper is toxic to soil microorganisms and has been reported to reduce the ability of soil microorganisms to degrade pesticides. A glasshouse study was undertaken to determine if copper inhibited the degradation of atrazine and indoxacarb in soil. A fine sandy loam agricultural soil was fortified with copper at five concentrations over a concentration range of 0–1000 mg/kg copper, then field-aged for 6 months prior to treatment with either indoxacarb or atrazine at a rate of 2 mg/kg. The soils were sampled twice at intervals based on published half-lives. The samples were analysed for a range of parameters including total and bioavailable copper, urease and phosphatase activity, ergosterol and either indoxacarb or atrazine and its degradation products. The soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities decreased with increasing copper concentration (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in soil atrazine and indoxacarb concentrations between the copper levels. At sampling time two, the concentrations of hydroxyatrazine in treatments containing the three highest copper concentrations were significantly greater (p < 0.05) than for the control soil. Our results indicate that copper does not inhibit the first step of indoxacarb and atrazine degradation, but may affect degradation of secondary metabolites like hydroxyatrazine in soil.

Field Persistence of Repeated Use of Atrazine in Sandy Clay Loam Soil under Maize

Field experiments were conducted with maize as a test crop during 2006-2009 to study the effect of atrazine on its persistence and residue in soil and crop produce as influenced by the quantity of application and seasons. The treatments imposed were control, 0.5 and 1.0 kg ai of atrazine ha-1 and were replicated thrice in randomized block design. For residue analysis, the soil samples were collected at periodical intervals from 0 day to harvest and the crop produce were also sampled at post harvest. The atrazine was determined using GC equipped with FID detector. Persistence of atrazine in soil showed a gradual degradation with advancement in crop growth. The application of atrazine at recommended dose left no residue in the soil whereas the application of atrazine at double the recommended dose recorded 0.056 ppm of atrazine residue in the post harvest soil. Pooled data showed that the dissipation of atrazine was biphasic in nature and the degradation was faster at higher dose of application than at the lower dose. Degradation of atrazine in soil followed first order kinetics and the mean half life of atrazine was 21.54 days. Persistence of atrazine was also influenced by the season and years of application.

Joint toxic effects of heavy metals and atrazine on invasive plant species Solidago Canadensis L.

In this study, the joint effects of Cd(II), Pb(II) and atrazine (ATR) on Solidago Canadensis L. were investigated. The results showed that soil containing Cd, Pb and ATR could inhibit root elongation of Solidago Canadensis L., and that there was a positive linear relationship between the inhibitory rate of root elongation and the concentrations of Pb(II). The mixture of Cd(II) and Pb(II)-ATR in soil showed a significant adverse effect on root and shoot biomass of Solidago Canadensis L. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) contents increased slightly at the lower concentrations of Cd(II)-ATR, then decreased when Cd(II)-ATR concentrations were higher than those of 1.0 TUmix(Cd+ATR). The toxic effect of Pb(II)-ATR on the ASA contents of Solidago Canadensis L. was greater than that of Cd(II)-ATR. Soluble sugar contents firstly decreased and then increased with increasing concentrations of Cd(II)-ATR and displayed fluctuation with increasing concentrations of Pb(II)-ATR. Total protein contents increased with increasing concentrations of Cd(II) and Pb(II)-ATR, relative to the control sample. The NP-SH contents showed a significant increase up to 12.2 mg/gfw of Cd(II)-ATR, followed by a significant decline to 4.5 mg/gfw after 14 days of exposure. The effect of Pb(II)-ATR was similar to that of Cd(II)-ATR but the amount of NP-SH was not higher than that of Cd(II)-ATR.

Microbial Remediation of Atrazine-Contaminated Soil by &lt;i&gt;Rhizobium sp&lt;/i&gt; DNS7 and &lt;i&gt;Acinetobacter sp&lt;/i&gt; DNS32

The uses of herbicides have become an integral part of modern agricultural systems. The intensive use of herbicides atrazine has resulted in serious environmental problems. We researched the microbial Remediation of Atrazine-contaminated soil by Rhizobium sp. DNS7 and Acinetobacter sp DNS32. The results found two strains had a high capability for degrading atrazine in soil and culture medium. The mixed strains was more efficient in the mineralization of atrazine than the isolated strain in soil. The result provided a effective way to remediate atrazine pollution soil.

Bleeding Evaluation of Different SPE Cartridges on Clean-Up of Atrazine From Aqueous Samples Containing Organic Matter

Bleeding of the SPE column, resulting in sample contamination, is not often a focus of attention. However, such problems can be relevant in sample purification procedures. In this work SPE method was optimized in order to clean up an atrazine soil aqueous solution, which is usually needed to quantify this pollutant to follow its sorption into soils. During this optimization a sorbent bleeding was witnessed, resulting in sample contamination. This unexpected event led us to the bleeding evaluation of different SPE cartridges commonly used in analytical chemistry laboratory experimental procedures. Using the same conditioning and elution protocol in five different commercial SPE cartridges, only the Oasis cartridge did not present any sorbent leaching and subsequent eluate contamination.

The capacity of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) to degrade atrazine in a phytoremediation setting

Atrazine is a widely used herbicide in agriculture. Non-point source contamination of groundwater and drinking water may pose a significant threat to humans, wildlife, and the environment. Phytoremediation may provide a cost-effective strategy for reducing non-point source contamination of atrazine from agricultural runoff. Previous studies have shown that the rhizosphere of the native prairie grass, switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) is capable of enhancing the degradation of atrazine in soils. Biodegradation also may occur within the plant biomass; however, the extent to which this occurs has not been studied. We hypothesize that switchgrass has the capacity to degrade atrazine in vivo, in addition to the microbial biotransformation that occurs in its rhizosphere. The goals of this study were to characterize the ability of switchgrass to take up atrazine from soils, quantify the amount of biodegradation occurring in the plant, and quantify the amount of degradation occurring in the rhizosphere. Switchgrass seedlings were transplanted into autoclaved and non-autoclaved sand containing 10 µg/g atrazine in sand. Treatments were sacrificed on days 0, 3, and 7. Sand and plant tissue extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography to determine the concentration of atrazine and metabolites in sand and plant tissues. Results demonstrated that leaf biomass is capable of detoxifying atrazine, because metabolites were present in leaf material and not in the sand or root.

Research of Qualitative ELISA and GC-MS for Atrazine in Soil

The qualitative ELISA was used for screening out atrazine in soil and positive results were proved with GC-MS. The recoveries 、Precision and the detection limits were estimated in this paper. The average recoveries of ELISA were 96.64%~98.06%,and coefficient of variations were 1.69%~3.36%,the detection limit was 0.04μg/kg, while The average recoveries of GC-MS were 85.78%~87.46%,and coefficient of variations were 4.3%~6.56%,the detection limit was 0.03μg/kg, when the concentrations of 0.5,1.0,5.0μg/kg atrazine standard were add to soil samples. Then three positive samples that filtered by ELISA were proved with GC-MS, and the results were coherent between two methods. The assay found ELISA is a rapid and exact method with good reproducibility for atrazine determination in soil .

Simulation Study of Atrazine-contaminated Soil Biodegradation by Strain W16

Abstract This paper studies the biodegradation of the atrazine-contaminated soil by the strain W16 (Rhodobacter sphaeroides sp.) under simulation conditions and analyzes the impacting factors of repairing process of atrazine-contaminated soil. The results show adding strain W16 can promote the degradation of atrazine in soil. W16s atrazine-degrading and W16 inoculation amount show positively correlated. When the inoculation amount of W16 was reduced to 1.2×105 cfu·g−1 soil, the strain W16s degradation ability of atrazine obviously weakened. The optimum temperature for strain W16 degradation atrazine in soil was 30°C and W16s atrazine-degrading rate on the 15th day was 96.86%. W16s atrazine-degrading rate in soil improved with the soil moisture content increase .When the soil moisture was 10%, the strain W16s atrazine-degrading ability was inhibited .While soil moisture content was more than 20%, atrazinedegrading rate was higher than 74.09% on the 15th day.

Sorption, Transport and Transformation of Atrazine in Soils, Minerals and Composts: A Review

Atrazine is a widely used herbicide for controlling weeds on both agricultural and nonagricultural land, which is equally detected in water supplies beyond safe concentrations. Although the presence of atrazine metabolites is an indication of herbicide degradation, some of them still exhibit toxicity, greater water solubility and weaker interaction with soil components than atrazine. Hence, studies with atrazine in the environment are of interest because of its potential to contaminate drinking water sources. Data on atrazine availability for transport, plant uptake, and microbial degradation and mineralization are therefore required to perform more comprehensive and realistic environmental risk assessments of its environmental fate. This review presents an account of the sorption-desorption phenomenon of atrazine on soil and other sorbents by revisiting the several mechanisms of atrazine-sorbent binding reported in the literature. The retention and transport of atrazine in soils; the influence of organic matter on atrazine sorption; the interactions of atrazine with humic substances, atrazine uptake by plants, atrazine bioccumulation and microbial degradation; atrazine transformation in composting environments; and finally atrazine removal by biosorption are discussed.