Atomic Energy Research Institute Research Articles

A phase 0 study of the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and dosimetry of 188Re-liposome in patients with metastatic tumors

BackgroundLiposomes are drug nano-carriers that are capable of targeting therapeutics to tumor sites because of enhanced permeability retention (EPR). In several preclinical studies with various tumor-bearing mice models, 188Re-liposome that has been developed by the Institute of Nuclear Energy Research (INER) demonstrates favorable in vivo tumor targeting, biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and dosimetry. It inhibits the growth of tumors, increased survival, demonstrates good synergistic combination, and was safe to use.This study conducts a phase 0 low-radioactivity clinical trial of nano-targeted radiotherapeutics 188Re-liposome to evaluate the effectiveness with which it targets tumors and the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, dosimetry, and its safety in use. Twelve patients with metastatic cancers are studied in this trial. Serial whole-body scans and SPECT/CT are taken at 1, 4, 8, 24, 48, and 72 h after intravenous injection of 111 MBq of 188Re-liposome. The effectiveness with which tumors are targeted, the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, dosimetry, and safety are evaluated using the VelocityAI and OLINDA/EXM software. Blood samples are collected at different time points for a pharmacokinetics study and a safety evaluation that involves monitoring changes in liver, renal, and hematological functions.ResultsThe T½z for 188Re-liposome in blood and plasma are 36.73 ± 14.00 h and 52.02 ± 45.21 h, respectively. The doses of radiation that are absorbed to vital organs such as the liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and bone marrow are 0.92 ± 0.35, 1.38 ± 1.81, 0.58 ± 0.28, 0.32 ± 0.09, and 0.06 ± 0.01 mGy/MBq, respectively, which is far less than the reference maximum tolerance dose after injection of 188Re-liposome. 188Re-liposome is absorbed by metastatic tumor lesions and the normal reticuloendothelial (RES) system. Certain patients exhibit a therapeutic response.ConclusionThis phase 0 exploratory IND study shows that nanocarrier 188Re-liposome achieves favorable tumor accumulation and tumor to normal organ uptake ratios for a subset of cancer patients. The clinical pharmacokinetic, biodistribution, and dosimetry results justify a further dose-escalating phase 1 clinical trial.Trial registrationTaiwan FDA MA1101G0 (Jan 31, 2012).

Development and efficacy testing of a new optically stimulated luminescence ring dosimeter and algorithm

For some special radiation practices, such as working with radioisotopes in the nuclear medicine department, hand exposure is inevitable and usually results in high radiation doses. Therefore, ring dosimeters are frequently worn on the finger to monitor the does to the hand (extremity). Most current commercial ring dosimeters are thermoluminescence type and consist of a single dosimetry chip; they do not have the ability to discern the energy of radiation. This study developed a new optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ring dosimeter. Each OSL ring dosimeter consists of two OSL chips, one cast, one ring holder, and one ring clip. A dose algorithm was also designed to calculate the dose with correction for energy dependence. The new OSL ring dosimeter and algorithm were validated using blind tests under irradiation from X-ray, gamma ray, and beta in the National Radiation Standard Laboratory at the Institute of Nuclear Energy Research in Taiwan. The newly designed OSL ring dosimeter and algorithm could pass the blind test following American National Standards Institute/Health Physics Society standard N13.32–2008 from category I to III. For category IV, the feasibility was confirmed under assumptions specific to this study. The reproducibility and lower limit of detection of this system were also represented in this study.

The environmental level multi-source air kerma rate calibration system

Since the accident of Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, the environmental radiation dose was increasingly concerned as a global issue. In Taiwan, the detection capability of the all calibration laboratories is just about 50 times the naturally occurring environmental radiation for environmental radiation protection detectors. Undoubtedly the use of environmental radiation detector shows relative low performance in accuracy and the public are very sensitive to the amount of environmental radiation. Thus, the National Radiation Standard Laboratory (NRSL) of the Institute of Nuclear Energy Research (INER) designed a multi-source of low air kerma rate calibration system to respond to the measurement and calibration needs in Taiwan. The system was verified to meet the needs of measurement and calibration through a series of evaluations and comparisons based on ISO 4037-1 criteria (ISO 4037, 1996).This environmental-level dose rate measurement and calibration system contains three radioactive sources respectively penetrating by sets of filter of three different thicknesses and then producing radiation fields of three different strengths. A total of nine standard radiation fields are provided with intensity ranges from 1746.6 μGy/h to 0.092 μGy/h, and the expanded uncertainties of the system were from 1.02% to 5.77% (k = 2).

Modeling the Conversion Rate of Fuel Reaction for Chemical Looping Combustion in a Bubbling Fluidized Bed

Chemical-looping combustion (CLC), which divides the combustion process into an air reactor and a fuel reactor, has been regarded as an effective method to facilitate carbon dioxide mitigation. This system can be designed similar to a circulating fluidized bed, but with the addition of a bubbling fluidized bed on the return side. Between the two reactors, specific metal-oxide particles, called Oxygen Carrier (OC), are used for oxygen transport. Since OC is the main additional operating cost, it is proposed that low-cost minerals, such as ilmenite, are with great potential to explore. Previous study has shown that, simulation methods are an important tool for the scale-up and detailed design for this kind of system. The objective of this study is to establish a reduction reaction model in a bubbling fluidized bed with ilmenite as oxygen carrier for methane and synthetic gaseous fuels. Due to the agitation affect in the bubbling fluidized bed, it is assumed that the concentration of the oxygen carrier is homogeneous in the dense bed, so the bubbling fluidized-bed reactor can be modeled as a plug-flow reactor. Shrinking core model (SCM) displays the kinetic reaction of oxygen carrier for various fuels in the model. The constructed dynamic model can accurately fit the experimental data performed at the Institute of Nuclear Energy Research (INER). For the parameter R0, the oxygen transport capacities of ilmenite for H2 and CO are higher than that for CH4. By the shrinking core model, the analysis results show that the characteristics of Australia’s and Norwegian’s ilmenite are analogous. Finally, the sensitivity analysis based on two indexes, the specific combustion heat and the heat utilization factor, shows that the efficiency of reactor and fuel can be increased (or decreased) at the same time when varying temperature and OC size.

Real-Time Environmental Gamma Radiation Dose Rate Measurement around Major Nuclear and Radiological Facilities in Bangladesh

Background: In this study, outdoor environmental gamma radiation dose rates were measured at area of Shahbag Thana under Dhaka city and Atomic Energy Research Establishment (AERE) Campus at Savar. Aim of the study: This kind of study is required to detect the presence of natural and artificial radionuclides (if any) releasing from nuclear and radiological facilities in the country or from neighbouring countries. Materials and Methods: The measurement was performed using a real-time portable radiation monitoring device from August-November 2017. The real-time portable radiation monitoring device was placed on tripod at 1 meter above the ground and data acquisition time for each monitoring point (MP) was 1 hour. Total 34 MP were selected around major nuclear and radiological facilities in Bangladesh for collection of dose rate due to gamma-ray. The MPs were marked-out using Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation. The GPS reading of the sampling locations were varied from E90º23'40.08" to E90º24'32.82" and from N23º44'58.62" to N23º43'26.58" for Shahbag Thana and from E90º16'26.58" to E90º16'50.52" and from N23º57'12.96" to N23º57'6.12" for AERE Campus, Savar. Results: The measured dose rates due to natural radionuclides were ranged from 0.105 ± 0.036056 μSv.h-1 to 0.208065 ± 0.106377μSv.h-1 with an average of 0.141568 ± 0.046995 μSv.h-1. The annual effective dose to the population from outdoor environmental gamma radiation was varied from 0.128772 ± 0.044218 mSv to 0.25517 ± 0.130461 mSv and the mean was found to be 0.17362± 0.057635 mSv. This value is lower than some countries like India, China, Sweden, Italy and Czech Republic; and higher than Canada, Mexico, Indonesia, Korea, Turkey, Finland, Spain and some other countries. Conclusion: From this study, it was observed that there is no burden of population exposure due to man-made sources. Therefore, it can be concluded that adequate safety and radiation protection of nuclear & radiological facilities had been ensured which is required for minimizing of unnecessary exposure to populations from man-made sources. The estimated mean annual effective dose found in this study is not expected to contribute significant additional hazard from the radiological health point of view.

Michael J. D. Powell. 29 July 1936—19 April 2015

Michael James David Powell was a British numerical analyst who was among the pioneers of computational mathematics. During a long and distinguished career, first at the Atomic Energy Research Establishment (AERE) Harwell and subsequently as the John Humphrey Plummer Professor of Applied Numerical Analysis in Cambridge, he contributed decisively towards establishing optimization theory as an effective tool of scientific enquiry, replete with highly effective methods and mathematical sophistication. He also made crucial contributions to approximation theory, in particular to the theory of spline functions and of radial basis functions. In a subject that roughly divides into practical designers of algorithms and theoreticians who seek to underpin algorithms with solid mathematical foundations, Mike Powell refused to follow this dichotomy. His achievements span the entire range from difficult and intricate convergence proofs to the design of algorithms and production of software. He was among the leaders of a subject area that is at the nexus of mathematical enquiry and applications throughout science and engineering.

Determination of Fragmentation Schemes and Metabolites of Fluorinated Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors for Use as Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Agents Using HPLC-MS/MS

High performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was developed and validated as a method for the analysis of fluorinated histone deacetylase inhibitors (F-HDACi), and then employed to study their metabolism in biosystems. Four HDACi analogs labeled with the positron emission nuclide 18F constitute a group of potential positron emission tomography imaging agents, which were developed by the Institute of Nuclear Energy Research (INER) and coded as INER-1577 #1, #2, #3, and #4 during animal studies for the diagnosis of dementia. The performance of the method was found to be suitable for the determination of analog #3, and it was employed to determine the structures and fragmentation mechanisms of all four analogs and to study the biotransformations of analogs #3 and #4. The results indicated that the method used for the determination of analog #3 was suitable for determining the abundance of the analogs in chemical and biochemical tests with high precision, accuracy, reproducibility, and recovery. Weaknesses in the chemical bonding of the analogs were found to involve the fluoro, dimethylamino, and benzamide groups in a fragmentation mechanism deduced via tandem mass spectrometry. The metabolites of analogs #3 and #4 in rat liver microsomes and rat plasma were also identified to clarify their characteristic behaviors in biosystems. The major product of analogs #3 in liver microsomes was produced by hydroxylation of the benzylic carbon atom, but in rat plasma the metabolites of analog #3 were produced by hydrolysis of the benzamide group to give a diaminobiphenyl compound with the simultaneous replacement of a fluorine atom by a hydroxyl group. The metabolites of analog #4 in liver microsomes were produced by hydroxylation of the benzylic carbon atom and hydrolysis of the benzamide bond. The results of the studies characterized the chemical and biochemical behaviors of the series F-HADCi analogs.

Electrical power planning and analysis of a micro grid

This article presents the electrical power planning, tests and analysis for a micro-grid (MG) in the distribution system. The MG of the Institute of Nuclear Energy Research has been selected for study. To enhance the MG reliability, two power sources are used for connecting to the utility power grid. The two power sources are currently interlocked, one for the regular and the other for the standby. Firstly, the phase sequence tests of the two power sources were performed to avoid the failure and damage of the equipment during power transfer. After that, the control logic planning between the two power sources is done to maintain the power supply of the MG. Finally, the reliability analysis for the load in the MG is performed to examine the effectiveness of the two power sources configuration.

PLAYGO: Program for BWR LP-CRP Automatic Yielding by using GA Optimization

PLAYGO, the Program for Boiling Water Reactor Loading-pattern and control-rod-pattern Automatic Yielding by using Genetic algorithm Optimization, has been developed by the Institute of Nuclear Energy Research. This program utilizes a loading pattern scoping code, AUTOLPD, to search for an optimal loading pattern, and then uses a control rod pattern design code, AUTOROD, to generate a set of control rod patterns from the beginning of cycle to the end of cycle for the optimized loading pattern. PLAYGO offers two feedback mechanisms to adjust loading pattern in case the cycle length or the shutdown margin of the optimized loading pattern does not meet the specified criteria. Both AUTOLPD and AUTOROD use genetic algorithm as the optimization method. The automatic system has been tested through several actual cycles of Kuosheng Nuclear Power Plant. Results show that PLAYGO can be used to successfully find the optimal loading patterns and control rod patterns under different core conditions.

Safety analysis methodology for Chinshan nuclear power plant spent fuel pool under Fukushima-like accident condition

Abstract Chinshan nuclear power plant (NPP), a BWR/4 plant, is the first NPP in Taiwan. After Fukushima NPP disaster occurred, there is more concern for the safety of NPPs in Taiwan. Therefore, in order to estimate the safety of Chinshan NPP spent fuel pool (SFP), by using TRACE, MELCOR, CFD, and FRAPTRAN codes, INER (Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Atomic Energy Council, R.O.C.) performed the safety analysis of Chinshan NPP SFP. There were two main steps in this research. The first step was the establishment of Chinshan NPP SFP models. And the transient analysis under the SFP cooling system failure condition (Fukushima-like accident) was performed. In addition, the sensitive study of the time point for water spray was also performed. The next step was the fuel rod performance analysis by using FRAPTRAN and TRACE's results. Finally, the animation model of Chinshan NPP SFP was presented by using the animation function of SNAP with MELCOR analysis results.

Photon-scattering, electron-loss and shadow-effect correction factors calculation for cylindrical free-air chamber

A cylindrical free-air ionization chamber is used as the medium X-ray air kerma primary standard at the Institute of Nuclear Energy Research (INER, Taiwan). Photon-scattering, electron-loss and shadow-effect correction factors are taken into account for the measurement of air kerma by the cylindrical free-air ionization chamber. The photon-scattering correction factor is used to deduct the ionizations caused by scattered photons. The electron-loss correction factor compensates for the loss of electrons striking the electrode shell without fully depositing their energies to charges in the air. The shadow-effect correction factor compensates for the loss of electrons striking the collecting rod inside the chamber. The photon scattering and electron loss correction factors previously used at INER were based on a least-squares fit with experimental data published in the NBS Handbook 64. The shadow-effect correction factor was not considered.In this study, photon-scattering, electron-loss and shadow-effect correction factors for each mono-energetic photon were calculated by a Monte Carlo code, EGS5. Then, the mono-energetic correction factors were substituted into the ISO 4037 radiation qualities spectrum, and the energy weighted correction factors were calculated. Comparing the calculated correction factors with the previous correction factors, the maximum differences were 0.51% and 1.22% for IN-250 and IN-300 radiation qualities, respectively.In a report detailing an international comparison of air kerma standards for the ISO 4037 narrow spectrum series (EUROMET.RI(I)-S3), which was conducted from 2004 to 2005, the ratio of differences and expanded uncertainties (Di/Ui) for INER's IN-250 and IN-300 radiation qualities were 0.9 and 1.8, respectively. If the correction factors obtained in this study are substituted, the differences can be reduced, and the (Di/Ui) ratios become 0.36 and 0.6 for IN-250 and IN-300, respectively.

Reference air kerma rate calibration system for high dose rate Ir-192 brachytherapy sources in Taiwan

Ir-192 sources are widely used in brachytherapy and the number of treatments is around seven thousand for the use of the high dose rate (HDR) Ir-192 brachytherapy source per year in Taiwan. Due to its physical half-life of 73.8 days, the source should be replaced four times per year to maintain the HDR treatment mode (DDEP, 2005; Coursey et al., 1992). When doing this work, it must perform the source dose trace to assure the dose accuracy. To establish the primary measurement standard of reference air kerma rate(RAKR) for the HDR Ir-192 brachytherapy sources in Taiwan, the Institute of Nuclear Energy Research (INER) fabricated a dual spherical graphite-walled cavity ionization chambers system to directly measure the RAKR of the Ir-192 brachytherapy source.In this system, the ion-charge was accumulated by the two ionization chambers and after correction for the ion recombination, temperature, atmosphere pressure, room scattering, graphite-wall attenuation, air attenuation, source decay, stem effect, and so on. The RAKR of the Ir-192 source was obtained in the ambient conditions of 22°C and one atmosphere. The measurement uncertainty of the system was around 0.92% in 96% confidence level (k=2.0). To verify the accuracy of the result, the source calibration comparison has been made at the National Radiation Standard Laboratory (NRSL) of INER and Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB, Germany) in 2015. The ratio of the measurement results between INER and PTB, INER/PTB, was 0.998±0.027 (k=2) which showed good consistency and the performance of the system was verified.

Assessment of the Carbon Footprint, Social Benefit of Carbon Reduction, and Energy Payback Time of a High-Concentration Photovoltaic System

Depleting fossil fuel sources and worsening global warming are two of the most serious world problems. Many renewable energy technologies are continuously being developed to overcome these challenges. Among these technologies, high-concentration photovoltaics (HCPV) is a promising technology that reduces the use of expensive photovoltaic materials to achieve highly efficient energy conversion. This reduction process is achieved by adopting concentrating and tracking technologies. This study intends to understand and assess the carbon footprint and energy payback time (EPBT) of HCPV modules during their entire life cycles. The social benefit of carbon reduction is also evaluated as another indicator to assess the energy alternatives. An HCPV module and a tracker from the Institute of Nuclear Energy Research (INER) were applied, and SimaPro 8.0.2 was used for the assessment. The functional unit used in this study was 1 kWh, which is produced by HCPV, and inventory data was sourced from Ecoinvent 3.0 and the Taiwan carbon footprint calculation database. The carbon footprint, EPBT, and social benefit of carbon reduction were evaluated as 107.69 g CO2eq/kWh, 2.61 years, and 0.022 USD/kWh, respectively. Direct normal irradiation (DNI), life expectancy, and the degradation rate of HCPV system were subjected to sensitivity analysis. Results show that the influence of lifetime assumption under a low DNI value is greater than those under high DNI values. Degradation rate is also another important factor when assessing the carbon footprint of HCPV under a low DNI value and a long lifetime assumption. The findings of this study can provide several insights for the development of the Taiwanese solar industry.

Dynamic Analysis of Jacket Substructure for Offshore Wind Turbine Generators under Extreme Environmental Conditions

In order to develop dynamic analysis technologies regarding the design of offshore wind turbine generators (OWTGs), a special project called Offshore Code Comparison Collaboration Continuation (OC4) was conducted by IEA (International Energy Agency) in 2010. A similar project named INER-OC4 has been performed by the Institute of Nuclear Energy Research (INER) to develop the OWTG technologies of Taiwan. Since the jacket substructure will be applied to Taiwan OWTGs before 2020, the INER-OC4 project has been devoted to the design and analysis of jacket support structure. In this work, the preliminary result of INER-OC4 is presented. A simplified analysis procedure for jacket support structure has been proposed. Both of the NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory) 5 MW OWTG FAST model and OC4 jacket substructure model have been built and analyzed under severe design load cases (DLCs) of IEC (International Electrotechnical commission) 61400-3. Simulation results of six severe DLCs are performed in this work and the results are in agreement with the requirements of API (American Petroleum Institute) and NORSOK (Norwegian Petroleum Industry) standards.

Standards Commonly Used for Microgrids—A Research Project to Develop an Industry Microgrid Standard in Taiwan

This article presents standards commonly used for microgrid technology and practical tests of these standards before developing an industry microgrid standard. Standards of communication networks, Internet security, data and communications security, installation and protection of distributed generators and energy storage devices, electronic power interfaces of distributed energy resources, and interconnection of microgrids to electric power system are analyzed. The practical tests for the above standards are planned to perform at a low-voltage (380-V) AC microgrid test bed built by the Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taiwan. Microgrid configurations, installation of distributed generators and energy storage systems, operation conditions of the microgrid, microgrid energy management and control systems, and microgrid protection are mentioned in the proposed standard tests. The main contributions of this article are (i) to review and analyze common standards used for microgrids, (ii) to present research works from Taiwan to develop a microgrid standard for industry applications, and (iii) to propose practical tests of critical standards used for microgrids and how to perform these tests at a real-time low-voltage AC microgrid in Taiwan.

APMP key comparison for the measurement of air kerma for 60Co (APMP.RI(I)-K1.1)

The results are reported for an APMP.R(I)-K1.1 comparison that extends the regional comparison of standards for air kerma APMP.R(I)-K1 to several laboratories unable to participate earlier. The comparison was conducted with the goal of supporting the relevant calibration and measurement capabilities (CMCs) planned for publication by the participant laboratories.The comparison was conducted by the pilot laboratory, the Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety (ARPANSA), Australia, supported by the Institute of Nuclear Energy Research (INER), Taiwan, in a modified ring-shaped arrangement from September 2009 to November 2010, in parallel with an APMP.R(I)-K4 comparison being piloted by the INER. The laboratories that took part in the comparison were the ARPANSA, the Centre of Technology of Radiation Safety and Metrology (PTKMR-BATAN), Indonesia, the Division of Radiation and Medical Devices (DMSC), Thailand, the INER, the National Centre for Radiation Science (NCRS), New Zealand, the National Institute for Standards (NIS), Egypt and the National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ/AIST), Japan. The two primary laboratories, ARPANSA and NMIJ, were chosen as the linking laboratories.Three ionization chambers were used as transfer instruments to be calibrated in terms of air kerma in 60Co radiotherapy beams. The comparison result is based on the ratio between the air kerma calibration coefficients (NK ) determined by the participants and the mean of the results of the linking laboratories.The mean comparison ratio was found to be within 0.5 % of the key comparison reference value KCRV. The largest deviation between any two comparison ratios for the three chambers in terms of air kerma was 2.0 %. An analysis of the participant uncertainty budgets enabled the calculation of degrees of equivalence (DoE) in terms of the deviations of the results and their associated uncertainties. As a result of this APMP comparison, the BIPM key comparison database (KCDB) should include three new entries since neither the PTKMR-BATAN nor the NCRS have yet been declared designated institutes and consequently their results cannot be entered.Main textTo reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCRI, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).

Implementation and Assessment of Moody Homogeneous Equilibrium Critical Flow Model of RELAP5-3D

According to “Standard Review Plan for the Review of Safety Analysis Reports for Nuclear Power Plants” (NUREG-0800) of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, the homogeneous and thermal equilibrium critical flow model (HEM model) is acceptable for pressure and temperature analysis of the subcompartment of the containment. However, it was not built into the RELAP5-3D code. In order to provide the blowdown boundary conditions that meet the acceptance criteria for the subcompartment pressure and temperature response analysis, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research implemented and assessed the Moody HEM model of RELAP5-3D. The assessment phase was subsequent to the implementation of the Moody HEM model of RELAP5-3D. Three experiments of Marviken critical flow tests (CFTs) were selected as the assessment cases. They were CFT 15, CFT 22, and CFT 24. The assessment input decks of RELAP5-3D had been modified from the appendixes of the references. Additional comparisons with the results of the RELAP5-3D built-in Ransom-Trapp and Henry-Fauske critical flow models were also included. The comparisons of the calculated blowdown mass flow rate with the test data assessed the newly implemented model, which gave good prediction. Moreover, the comparisons between the results of the critical flow models of RELAP5-3D and the test data provided a measure of the relative conservatism of the critical flow calculations.

A Two-stage Optimal Network Reconfiguration Approach for Minimizing Energy Loss of Distribution Networks Using Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

This study aimed to minimize energy losses in traditional distribution networks and microgrids through a network reconfiguration and phase balancing approach. To address this problem, an algorithm composed of a multi-objective function and operation constraints is proposed. Network connection matrices based on graph theory and the backward/forward sweep method are used to analyze power flow. A minimizing energy loss approach is developed for network reconfiguration and phase balancing, and the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is adopted to solve this optimal combination problem. The proposed approach is tested on the IEEE 37-bus test system and the first outdoor microgrid test bed established by the Institute of Nuclear Energy Research (INER) in Taiwan. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed two-stage approach can be applied in network reconfiguration to minimize energy loss.

First record of the fruit fly, Diarrhegma modestum (Fabricius) (Diptera: Tephritidae) from Bangladesh

Abstract not availableBangladesh J. Zool. 41(2): 265-267, 2013

Intelligent Identification of Voltage Variation Events Based on IEEE Std 1159-2009 for SCADA of Distributed Energy System

Since the renewable energy is intermittent power source, feeding a lot of renewable energy into the grid would cause voltage variations affecting the stability of the power system. As a result, the effective detection and identification of voltage variation events become important tasks for the protection of microgrid integrated different distributed energy systems. In this paper, a rule-based technique based on IEEE Std 1159-2009 is proposed to deal with the estimation of voltage variations, and a prototype of a supervisory control and data acquisition system with filter bank and adaptive filtering is developed. With the help of the implemented technique, the monitoring of voltage variation events can be efficiently performed and practically applied in the microgrid system of the Taiwan Institute of Nuclear Energy Research.