Atomic Absorption Technique Research Articles

Metals: common clinical applications in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is an analytical technique for inorganic, quantitative, and multi-elemental compounds commonly used in clinical biology. In recent years, it has gradually replaced atomic absorption techniques. It is based on the combination of an ion source formed of an inductively coupled plasma torch by a high-frequency electromagnetic generator, and a mass spectrometer, which allows the separation of ions generated according to their mass and energy. It allows the simultaneous detection of most metal and metalloid elements (about 80, 40 generally). It is extremely sensitive for determining analyte concentrations up to nanograms per liter. ICP-MS is fast and suitable for continued use on different types of biological samples. Its use requires, however, good knowledge of the different types of interferences, whether spectral or non-spectral. This method may require specific adaptations depending on the samples used due to the matrix effect. In this review, we will present the main principles of the realization of dosages, as well as the various devices currently commercialized. It is currently used for the determination of the most critical metals in clinical biochemistry, copper, zinc, and selenium, but also in clinical toxicology and pharmacology.

Different analytical methods for estimating the heavy metals in fish products available in the Iraqi local markets by atomic absorption technique

The present study aims to estimate heavy metals (Cadmium, Lead, Copper, Zinc and Iron) by different analytical methods in local and imported fish products such as the following samples: (White tuna meat small pieces) Thailand produce, (Sardines with vegetable oil pepper, slices without heads) produced by Morocco, (Fish fillet without bones) Vietnam production (live Carp fish from ponds and live Carp fish from the Tigris River) Iraq production, and (Tuna cut small) Turkey production, The concentrations of above-mentioned elements in the target samples were determined by the flame atomic absorption device . Concentrations of heavy metals were estimated at (ppm) as follows : Cadmium values (0.48 - 2.05 ppm) , While Lead values (0.66- 2.90 ppm), The values of Zinc (2.99 - 19.14 ppm) , Copper values (0.15 - 2.66 ppm) , The values of Iron (15.47-3.28 ppm), The results showed that the best method of extraction was the method of digestion which showed better results than the other two methods (ultrasound method and Ashing method). The results showed that the levels of Cadmium and Copper in some products are higher than the limits allowed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and World Food Organization (FAO) while the values ​​of Lead, Iron and Zinc were within the limits allowed .

Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial studies of some metal complexes with mixed ligands derived from Mannich bases and diamine ligands

The present study deals with the structure and antimicrobial properties of a new series complexes of Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions with mixed ligands involved Mannich ligand (L) and diamine ligand (L’).L=Mannich ligands involved L1, L2, L3 namely:L1 = N-[1-Morpholino-(3-methoxy,4-hydroxy)benzyl]acetamide (MBA)L2 = N-[1-Morpholino-(3-methoxy,4-hydroxy)benzyl]Benzamide (MBB)L3 = N-[1-Morpholino-(3-methoxy,4-hydroxy)benzyl]Urea (MBU)L’ Ligand is a 1,10-phenanthroline.These complexes were prepared from the direct reaction of the metal (II) chloride, mannich bases (MBA, MBB, MBU) and diamine ligand namely with mole ration (2:1:1) of L:M:L’ categories of complexes were synthesis is mononuclear complexes of formula:[M(L)2(L’)].nH2O whereM = Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II).L = Mannich base (MBA, MBB, MBU).L’ = 1,10-phenanthroline.The structure of each complex was characterized by spectroscopic methods (IR, UV-Visible), molar conductivity, elemental analysis (C.H.N) and atomic absorption techniques as well as magnetic data. The completion of the reaction checked by using TLC. The mannich bases (L) and diamine ligands coordinated to the metal ion as bidentated ligands through the oxygen atom of the carbonyl group of amide, nitrogen atom of morpholine and two nitrogen atoms of diamine ligand. The following geometrical with all metal ions showed octahedral geometry. Antibacterial activity of the ligand and its complexes was tested against some select bacterial.

Evaluación de migración de aluminio durante la cocción de arroz blanco en ollas de aluminio

Diariamente en los hogares ecuatorianos se utilizan ollas de aluminio para cocinar, sin saber la cantidad de residuos metálicos que se transfiere a los alimentos. Este trabajo evaluó la migración del aluminio en la cocción de arroz blanco (Oryza sativa L.) en recipientes de este material. Se trabajó con seis tipos de ollas, de diferentes marcas comerciales de mayor presencia en el mercado, en estas se realizó la cocción del alimento por 15 minutos. De cada unidad experimental se tomaron 50,0 gramos de muestra y, luego de secar, se calcinó para obtener cenizas totales que fueron sometidas a un proceso de digestión ácida. La cuantificación de aluminio se realizó mediante la técnica de absorción atómica con llama de óxido nitroso–acetileno. Se realizaron cinco ciclos de trabajo secuenciales con cada recipiente, los resultados obtenidos se compararon con el límite máximo permisible de 1 mg Al/kg de alimento establecido por la OMS y la Unión Europea. Se pudo observar que luego de la tercera cocción, la migración de aluminio baja hasta valores inferiores al límite máximo permisible excepto en una de las muestras. El estudio permite concluir que la migración de este metal va disminuyendo con el número de usos en las condiciones experimentales descritas.

Spectroscopic, Structural and Antibacterial Activity of Mixed Ligand Complexes from Schiff Base with Anthranilic Acid

Mixed ligand complexes included Schiff base derivative ligand (L1) have been produced by condensed {3-amino-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one (APO)}with o-phathalaldehyde and anthranillic acid (L2) with some transition metal ions. Diagnosis of prepared ligand (L1) by 1HNMR, mass spectroscopy, (CHN) elemental analysis and UV-Visible. The complexes were typified by molar conductance, UV-Visible, FTIR, atomic absorption, magnetic susceptibility and elemental analysis techniques. Octahedral geometry are suggested for the metal complexes based on the analytical studies. All these compounds were determined a against with two type of bacteria; Gram positive and Gram negative.

Cloud point extraction of Cefixime drug by direct (UV- Vis) spectrophotometer and indirect(Flame Atomic Absorption) technique

A new method for the determination of the Cefixime drug in some Pharmaceuticals using ultra violet-visible (UV- Vis) and indirect Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (FAAS) by Cloud point Extraction by using Triton X-114 as surfactant, the method based to form chelating complex CEF – Pd (II) at 456nm, variables parameters were studied such as the concentration of metal ion, effect of pH, Triton X-114 amount, equilibration temperature and incubation time. The best pH for the formation of chelating complex was (9). The best temperature on cloud-point extraction was 55 0C at 20 min. then complex extracted with ethanol. The mole-ratio method has been used to determine the structure of chelate CEF – Pd (II) and found to be 1:1 L:M (Ligand : Metal). Beer’s Law was obeyed in the range 2.5-30 and 2.5-32.5μg/mL for UVVis and FAAS respectively. Limit of Detection and Limit of Quantitation LOD and LOQ values for these methods were (0.456592, 0.33374) μg/mL (1.521976, 1.112471) μg/mL respectively.the method was validated and successfully applied to drug formulations like Cefix capsules marketed in Iraq. The results of analysis have been validated statistically and by recovery studies and were found satisfactory

STUDY THE CONTAMINATION OF SOME CHEMICAL POLLUTANTS IN HOT FOODS STORED IN PLASTIC BAGS AND CONTAINERS

Plastic food containers and bags are classified as the most dangerous food and water contaminants around the world, because of the possibility to transfer the chemicals from it to food as a result of heating. Therefore this study was aimed to estimate the chemical pollutants (heavy metals included lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury and zinc) that transfer from plastic food containers and bags to food. Thirty food containers (15 packages and 15 bags) synthesized from Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) were purchased from the local market in Baghdad. Cut each into small equal pieces (0.5×0.5) cm and placed in a thermo glass containers then submerged 3 food solution (D.W, 3%, acetic acid, and olive oil). Two thermal treatments were done on it; the first one was carried out by boiling on a hot plate surface for 10 and 15 minutes, and the second by heating in microwave for 5 and 10 minutes, heavy metals were estimated by using Atomic Absorption technique. The results showed the significant difference between the concentration of the elements at level (p<o.o5) in these treatment. Also transfer of heavy elements at zero time was very small percentage and insignificant, and the concentration of heavy metals in three solutions were increased as C>B>A after treated with two thermal treatment. The concentration of all heavy elements in this solution after heating for 10 minutes and heating in microwave for 5 and 10 minutes. Were higher than the acceptable limits by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Commission (EU).

Radionuclide and trace elements geochemistry of the Urmia Lake Shore of Iran

Urmia Lake is one of the greatest salt lakes in the world and is located in the uppermost northwestern regions of Iran. In this study, in addition to trace elements, activity concentration of natural (238U, 232Th and 40K) and artificial (137Cs) radioisotopes are determined in soil and sediment specimens collected from the Urmia Lake shore by adopting gamma ray spectrometry method. The samples are analyzed for trace elements including heavy metals using atomic absorption and ICP-MS techniques. The activity concentration levels were determined for 238U (from 8 to 48 Bq kg−1), 232Th (from 7 to 64 Bq kg−1), 40K (from ≤ MDA to 631 Bq kg−1) and 137Cs (from ≤ MDA to 22 Bq kg−1) with the minimum detectable activity (MDA) of 5, 4, 63 and 4 Bq kg−1, respectively. It seems that except for the cadmium, all of the elements belong to uncontaminated to low contaminated soils group. The least correlation between 137Cs and other elements distribution in the area, confirms its anthropogenic man made source. Based on the cluster and factor analysis methods of data processing, 238U, 232Th and 40K belong to a similar group which in addition to their low geo-accumulation indexes can point to their geogenic sources, related to potassic volcanic rocks. Rare earth elements studies revealed that the main geochemical features of the sediment samples of the lake are affected by the intermediate to felsic Cenozoic volcano-plutonic rocks of the region.

Determination of mineral and heavy metals in Cousinia stocksii, Eremostachys thyrsiflora and Gaillonia macrantha plants for health safety approaches by atomic absorption and flame photometry techniques

Nine different elements (Cu, Co, Ni, Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb, Na and K) were determined in the three plant species i-e Cousinia stocksii, Eremostachys thyrsiflora and Gaillonia macrantha by FAAS and Flame photometer. Digestion of the plant samples were carried out by using tri-acid mixture (HNO3, H2SO4 and HClO4). The distribution order of the elements in the three species were: C. stocksii: Cd≈Pb≈Co<Mn≈Ni<Cu<Fe<<K<Na. E. thyrsiflora: Cd≈Pb≈Co<Ni≈Cu≈Mn<Fe<<Na<K and G. macrantha: Cd=Pb≈Co≈Ni≈Mn≈Cu<Fe<<K<Na. Heavy metal contents were recorded at a very low level even negligible whereas Na and K were present in higher level and Fe to some extent. The results provide a justification for the safety of these plants and no risk is associated for the human consumption. In spite of the fact, analysis is needed before use as they might be contaminated by environmental factors. Keywords: Flame photometer; FAAS; Heavy metals; Medicinal plants http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2019.80098

SORPTION OF LEAD ION FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION BY CARBOXYLIC ACID GROUPS CONTAINING ADSORBENT POLYMER

Novel method to synthesize of p -(2,2,3,3-tetracarboxylic acid cyclopropyl)phenyl acrylate( P- TCP) was disclosed. In this study,3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)cyclopropane-1,1,2,2-tetracarboxylicacid was synthesized by the new method and reacted with acryloyl chloride to preparation of P -TCP monomer. Then the resulting monomer was polymerized by free-radical polymerization initiated with benzoyl peroxide in ethyl acetate a solvent to obtain a poly-(2,2,3,3- tetra carboxylic acid cyclopropyl)phenyl acrylate (PTCP)with multicarboxylic acid cyclopropane functionalities in the pendant group as a new polymer and applied to remove Pb(II) from aqueous solution. The sorption experiments under different experimental conditions such as, contact time, temperature and pH were investigated. The functionalized polymer showed strong adsorption ability to the Pb(II), with the maximum adsorption capacities of 553 mgg -1 at pH of 5.The high adsorption rate (<50 min) was seen. The removal of Pb(II) by polymer followed the pseudo-second-order rate better than the pseudo-first-order. The removal mechanisms was described as a metal-binding organic ligand (-COOH) and the electrostatic attractions between Pb(II) and oxygenic functional groups. The synthesized monomer, polymer and its metal chelates were characterized by FT-IR, 1 H-NMR spectroscopy, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and atomic absorption techniques (AAS).

Synthesis of a new schiff base oxovanadium complex with melamine and 2‐hydroxynaphtaldehyde on modified magnetic nanoparticles as catalyst for allyl alcohols and olefins epoxidation

A new magnetically recoverable nanocatalyst designated as Fe3O4@SiO2@PTMS@Mel‐Naph‐VOcomplex was synthesize by covalent binding of a Schiff base ligand derived from melamine and 2‐hydroxy1naphtaldehyde on the surface of silica coated iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles followed by complexation with VO (acac)2. Characterization of the prepared nanocatalyst was accomplished with FT‐IR, XRD, SEM, HRTEM, VSM and atomic absorption techniques. It was found that the epoxidation of geraniol, trans‐2‐hexen‐1‐ol, 1‐octen‐3‐ol, norbornene, and cyclooctene is highly selective, affording quantitative yields of the corresponding epoxides with tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) using Fe3O4@SiO2@Mel‐Naph‐VOcomplex as catalyst. High reaction yields, short reaction times, simple experimental and work up procedure, catalyst stability and excellent reusability even after five‐cycles of usage in the case of geraniol are some advantages of this research.

Metal leaching analysis from a core-shell WEEE plastic synthetic aggregate

Plastic wastes from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEEP) contain an important amount of metals and brominated flame retardants. These contaminants are hazardous for human and environment, therefore the WEEE are considered dangerous wastes by the law. In order to revalue this waste, we developed a cement based stabilization strategy for these contaminants. The WEEEP was covered with a mixture of cement and a very fine aggregate. This strategy takes a core-shell concept to obtain a synthetic aggregate with potential use in the construction industry. To evaluate the concentration of metals in the waste, extractions with hot water followed by acid digestion were carried out in samples of WEEEP, and then we compared these values with the leached of metals from the synthetic aggregate. The quantification was made by atomic absorption technique. The most of the studied metals did not leached in hot water, except for the antimony, which leached in hot water from WEEEP but showed an important decrease in its concentration in the leached of the synthetic arid.

Niveles de metales pesados en los sedimentos superficiales de las zonas de playas turísticas de La Guajira, Norte de Colombia

Se determinó la concentración de ocho metales pesados (cromo, cadmio, vanadio, cinc, plomo, níquel, mercurio y cobre) en sedimentos superficiales de seis de sitios de las playas turísticas de La Guajira para conocer los niveles de línea base y contaminación. La concentración se estableció mediante la técnica de espectroscopia de absorción atómica (CVAAS, GFAAS, FLAAS), utilizando un espectrofotómetro ICE 3000 Thermo Electron Corporation con llama aire-acetileno. Las concentraciones de los metales pesados en los sedimentos del área de estudio oscilaron entre los siguientes valores: cromo, 0.086-1.058 mg/kg; cadmio, 0.0098-0.0028 mg/kg; vanadio, 0.046-0.829 mg/kg; cinc, 0.250-0.630 mg/kg; plomo, 0.055-0.124 mg/kg; níquel, 0.080-1.220 mg/kg; mercurio, 0.00015-0.00027 mg/kg, y cobre, 0.030-0.1 mg/kg. Las correlaciones significativas entre los metales sugieren la existencia de fuentes de orígenes similares. La estimación del nivel de contaminación con el índice de geoacumulación indica que no existe contaminación. Las concentraciones de cromo, cinc y níquel se encuentran por debajo de un nivel de contaminación ligera en los sedimentos que puede ser tolerado por la mayoría de las especies bentónicas, aunque no se puede descartar una contribución antropogénica relacionada con el vertimiento de aguas servidas, la minería y la descarga de los ríos

Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions Using Modified Poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride) Copolymer as a Chelating Resin

the work, 3-(4-hydroxy phenyl)cyclopropane-1,1,2,2-tetramethyleneamine (HPCA) was synthesized. Poly(styrene-maleic anhydride) (SMA) copolymer was modified with HPCA and subsequently the product (SMA–HPCA) reacted with 1,2-diaminoethane (DAE) for preparation of tridimensional chelating resin (CSMA–HPCA) as a new copolymer with multiprimary amines cyclopropane functionalities in the pendant group and applied to remove heavy metal ions such as Cu(II), Pb(II), Zn(II) from aqueous solution. The adsorption behavior of selected metal ions was investigated by synthesized resins in various experimental conditions, under change in pH, metal ion concentration, and contact time. The CSMA–HPCA showed a high tendency for removing the selected metal ions compared to SMA–HPCA and the affinity order was: Cu(II) > Zn(II) > Pb(II). Kinetics studies revealed that the adsorption process onto CSMA–HPCA followed the pseudo-second order kinetics and adsorption experimental data were well fitted to Langmuir isotherm. The synthesized resins and their metal chelates were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), gravimetry, UV- Vis spectroscopy, and atomic absorption techniques (AAS).

Wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence determination of major oxides in bottom and peat sediments for paleoclimatic studies

The wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence method was applied to identify the distribution of major oxides within bottom and peat sediments containing organic matter of up to 70 wt.%. Samples were prepared as glass beads by fusing with lithium metaborate. The accuracy of results was assessed by flame photometry, spectrophotometry, and flame atomic absorption techniques. The proposed technique requires a sample weighing only 110 mg, which allows to analyze each centimeter of core collected at high-mountainous sites with undisturbed environment and eventually achieve uniquely high resolution of paleoclimatic reconstructions of global and regional climatic and environmental changes.

Calcitonin as an anticalcification treatment for implantable biological tissues

Background and aim of the studyCalcification remains the major role of failure of implantable biomedical material and in particular of bioprosthetic valves. Various treatments have been proposed to mitigate calcification of glutaraldehyde-fixed bioprosthetic valves but none have succeeded in inhibiting or mitigating efficiently the calcification process of the implantable biological tissues. Since the discovery of calcitonin (CT) and its therapeutic role in treating hypercalcemic patients, CT has never been tried as an anticalcification treatment for biomaterials. It is postulated, that tissue calcification may be efficiently minimized by forming adducts with aldehyde groups thus eliminating the places of the biological tissues onto the calcium cations could be deposited. Material and methodsFresh porcine aortic leaflets were cut radially in three parts. Three groups of tissue were created. Group I (glutaraldehyde only), Group II (glutaraldehyde with 1% CT) and Group III (glutaraldehyde with 10% CT). All tissues were then implanted subdermally in three sets of 8 (Group I) and 9 (Group II and Group III) male Wistar rats of 12 days old. 21 days later the rats were euthanized by inhalation of CO2. The tissues were retrieved and after rinsing with distilled water 3 times, were lyophilized at −40°C at high vacuum pressure of approximately 100mmHg for 16h. The calcium content was then measured with flat atomic absorption technique. ResultsThe preimplantation values of Ca concentration as expressed in mg Ca/g of tissue were 1.79±0.14 in Group I, 4.78±0.0079 in Group II and 2.88±0.17 in Group III (p=ns). 21 days later the values of Ca concentration were 126.95±12.97 for Group I, 24.69±2.71 for Group II (p<0.05) and 27.16±2.95 for Group III (p<0.05). There was not significance difference between Groups II and III, even if Group II showed a less accumulation of Ca concentration (×5.16) than Group III (×9.43). ConclusionAn anticalcification treatment based on calcitonin as an additive to buffered glutaraldehyde, mitigates the calcification process of the implantable biological tissues, as compared to glutaraldehyde treatment only.

Measurement of Elemental Mercury Solubility in Natural Gas Dehydrating Solvents

Mercury pollution and emission from natural gas processing industry has gradually received worldwide concern. Basic data and references are important for pollution control and environmental risk management. For this purpose, the solubility and the dissolving characteristics of mercury in the natural gas dehydrating solvents (methanol, mono-ethylene glycol and tri-ethylene glycol in particular) were studied at a temperature range from 253K to 373K. The dissolution experiments were carried out in the dissolving kettle and mercury concentration was analyzed by cold-vapor atomic absorption technique (CVAAS). The experimental results indicated that the solubility of mercury in these solvents showed an increasing trend with increased temperature, whereas decreased with decreasing solvent concentration. The results would be useful for the research on the distribution of mercury in the natural gas processing and provide basis for the prevention and control of mercury pollution.

Determination of Some Heavy Metals Concentrations in Industrial Waste Water of Soft Drink Plants and Reduction of Their Percentage by the Chelating Ligands.

The current study included the estimation of some heavy metals (cadmium, zinc, nickel, copper and iron) for the industrial water wastes of the beverage production plants in Kirkuk city and the efficiency and selectivity of some thechelating ligands containing (S, N, O) for Reducely the ratio of heavy metals.and the questionnaire of its results. The concentrations of heavy metals in the industrial waste water were (0.010-0.086), (0.0598-1.2514) (0.10-0.45), (0.010-0.228), (1.725-9.399) mg / L for cadmium, zinc, nickel, Copper and iron on the relay. Where the results showed that the concentration of metals were higher than the permissible limit except the element of zinc did not exceed the limits of Iraq. The measurement has been done using atomic absorption technique, melting point, IR spectrum and color

High performance bactericidal glass: evaluation of the particle size and silver nitrate concentration effect in ionic exchange process

Abstract Antimicrobial materials have long been used as an effective means of reducing the risks posed to humans by fungi, bacteria and other microorganisms. These materials are essential in environments where cleanliness, comfort and hygiene are the predominant concerns. This work presents preliminary results for a bactericidal vitreous material that is produced by the incorporation of a silver ionic specimen through ionic exchange reactions. Powdered glass was submitted to ionic exchange in an ionic medium containing AgNO3 as silver ions source. Different AgNO3 concentrations in ionic medium and different particle sizes of the glass were used in the samples development. Microbiological analysis of the samples was made by disk diffusion method in the Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacterium species. Samples were still submitted to SEM-EDS, atomic absorption and X-ray diffraction techniques. Results showed that the bactericidal effect was dependent on AgNO3 concentration in the ionic exchange medium, but was not dependent on the particle size of the glass.

Quantification of Cr (VI) by Spectrophotometric and Atomic Absorption Technique in Industrial Effluent

quantification of Cr (VI) by Spectrophotometric and Atomic Absorption Technique in Industrial Effluent