Atmospheric Pressure Variations Research Articles

The driving mechanism of cement hydrated products leaching on as-built cement concrete bridge deck pavements

Recently, a new distress type in as-built dense-graded asphalt concrete (DGAC) paved on concrete bridge decks, namely alkali leaching, has been detected in China. The water carries dissolved alkali ions from the cement concrete deck to the pavement surface and reacts with CO2 in the air to form whitish carbonate deposits. The “bottom-up” water transportation process in the presence of the natural environment without vehicle loading effect is a complicated problem. Thereby, scrutiny of the driving force of the “bottom-up” water transportation process in cement concrete bridge deck pavements (CCBDPs) plays a vital role in realizing the mechanism of alkali leaching. In the present study, three potential driving mechanisms that may cause this process are proposed and simulated in the laboratory, including water vapor diffusion under action of multiple temperatures and relative humidity (RH), capillary rise, and leaching water caused by variation of atmospheric pressure. The microstructure of alkali leaching samples cored from distress pavement is also carefully examined by X-ray CT. The obtained results show that the diffusion mass of water vapor demonstrates a rapid lessening with the reduction of the relative humidity differences. A highly linear correlation between the RH difference and the diffusion flux of the water vapor for different temperatures is also identified, indicating that the DGAC with various air voids follows Fick’s first law of diffusion. Further, capillary rise indeed occurs in the DGAC but does not contribute to the alkali leaching process. The pressure difference could continuously drive the leaching water to the surface of DGAC samples, and the critical pressure difference (0.3–0.7 kPa) would be generally less than the daily variation of the atmospheric pressure (approximately 0.8 kPa in weather alternate days). The quantitative analysis of the internal structure for alkali leaching cores also reveals that the distressed cores present relatively higher void ratios, especially for small volume and narrow pores. The entrapped air within unsaturated pores provides the precondition for water transport subjected to the atmospheric pressure differences. These findings contribute to the understanding of static moisture transportation in the dense-graded asphalt mixtures and clarify the main driving mechanism of moisture-induced alkali leaching on CCBDPs.

Influence of Atmospheric Pressure Surges on the Level of Suprapermafrost Waters and the Flow of Small Rivers (Anadyr Lowland, Chukotka)

It is known that atmospheric pressure surges affect the discharge of underground water sources in large artesian basins. In southern latitudes, the groundwater tables change insignificantly following the diurnal variations of atmospheric pressure. There is no information on the influence of rapid changes in atmospheric pressure on the position of the surface of the suprapermafrost waters and river flow in the Arctic region. The study of the diurnal course of the level of underground suprapermafrost and surface waters was carried out to identify the links of river flow with atmospheric phenomena and cryogenic processes. It was found that the daily atmospheric pressure drop with an amplitude of 1.2 kPa in the area of the small Ugolnaya-Dionisia river, located in the Anadyr lowland in Chukotka, led to a simultaneous decrease and then an increase in the level of suprapermafrost underground and surface river basin waters by 2.5-7.8 cm. This corresponds to a short-term decrease and then an increase in the river water discharge by more than 3.5 times. To clarify the factors that determine the mechanism of the influence of atmospheric pressure on the water level and river flow, a consideration of the hydrophysical properties of aquifer-containing peat soils was carried out. Compression tests revealed that the elasticity of the peat soils horizon remains within the range of 0-15 kPa, which contributes to a dynamic change in porosity even with a slight change in the external load. This means that the atmospheric pressure changes during weather development are sufficient to modify the water capacity of peat soils and deposit them, and then discharge a part of the suprapermafrost flow. The discovered pressure impact in the tundra soils of the permafrost zone is a unique mechanism for providing plants with moisture during droughts and reducing the risk of tundra fires. As part of the further study of the pressure impact, it is planned to conduct laboratory experiments to determine the quantitative parameters of the change in the peat soils moisture capacity under pressure drops in the atmosphere. Mathematical modeling of the capillary moisture capacity of peat soils will be performed under conditions of ambient load changes. The results of experiments and theoretical studies are assumed to be useful for predicting the flow of bogged-up river basins, design of reclamation, and irrigation of areas of peat soils distribution.

A Meteorological Paradox: Low Atmospheric Pressure-Associated Decrease in Blood Pressure Is Accompanied by More Cardiac and Cerebrovascular Complications: Five-Year Follow-Up of Elderly Hypertensive Patients

Background: Variations in atmospheric pressure (AP) are known to affect blood pressure (BP). We assessed the effect of AP on BP, and the major fatal and nonfatal complications thereof (i.e., stroke, myocardial infarction, and pulmonary emboli). Methods: In this observational cohort study, 250 hypertensive patients (aged 65–92 years old) were followed for 3.5–5.4 years in a primary care clinic. Cox proportional hazard regression was performed to define the associations between AP, clinical, demographic and environmental factors, and major complications such as stroke, myocardial infarction, etc. Results: AP fluctuated between 1007 and 1024 millibars (MB). A total of 132 patients (53%) developed various complications, of which 13 (9.8%) were fatal. Among all fatalities, 93 of 119 nonfatal cases and 7 of 13 fatal cases occurred at AP < 1013 MB. A Cox regression analysis showed that low AP (AP < 1013 MB) had a higher hazard ratio (HR) on hypertension (HTN) complications among all demographic, clinical and environmental parameters. Conclusions: Most major complications were associated with very low APs. Low AP was the best predictive risk-factor for major complications of HTN.

Analyzing Atmospheric Pressure Variations in Time and Height: a Didactic Proposal Employing a Smartphone Barometer

This work presents a didactic proposal to study atmospheric pressure. The introduction of technological resources in physics teaching is ever-increasing today. In this context, access to smartphones proves an accessible tool due to their massification and the possible uses of their built-in sensors. Therefore, we choose to use a smartphone as a barometer to measure the atmospheric pressure. We suggest experiments to measure atmospheric pressure as a function of height and time that can be easily reproduced by students in environments outside laboratories. The experimental results are compared with those provided by a meteorological station of the Company of Environmental Sanitation Technology of the State of São Paulo. Determining the atmospheric pressure variation as a function of height also allowed us to estimate the Boltzmann constant, thus establishing an experiment that can be introductory in statistical physics. Other than stimulating the practice and understanding of graphical analyses of experimental results, the proposed experiments serve as a deeper understanding of the atmospheric pressure phenomenon than that usually found in textbooks, proving to be a robust and suitable tool for physics teaching at an undergraduate level.

Phase regulation of lightwave transmission in inhomogeneous atmospheric medium using plane acoustic field

Based on the acousto-optic effect and the Gladstone–Dale relationship, the relationship about variations of the refractive index of the isotropic homogeneous atmospheric medium and the inhomogeneous atmospheric medium with the sound pressure under the disturbance of the plane sound field is derived. Models for the transmission of plane light waves and Laguerre-Gaussian beams through homogeneous atmospheric medium and inhomogeneous atmospheric medium disturbed by plane acoustic waves are established. The results show that the refractive index distribution of the homogeneous atmospheric medium exhibits a homogeneous periodic distribution after being disturbed by the plane sound field. For large-scale angles of longitudinal variation of atmospheric pressure, the plane sound field has little effect on the distribution of the refractive index of the inhomogeneous atmosphere. For small-scale angles, the inhomogeneous atmospheric refractive index gradually decreases with height and fluctuates with the influence of sound pressure. When the plane acoustic wave disturbs the homogeneous atmospheric medium, the isophase plane of the plane light wave will fluctuate significantly due to the influence of the acoustic wave. The phase of the LG beam rotates and always returns to the original phase. When the plane acoustic wave disturbs the inhomogeneous atmospheric medium, the phase change of the plane light wave will change periodically with the change law of the sound wave. The overall optical path is an inclined plane, but due to the disturbance of the sound wave, the optical path will fluctuate. The phase of the LG beam still rotates, but unlike the homogeneous medium, its phase does not return to its original phase due to the change of its refractive index with height.

Effects of Atmospheric Pressure on Water Absorption in Plastic Insulation – A Laboratory Investigation

Abstract Plastic insulation materials, particularly polystyrene insulation, are widely used in the construction sector because of their good insulating capabilities and mechanical stability. However, in many building applications, the insulation materials are exposed to high levels of moisture over prolonged periods, which increases the thermal conductivity of the material and may facilitate growth of fungi. In order to minimize the extent and impact of moisture absorption in plastic insulation, more knowledge is sought on the exact process by which water is absorbed. In this article, tests of water absorption by complete immersion are carried out on expanded polystyrene (EPS) and extruded polystyrene (XPS), following Method 2A of the European Standard EN 12087:2013, Thermal Insulating Products for Building Applications - Determination of Long Term Water Absorption by Immersion, but over a longer duration (227 days) and with more frequent measurements than mandated by the standard. Over 91 days, EPS was found to absorb an amount of water approximately four times its dry mass. Observations indicate that the water absorption of EPS is significantly influenced by fluctuations in atmospheric pressure. A drop in pressure of 50 hPa between two measurements 1 week apart led to a 15 wt.% decrease in the water content of submerged EPS samples. XPS was found to absorb significantly less moisture than EPS, with a weight increase less than 15% over 91 days and with negligible influence from variations in atmospheric pressure. The impact of atmospheric pressure fluctuation is currently not accounted for in any testing standards. As such, this article uncovers a major source of uncertainty in the testing procedure of EN 12087:2013 and its ASTM counterparts.

A System to Improve Port Navigation Safety and Its Use in Italian Harbours

This article describes research aimed at developing a system able to support local authorities and port communities in optimizing port navigation, avoiding or managing critical situations induced by sea-level variations in harbours and minimizing environmental damages and economic losses. In the Mediterranean basin, sea-level changes are mostly due to astronomical tides, related to the gravitational attraction between Earth, Moon and Sun. Nevertheless, sea-level variations are also influenced by meteorological tides, which are geodetic adjustments of sea surface due to atmospheric pressure variations above a water basin. So, starting from monitoring or forecasting environmental parameters in harbours, the system updates port bathymetric maps based on sea-level variations (acquired in the past, measured in real-time, or expected in the future) and detects hazardous areas for a certain ship moving inside a port at a given moment, by means of the implementation of “virtual traffic lights”. The system was tested on some real situations, including the analysis of maritime accidents (stranding of ships), providing satisfactory results by correctly signalling potentially dangerous areas variable over time. The architecture of the system and results achieved using it in the ports of Livorno and Bari, in Italy, are herewith described.

Search for Infrasound Signals in InSight Data Using Coupled Pressure/Ground Deformation Methods

ABSTRACT The unprecedented quality and sampling rate of seismometer and pressure sensors of the InSight Mars mission allow us to investigate infrasound through its pressure and ground deformation signals. This study focuses on compliance effects induced by acoustic waves propagating almost horizontally close to the surface. The compliance of acoustic waves is first estimated using the compliance estimates from pressure perturbations moving at wind speed. Then, a marker of compliance events is used to detect events of ground deformation induced by pressure variations, in three frequency bands from 0.4 to 3.2 Hz, from InSight sol 180 to 690. Additional selection criteria are imposed on the detected events to focus on acoustic waves and to remove various noise sources (e.g., wind effects or seismometer artifacts). After an automated selection, the visual inspection of the records allows us to validate two infrasound candidates that cannot be related to pressure perturbations moving at wind speed nor to known noise sources. For our highest quality infrasound candidate, the relation between this event and a convective vortex occuring 10 s later is tested. The azimuth of the vortex position at the time of infrasound detection is not consistent with the arrival azimuth of the suspected infrasound inferred from the polarization of seismometer records, thus the link between these two phenomena cannot be demonstrated. Further investigations would require a better understanding of wind-related noise impacting InSight sensors and of the effects of lateral variations of subsurface mechanical properties on the ground deformations induced by atmospheric pressure variations.

Weather dependence of medical rehabilitation efficiency in patients with ischemic heart disease on the resort of the South Coast of Crimea

The aim of this work is to assess the influence of the climatic and weather characteristics of the South Coast of Crimea (SCC) on the effectiveness of health resort medical rehabilitation (MR) of patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD).Materials and methods. A study was carried out in a group of 276 patients with IHD. The influence of climatic and weather characteristics of the SCC were assessed using the methods developed by the «ARI n.a. I.M. Sechenov» - modified clinical index on weather pathogenicity (CIPP-M) and MR assessment according to the criteria of the» International classification of functioning, disabilities and health» (ICF).Results. Regression equations for the dynamics of the ICF b2401, b280, b4301 and b440 domains on the values of air temperature (AT-M), atmospheric pressure variability (APV), air temperature variability (ATV-M) wind speed (WS-M) and total CIPP-M have been developed, which allow to reliably form a rehabilitation prognosis for patients with IHD for all terms of health resort treatment in the SCC.Conclusions. The use of modernized clinical indices of weather pathogenicity allows one to adequately assess and predict the effect of weather dynamics and form a rehabilitation prognosis for patients with IHD.

Barometric pressure correction to gamma-ray observations and its energy dependence

Cosmic rays (CRs) have been studied extensively in the last century to understand the processes in the universe as well as in the solar system. In today's satellite era, although many observations are made from space, CR observations from the ground are still viewed as a significant tool. These observations, however, mainly detect the secondary cosmic rays (SCRs) produced via nuclear spallation processes during the interactions of the primary CR with the atmospheric nuclei. Neutron, muon, and gamma are the major components of SCRs detected on the ground. It is well known that atmospheric pressure plays a vital role in the SCR flux observed on the ground. Barometric pressure correction is standard practice for neutron monitor (NM) data. For gamma-rays, however, being massless, their pressure dependence is not intuitive. Nevertheless, the pressure affects the particles such as e±, μ±, which produce gamma rays in the cascade. Subsequently, the indirect pressure dependence of the gamma-ray flux can be anticipated.We examine this aspect in detail by studying the gamma-ray counts detected by the NaI (Tl) detector. The present study confirms that there is no correlation between the atmospheric pressure and the total counts covering the entire energy range (150 keV–10 MeV) recorded by the NaI detector. However, the scenario differs when the fluxes of different energies are investigated separately. The gamma rays of energy below ∼3 MeV are primarily due to the radioactivity originating from the ground, whereas gamma rays above 3 MeV are mainly produced in the CR cascade. It is observed that the counts of energy above 3 MeV are well anti-correlated with the atmospheric pressure. The barometric coefficient obtained here matches well with that reported by the previous studies which used anti-coincidence methods. This may indicate that the role of directly detected muons and electrons by the NaI (Tl) in the observed pressure dependence is non-significant. It is demonstrated that applying the barometric correction formula to NaI (Tl) data successfully removes the pressure dependence in the flux above 3 MeV. Therefore, we suggest that the particle flux data above 3 MeV measured by NaI (Tl) detector needs to be corrected for the local atmospheric pressure variations.

Influence of Environmental Changes Due to Altitude on Performance, Fuel Consumption and Emissions of a Naturally Aspirated Diesel Engine

The present study shows the effects of environmental conditions (atmospheric temperature, pressure and relative humidity) due to altitude changes on performance, fuel consumption and emissions in a naturally aspirated diesel engine. Due to changes in altitude, the atmospheric conditions are altered, mainly the air density, associated to hydrostatic pressure, temperature profile and humidity and relative nitrogen/oxygen ratio, thus modifying the engine intake conditions. The study considers changes in altitude from sea level to 2500 m above sea level, which are representative of the orographic conditions in Ecuador. As a main part of this research, a parametric study of variation of atmospheric temperature, pressure and relative humidity is carried out in AVL BOOST™, showing the effects on mean effective pressure, fuel consumption and specific pollutant emissions (CO2, NOx, CO and soot). The study considers effects at regional level (change from an altitude to another) and local level (changes in the atmospheric conditions due to local anticyclone or storm, temperature and humidity). The quantitative effects are expressed in the form of sensitivity coefficients, e.g., relative change in an engine output variable due to the change in atmospheric pressure, temperature or humidity. In addition, several global correlations have been obtained to provide analytical expressions to summarize all results obtained, showing the separate effect of pressure and temperature on each engine performance variable.

Fiscal measurement and the effects of atmospheric pressure variation: Small deviations and large risks

The production and transport of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons have always been the object of studies to improve technologies and procedures, as they involve large volumes and high-value goods. There are several procedures, rules and regulations applied to the measurement of fluid flow, but its applicability may involve significant operating costs. The balance between requirements and costs led to the use of gauge pressure transmitters instead of absolute pressure gauges and assuming a constant atmospheric pressure value for parameterization of compensation algorithms. This solution simplifies the calibration process but can potentially impact measurement uncertainties because atmospheric pressure is not constant. This work quantifies these impacts and concludes that, for gas systems operating below 2000 kPa, the use of absolute pressure transmitters or the incorporation of in-line atmospheric pressure gauges is recommended. Above this value, the effects of atmospheric pressure variation do not have as much impact, but even in these cases the final uncertainty estimate of the measured gas volume must consider this source of additional uncertainties.

Associations between meteorological variation and rupture of intracranial aneurysm in Fujian, China: A 5-year multicenter study

ObjectiveBy exploring the exposure-response relationships between meteorological factors and rupture of intracranial aneurysm (IA) to reveal the influence of meteorological variation on IA rupture under the specific climate in Fujian, China. Method7515 cases of IA rupture from several municipal medical institutions in Fujian Province as well as local meteorological data during the same period were collected from 2013 to 2017. Poisson regression and Spearman correlation analysis were applied to explore the distribution characteristics of IA rupture and how it is associated with meteorological parameters. Poisson generalized additive model was established to further analyze the exposure-response relationships between meteorological factors and IA rupture, and its hysteresis effects. ResultThe IA rupture exhibited a negative correlation with temperature (rs = −0.323, 95% CI: −0.539 ~ −0.068) and a positive correlation with atmospheric pressure (rs = 0.397, 95% CI: 0.152–0.597) or pressure difference (rs = 0.296, 95% CI: 0.038–0.517), 21.05 ℃ and 1000.14 hPa were the risk thresholds for the onset ascribed to variation in temperature and atmospheric pressure, respectively. Temperature and atmospheric pressure also exerted hysteresis effects on IA rupture. Cold will increase the rupture risk in the subsequent 1–3 days, and high pressure will raise the morbidity in the next 1–2 days. Besides, drastic variations in temperature and atmospheric pressure were also associated with the higher risk of IA rupture in the next 2 days and 1 day, respectively. ConclusionTemperature and atmospheric pressure have a negative and positive correlation with IA rupture in Fujian, China, respectively. Variation in temperature and atmospheric pressure exert different degrees of hysteresis effects on IA rupture.

Seismic Velocity Response to Atmospheric Pressure Using Time-Lapse Passive Seismic Interferometry

ABSTRACT Seismic velocities in the shallow crust down to a few kilometers depth show a remarkable sensitivity to stress perturbations due to the presence of compliant pores, cracks, fractures, and faults. Monitoring temporal changes of seismic velocities can thus provide key insights on dynamic processes affecting the shallow crust such as those related to the atmosphere (rainfall, barometric pressure, and temperature) and those with deeper tectonic and volcanic origins. In this work, we investigate the specific response of the near surface down to 300 m depth to atmospheric pressure variations. We conduct a four month passive seismic monitoring experiment in the desert of Oman using continuous noise recorded at geophones located within five wells. The results show a clear, direct correlation between seismic velocities and barometric pressure variations for monthly transients. At a longer, seasonal temporal scale, seismic velocities are stable, whereas atmospheric pressure shows a clear positive trend. We use the undrained coupled poroelastic theory to model these observations and find that the lack of seasonal velocity changes can be partly explained by the atmospheric pressure that diffuses into the pores with a strong hydraulic diffusivity likely higher than 100 m2/s consistent with the local geology referring to carbonates. Finally, the comparison between the modeled and observed velocity changes leads to estimate a velocity–stress sensitivity on the order of 6.3×10−7 Pa−1 which is consistent with previous studies. Using this result for calibration, we find that a sudden step-change drop of velocity of 0.015% occurring in the beginning of October 2019 and corresponding to a stress perturbation likely larger than 240 Pa affected the entire studied area. This small change could be related to a perturbation at greater depth associated with variations in the production rates within the underlying reservoir.

Impact of atmospheric pressure variations on methane ebullition and lake turbidity during ice‐cover

AbstractMethane ebullition (bubbling) from lake sediments is an important methane flux into the atmosphere. Previous studies have focused on the open‐water season, showing that temperature variations, pressure fluctuations, and wind‐induced currents can affect ebullition. However, ebullition surveys during the ice‐cover are rare despite the prevalence of seasonally ice‐covered lakes, and the factors controlling ebullition are poorly understood. Here, we present a month‐long, high frequency record of acoustic ebullition data from an ice‐covered lake. The record shows that ebullition occurs almost exclusively when atmospheric pressure drops below a threshold that is approximately equal to the long‐term average pressure. The intensity of ebullition is proportional to the amount by which the pressure drops below this threshold. In addition, field measurements of turbidity, in conjunction with laboratory experiments, provide evidence that ebullition is responsible for previously unexplained elevated levels of turbidity during ice‐cover.

Enigmatic Gravity Effects Observed during Solar Eclipses. Their Analyse by Quantum Model of Inertia and Gravitation

Foucault long pendulums, with spherical suspended mass, show Earth rotation by the constant velocity drift of their oscillation plane. Maurice Allais used a short, 84 centimeters pendulum, with a suspended bronze disc mass. He recorded its oscillation plane drift velocity, during solar eclipses, in 1954 and 1959. Both times, he noticed an anomalous drift of the oscillation plane. Several authors confirmed the effect, during next solar eclipses, with other types of pendulums. Then a group of Geophysicists, from the Science Academy of China, used an accurate digital gravimeter to measure Earth Gravity acceleration during March 09, 1997 solar eclipse. Their gravimeter recorded two drops of Earth Gravity acceleration (respectively 5.02 and 7.7 µ Gals) before and during first and last contacts of the Moon disc. However there was no acceleration drop during eclipse totality. Same phenomena were confirmed later, during next solar eclipses, with the same gravimeter. No classical causes for these facts were found, since modern gravimeters take care of temperature and atmospheric pressure variations. We analyse the effect of Moon rotation, and of solar Corona mass, in the frame of our Quantum model of Inertia and of Gravitation. The model predicts that Moon / Earth Gravity acceleration changes, when the Moon direction is close to the Sun one, as observed from the gravimeter place. That phenomenon should be tied to Quantum fluctuations dispersion by matter. Recorded measurements confirm that interpretation.

Rain height dynamics over some coastal cities of South Africa for earth-space links design

One of the major parameters required for the prediction of rain-induced attenuation is the rain height. This paper presents some dynamic features of rain height measurement from TRMM-PR over two coastal cities in the Republic of South Africa. The analysis of 5-year data on the variation of bright band height, atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, and temperature reveal seasonal dependence over the studied locations. The result shows the existence of stratiform-convective interaction within the season, especially during the summer months. The observed exceedance in the probability of the bright band also shows the presence of two rain type (stratiform and convective). Comparison of rain height measurements with the recommended ITU-R reveals above 1 km variations with the percentage difference of about 30%, which could create a serious negative effect on the link design. This study suggests the adaptation of local rain height data for better accuracy of link design for the region.

Applied Physics and Technologies in Football, The Earth´s Gravitational Field and Gravitational Energy Emission, Effects of the velocity, air viscosity (Bernoulli Effect) and turbulence (Magnus Effect) on the Football ball and Effects of the Air Resistance, Atmospheric Pressure and Gravitation in Football and Players: The Variant Pressure and Variant Gravity respect to the altitude of the place above sea level:

It is possible to play Football on Earth because of Gravity and almost stable and suitable atmospheric conditions6,7,8. It is demonstrated at this article real gravitational interaction between objects with mass with Cavendish Experiment4 which is described by means of gravitational field g through a distance action interaction2,3,6. The gravitational energy emission and effect of gravitation as gravitational redshift, deflection of light passing close to Sun4 and Perihelion Precession of Mercury4 with discovered formulas obtained by myself are demonstrated at article4: “The Fundament of Mass and Effects of Gravitation on a Particle and Light”4. They are in agreement with experiment results and with Theory of General Relativity with high accuracy4. In addition, electromagnetic energy emission (photons) with corresponding decrease in mass for electron (Maxwell´s theory) with discovered formula obtained by myself is demonstrated at research article of Variant Mass for an accelerated charged particle5. Relating Football, it is investigated related applied Physics to Football as for example Free fall, Parabolic movement, Newton Laws, Work and Energy, Principle of energy conservation, Impulse and Momentum and Collisions1,2,3. Besides, it is researched effects of air resistance in maximum distance and height reached by ball in parabolic movement in a Free kick for example. However, main objective of this article is to research about effects of variable physics as air resistance, atmospheric pressure and gravity and climatic conditions (heavy rain, wind, snow, hail, high temperature or humidity) that influence in match and in Football ball: the ball does not bend and in Football players (effects of altitude in organism)6. It is obtained and demonstrated at this article formulas of variation of atmospheric pressure and gravity respect to altitude of place or city above sea level. For other hand, it is researched effects of air viscosity (Bernoulli Effect) and turbulence (Magnus Effect) on Football ball when player kicks with high velocity. Besides, it is researched effects of variations of atmospheric pressure and gravity in Football players and Physics of devices to measure atmospheric pressure and blood pressure which is important when they plays a Football match in a high altitude city or place6,7,8. It is also researched effects of climatic conditions in a Football match. Even weather conditions (high altitude, warm climates) and location can be used in favor to make result favorable. For other hand, weather conditions are very important for development of a good Football game. Many times matches are suspended due extreme climatic conditions as heavy rain, wind, snow, hail or severe weather conditions as high temperature or humidity. However, it has been possible to apply technology to build new stadiums that are suitable for these climates and to wear respective clothing that facilitates practice of Football6,7,8. Therefore, it is also researched at this article new technology that can be applied for normal development of a Football game and to get efficient performance of Football players and all best physical conditions on Football field 6. Thus, technologies have been incorporated to know characteristics of players that are very helpful to coach and physical trainer to obtain efficiency of player and of strategies applied in Football field. It is very important to use all advantages, characteristics and resources of team at appropriate time6. In this way, it is maximized important details that can contribute to win Football match. It helps a lot technical body such as Coach, Technical assistant, Physical trainer, Doctor, Managers, Scientists, who know very well all best that team has and physical conditions, strategies and player skills that can be used in a certain Football game. Thus, Teamwork is key to this beautiful sport: The Football6,7,8. Moreover, Medical Technologies have been incorporated in Football6,7,8 and in future, new technologies can also be incorporated to monitor player performance.

Oceanographic and environmental characteristics of a coupled coastal bay system: Baía de Ilha Grande-Baía de Sepetiba, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Baía de Ilha Grande and Baía de Sepetiba are two connected coastal bays in southeastern Brazil just west of Rio de Janeiro. They are favored for tourism and recreation, provide most of the potable water for the city of Rio de Janeiro, are the site of the only two nuclear reactors in Brazil, a deep-water oil terminal, a Federal container port, and hundreds of industries. The bay system experiences mixed mainly semidiurnal tides and currents. Hundreds of sediment samples and cores plus side scan-sonar surveys were used to map the bottom sediment distribution. Long-term measurements from two moored instruments yielded two sets of time series of water level, currents, temperature, and salinity, which were used to analyze the salient ocean processes in the two bays. The temperature time series and extensive CTD profiling indicated the occurrence of cold-water intrusion events into Baía de Ilha Grande, with temperatures ranging from 16 °C to 20 °C, in spring to late summer (October–April). The intrusions are ascribed to coastal upwelling of South Atlantic Central Water as a result of synoptic northeasterly winds and the westward translation of cold core eddies and meanders from the region of Cabo Frio. The calculated mean sea level varies annually by 50 cm with a peak in June and a trough in November due to atmospheric pressure variations (5%), steric changes (28%), but mostly due to wind and Ekman effects. Spectral analysis was applied to analyze the water level and current time series. The results indicated both tidal asymmetry and the existence of a pronounced quarter-diurnal seiche oscillation in the coastal bay-system parallel to the coast.

Surface Expressions of Atmospheric Thermal Tides in the Tropical Atlantic and Their Impact on Open‐Ocean Precipitation

AbstractDiurnal and semidiurnal variations of atmospheric pressure and surface winds are fundamental to the Earth‐Sun system. Past research in the tropical Pacific shows semidiurnal and diurnal patterns in the zonal and meridional wind anomalies, respectively. While the semidiurnal zonal wind pattern is consistent with atmospheric thermal tidal forcing, it is not yet certain what drives diurnal meridional wind variability. This study examines the diurnal cycle of meridional winds in the tropical Atlantic Ocean across four different seasons and the extent to which they impact the diurnal evolution of open‐ocean precipitation in boreal summer. Comparisons of direct observations from long‐term moored buoys to an atmospheric reanalysis (MERRA‐2) show that MERRA‐2 reproduces diurnal and semidiurnal pressure and wind variations. The MERRA‐2 atmospheric thermal tides are decomposed into migrating and nonmigrating tidal components, and the linear terms in the zonal and meridional momentum equations are calculated. There is an approximate balance between the acceleration and pressure gradient terms for the zonal migrating momentum budget in the open ocean, with larger residuals or imbalances between those terms for the other budgets. The meridional nonmigrating budget shows largest residuals near the African coastline, indicating that nonlinear processes like the evening initiation of convection are important over land. This evening convection drives the meridional component of surface convergence which is translated offshore by the nonmigrating tide in the form of gravity waves, potentially modified by the African Easterly Jet. During boreal summer, this convergence helps to induce a morning peak of precipitation over the open ocean.