Atmospheric Pressure Variations Research Articles

Deterministic and Probabilistic Weather Forecasting: An Analysis towards Big Data Samples Using the Google Search Random Surfer

The concept of big data has become one of the most important topics in the field of information science and engineering. In this paper, we offer modeling of data and its stability and forecasting by considering anti-symmetric traceless and symmetric models for atmospheric pressure variations. The data sample has been collected every 10 minutes for several years during 2009-2016 at the Weather Station, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany. Subsequently, we extend the proposed model with a probabilistic transformation matrix by considering the Google search random surfer matrix with a small damping factor . Following the Principal Component Analysis (PCA), our study plays a vital role in big data samples and their stability analysis. A comparative discussion is provided for the above transformation matrix and its probabilistic counterpart. Finally, predictions are made towards feature selection, PCA and data compression sensing in the light of big data.

Vertical propagation acoustic-gravity waves from atmospheric fronts into the upper atmosphere

Using experimental observations of atmospheric pressure variations on the Earth’s surface recorded with a network of 4 microbarographs located in the Moscow region during the passage of an atmospheric front, empirical approximations of oscillations of atmospheric pressure field were constructed. The obtained approximating functions were used as the lower boundary condition for the numerical simulation of acoustic-gravity wave propagation to the upper atmosphere from the source in the lower troposphere. Estimates of the amplitude of temperature disturbances in the upper atmosphere caused by iacoustic gravity waves from the atmospheric front are given. The obtained estimates for the temperature disturbance amplitude take values around 170 K. The amplitude of temperature disturbances in the upper atmosphere, caused by background variations of pressure on the Earth's surface, is estimated at 4-5 K.

Slow Strain Waves in Rocks as Potential Precursors to Seismic Hazard

The article reports on instrumental monitoring of rock deformation in the South Baikal geodynamic test site. Based on the analysis of the time series of data sets, two groups of strain components are distinguished by differences in their origin and wave properties. Strain components in the first group are caused by external factors, such as lunar-solar tides and atmospheric pressure variations. The second group includes non-periodic, random and periodic (constant) components generated by internal tectonics. Non-periodic components are manifested as single deformation impulses that differ in intensity and form, and are related to slow displacements along large active faults, which occur outside the monitoring sites. Besides, non-periodic components are related to fast displacements at block interfaces within the monitoring sites. The periodic (constant) component is related to the India-Eurasian collision. It is represented by slow strain waves, which lengths amount to 400–500 m, with amplitudes of few microns, and periods of (1-3)·10−4 Hz. The strain wave directions and rates of their migration in space vary with time. The identified trends of changes of the wave parameters in the South Baikal geodynamic polygon can be related to the preparation of a strong earthquake.

Seasonal Variations in Atmospheric Pressure, Partial Oxygen Density, and Geomagnetic Activity as Additional Synchronizers of Circannual Rhythms

Abstract—The seasonal dynamics of atmospheric pressure and geomagnetic activity in the regions with different climates were analyzed to calculate the seasonal variations in the partial density of oxygen. Based on the data we obtained, an attempt was made to explain possible causes and mechanisms of synchronization of circannual rhythms under standard laboratory conditions. Analyzing our data and that of other researchers, we concluded that the atmospheric pressure and the partial density of oxygen can be considered as additional synchronizers of the organismal circannual rhythms since these parameters are characterized by the explicit seasonal dynamics. It was also shown that mechanisms exist that are responsible for the involvement of these meteorological factors in the process of synchronization of biological rhythms.

Variation in Hydrological Components of Reservoirs as a Response to El Niño Southern Oscillation

AbstractEl Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregular periodic variation of atmospheric pressure and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting climate in mos...

Internal gravity and infrasound waves during a hurricane in Moscow On May 29, 2017

The results of recording of internal gravity waves (IGWs) and infrasound waves from the warm and cold fronts associated with the atmospheric storm passing through Moscow on May 29, 2017 are presented. The waves were recorded by a network of 4 microbarographs IFA–MGU–MSR–ZNS located in Moscow and Moscow region, and compared with the data of measurements of the parameters of infrasound waves at infrasound station IS43 in Dubna. We study the temporal changes in the characteristics of IGWs and infrasound waves (coherence, direction of propagation,phase velocities, characteristic periods and frequency spectra) with the passage of warm and cold fronts through the network. The transition from the gravity to the acoustic dispersive branch of acoustic-gravity waves due to an increase in frequency and the temporal modulation of the phase velocity of infrasound waves caused by IGWs are also studied. The measurement data for PM10 aerosol concentrations and NO2 gas concentrations at various locations in Moscow during a passage of atmospheric storm are presented. The possibility of detecting wave precursors of atmospheric storms simultaneously in variations of atmospheric pressure, wind velocity and aerosol concentrations is studied.

Identifying 2010 Xynthia Storm Signature in GNSS-R-Based Tide Records

In this study, three months of records (January–March 2010) that were acquired by a geodetic Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) station from the permanent network of RGP (Réseau GNSS Permanent), which was deployed by the French Geographic Institute (IGNF), located in Socoa, in the south of the Bay of Biscay, were used to determine the tide components and identify the signature of storms on the signal to noise ratio (SNR) during winter 2010. The Xynthia storm hit the French Atlantic coast on the 28th of February 2010, causing large floods and damages from the Gironde to the Loire estuaries. Blind separation of the tide components and of the storm signature was achieved while using both a singular spectrum analysis (SSA) and a continuous wavelet transform (CWT). A correlation of 0.98/0.97 and root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.21/0.28 m between the tide gauge records of Socoa and our estimates of the sea surface height (SSH) using the SSA and the CWT, respectively, were found. Correlations of 0.76 and 0.7 were also obtained between one of the modes from the SSA and atmospheric pressure from a meteorological station and a mode of the SSA. Particularly, a correlation reaches to 0.76 when using both the tide residual that is associated to surges and atmospheric pressure variation.

NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE ABNORMAL SURGE DUE TO ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE VARIATION ON THE CENTRAL COAST OF VIETNAM

In this study, the abnormal surge due to atmospheric pressure variation assumed to travel to the Central coast of Vietnam was simulated in some scenarios of maximum atmospheric variation (Pmax), the size (L) and the speed of the movement (Cp) of the atmospheric disturbance. The numerical model is based on two-dimensional long wave model considering the effect of atmospheric pressure variation on the sea level. The results showed that the surge height at the coastal area incresed as the size and maximum atmospheric variation of disturbance pressure increased. In which, when the traveling speed of atmospheric disturbance increased, the surge height increased, reaching to the maximum value of 0.72 m at Cp = 45 km/h, then decreasing. Meanwhile, the wave period decreased gradually to Cp = 30 km/h and was then almost unchanged. The coastal area around the latitude of 13oN was noted to have a higher surge level than both sides that may be due to the high steep of coastal topography. The results of the study are significant in investigation into the reason of abnormal surge in the area as well as serving the planning and disaster preparedness.

Internal Gravity and Infrasound Waves during the Hurricane of May 29, 2017, in Moscow

Data on internal gravity and infrasound waves recorded during the passage of both warm and cold fronts throughout Moscow, which are associated with the atmospheric storm of May 29, 2017, are given. These waves were recorded by four microbarographs located in the city of Moscow and Moscow region (and marked IFA, MGU, MSR, and ZNS in Fig. 1) and the data obtained were compared with data on infrasound waves recorded at the IS43 station in the town of Dubna. Time variations in the characteristics of internal gravity and infrasound waves (coherence, propagation azimuths, phase velocities, characteristic periods, and frequency spectra) during the passage of both warm and cold fronts are studied. The transition from the gravity to acoustic dispersive branch of acoustic-gravity waves due to increasing frequency and the temporal modulation of the phase velocity of infrasound waves due to internal gravity waves (IGWs) are also studied. Data on both aerosol (PM10) and gas (NO2) concentrations measured at different Moscow stations during the approaching atmospheric storm are given. The possibility of detecting wave precursors of atmospheric storms in simultaneous variations in atmospheric pressure, wind velocity, and pollutant concentrations is studied.

Longitudinal variations of the total electronic content of the mid- latitude ionosphere

Background: In recent years, it has become clear that the issues of dynamics of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere should be considered as an integral part of the atmosphere climatology as a whole. The longitudinal features of the ionospheric parameters are mainly due to the effect on the ionosphere of the lower atmosphere layers, as well as the lithosphere. Thanks to this, their study is an effective tool for studying the atmosphere climatology, which is important for predicting the human environment and solving a number of other applied problems. Objectives of the work is the analysis of longitudinal variations in the total electron content (TEC) of the mid-latitude ionosphere and their possible association with processes in lower atmosphere, lithosphere and geocosmos. Materials and methods. The studies were carried out using data on TEC obtained from measurements of navigation satellite signals in January 2018. We also used data on surface atmospheric pressure at longitude chain of meteorological stations near latitude 40° N, as well as data on seismic activity and space weather. The method of multiple regression analysis and other statistical methods of analysis are used. Results. Significant longitudinal variations in TEC (in antiphase with variations in surface atmospheric pressure) are established, which can be represented as the sum of several zonal modes. The features of amplitude variability of these modes depending on the processes in the lithosphere, troposphere and geocosmos are considered. "Critical" dates have been established, near which the relationship between processes in different earth shells increases significantly. Conclusions. The results obtained indicate a significant effect on the ionosphere of lower layers of the atmosphere due to propagation of planetary waves upward, triggering a number of secondary processes at the heights of the lower thermosphere. The activity of these processes correlates with the difference in atmospheric pressure at widely spaced observation points, which indicates the possibility of the transformation of local atmospheric disturbances into planetary ones.

Atmospheric Meteorological Parameters and Ionospheric F2 Layer Critical Frequency (foF2) Observation for 6th December, 2016 Indonesia Earthquake (M 6.5): A Case Study

On 6th December, 2016, an earthquake with M 6.5 occurred at the tectonic plate boundary, southwest of Sumatra, Indonesia (Latitude: 0.5897° S, Longitude: 101.3431° E). In this case, ionosphereic critical frequency of F2 layer (foF2) variations and meteorological parameters, viz., air temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure and wind speed variations were investigated so as to detect any anomalies. Data are obtained from different websites freely available for researchers. In the absence of real ionosonde foF2 data, IRI 2016 model data were used. For each parameter, anomaly window were defined when values fell beyond ± 6 °C, < 70 %, ± 4 mb and ± 3.5 km h-1 from the event day value and one third of total foF2 values broke the limits of the upper and lower bounds. Certain random anomalies in temperature, relative humidity, pressure, wind speed and foF2 frequencies were observed different days prior to occurrence of the quake but each parameter showed anomalies 12 days before the occurrence. Also, geomagnetic tranquility was justified through Kp and Dst indices. This study reveals that continuous monitoring of atmospheric meteorological parameters and regular ionospheric foF2 observations might help us to predict an earthquake about a week prior to the occurrence.

Real-Time Monitoring of Atmospheric Magnesium Alloy Corrosion

The atmospheric corrosion progress of Mg alloys is traditionally tracked by determining mass loss of the samples after exposure. This method provides only an average corrosion rate over the exposure time and is destructive. The work presented introduces a new non-destructive method for real-time monitoring of atmospheric Mg alloy corrosion rates based on the evolved hydrogen gas. This is realized with an adaption of the gravimetric hydrogen collection method. The effect of temperature and atmospheric pressure variations during the experiment can be compensated and reliable atmospheric hydrogen evolution rates can be measured. The new technique was applied to monitor real-time atmospheric corrosion rates of Mg alloys AZ31 and AZ91 with different amounts of NaCl contamination. Comparing the results of the gravimetric hydrogen method with mass loss experiments reveals a good correlation of the consumed charge over the total exposure time, thus validating the new technique. Evidence for the contribution of O2 reduction reaction to cathodic processes on Mg alloy atmospheric corrosion is presented.

Correction for stress-induced optical path length changes in a refractometer cell at variable external pressure

In the field of interferometry for high-precision length measurements the influence of the refractive index of air can either be eliminated by completely measuring in a vacuum or by the application of a refractometer cell which enables the precise in situ determination of the refractivity. In the latter case, systematic effects can occur in connection with the operation of the refractometer cell due to mechanical stress induced at different pressures. Operation at a pressure range beyond the usual atmospheric pressure variation is needed when, for instance, the compressibility of a material measure is investigated or the pressure dependence of the refractive index of gases is aimed at. In this work an approach is shown for the correction of pressure-induced effects for the type of interference refractometer being used at PTB when starting from a reference state in vacuum. The required correction of the refractivity’s value was found to be of the order of for a refractometer cell of 420 mm length which corresponds to a relative contribution of when determining the air refractivity at standard laboratory conditions. For instance, in the application of high-precision length measurements (up to 1000 mm) the effect amounts to a length correction of several nanometers.

Évaluation de l’intérêt du test de fuite à l’eau pour le contrôle de fonctionnalité des conteneurs de stérilisation

The objective is to check the maintaining performance of filter barrier in sterilizations containers with the leakage rupture the junction tank/lid of the container. In order to control the good sealing performance, we use the water leak test as described in the normative document AFNOR FD S98-053. Does the leakage rupture cause the contamination of containers during the storage or transport between two sterilization units? We use 5 sets of 3 different containers (the first without barrier system (positive control), the others with barrier system (the second with positive water test and the third with negative water test)). The containers are sterilized after having positioned triptyc soy agar (TSA) plates at the bottom. In a closed chamber test, the containers are exposed with an aerosol of Micrococcus luteus under stress of an overpressure (25, 50 or 75 mbar) simulating atmospheric pressure variations. Each triptyc soy agar (TSA) plates are incubated during 5 days at 37°C for bacterial identification. At 25 mbar, 74% of containers having a leakage with a water test let the microorganisms ingress despite the filter barrier. The results confirm that the overpressure increases the level of bacteria in containers. Furthermore, the containers with positive water test are more contaminated than containers with perfect sealing. The effectiveness of the sterile barrier system is evaluated by the logarithmic reduction value (LRV). The water test could be a good indication to evaluate the effectiveness of the sterile barrier system of rigid sterilization containers.

Features and Factors of Time Variations in Hydrogen Release at Lovozersky Rare-Metal Deposit (Kola Peninsula)

The paper presents the results of a long–term (52 months) monitoring of molecular hydrogen release from the rocks of the Lovozero Massif. Observations are performed in an underground mine with the help of a portable highly sensitive gas analyzer developed at the National Research Nuclear University MEPhI. The strong variability (of 0.7 to 303 ppm) of the dynamics of the volume concentration of hydrogen (φH2) is established. The main elements of the structure of the time series obtained consist of the fact that they have quite sustained and long intervals of low background concentrations, low–amplitude excesses of various durations, and short (usually high–amplitude) bursts. Seasonal and off–season periodic and other cyclic components in the structure of the series are identified. It is shown that the most important factors determining the dynamics of φH2 are barogenic (variation in the atmospheric pressure) and technogenic (technological explosions). Possible mechanisms of gas release are considered.

Mechanism of Interaction Between the Boundary Layer of a Polymer Membrane and a Gas Environment

The initial stage at the penetration of air molecules through a polymer membrane has been studied experimentally. A transient process giving rise to an equilibrium between the gas and the boundary layer of the membrane is revealed. This process looks like damped pressure oscillations associated with a periodic shape changes of polymer chains in the boundary layer driven by the “ball–globule” transition. A hypothesis is put forward that a similar phenomenon governs the influence of atmospheric pressure variations on the human organism.

Correct Boundary Conditions for the High-Resolution Model of Nonlinear Acoustic-Gravity Waves Forced by Atmospheric Pressure Variations

Currently, an international network of operating high-resolution microbarographs was established to record wave-induced pressure variations at the Earth’s surface. Based on these measurements, simulations are performed to analyze the characteristics of waves corresponding to the observed variations of atmospheric pressure. Such a mathematical problem involves a set of primitive nonlinear hydrodynamic equations considering lower boundary conditions in the form of pressure variations at the Earth’s surface. Selection of upward propagating acoustic-gravity waves (AGWs) generated or reflected at the Earth’s surface requires the Neumann boundary conditions involving the vertical gradients of vertical velocity at the lower boundary. To analyze the correctness of the mathematical problem, linearized equations are used for small-surface wave amplitudes excited near the ground. Using the relation for wave energy, it is proven that the solution of the boundary problem based on the nondissipative approximation is uniquely determined by the variable pressure field at the Earth’s surface. The respective dissipative problem has also a unique solution with the appropriate choice of lower boundary conditions for temperature and velocity components. To test the numerical algorithm, solutions of the linearized equations for AGW modes are used. Developed boundary conditions are implemented into the model describing acoustic-gravity wave propagation from the surface atmospheric pressure source. Atmospheric waves propagating from the observed surface pressure variations to the upper atmosphere are simulated using the obtained algorithms and the computer codes.

Toward a Global Horizontal and Vertical Elastic Load Deformation Model Derived from GRACE and GNSS Station Position Time Series

AbstractWe model surface displacements induced by variations in continental water, atmospheric pressure, and nontidal oceanic loading, derived from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) for spherical harmonic degrees two and higher. As they are not observable by GRACE, we use at first the degree‐1 spherical harmonic coefficients from Swenson et al. (2008, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005338). We compare the predicted displacements with the position time series of 689 globally distributed continuous Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations. While GNSS vertical displacements are well explained by the model at a global scale, horizontal displacements are systematically underpredicted and out of phase with GNSS station position time series. We then reestimate the degree 1 deformation field from a comparison between our GRACE‐derived model, with no a priori degree 1 loads, and the GNSS observations. We show that this approach reconciles GRACE‐derived loading displacements and GNSS station position time series at a global scale, particularly in the horizontal components. Assuming that they reflect surface loading deformation only, our degree‐1 estimates can be translated into geocenter motion time series. We also address and assess the impact of systematic errors in GNSS station position time series at the Global Positioning System (GPS) draconitic period and its harmonics on the comparison between GNSS and GRACE‐derived annual displacements. Our results confirm that surface mass redistributions observed by GRACE, combined with an elastic spherical and layered Earth model, can be used to provide first‐order corrections for loading deformation observed in both horizontal and vertical components of GNSS station position time series.

“Tepid” Geysers above salt caverns

The formation of a brine geyser erupting from the wellhead of a large underground salt cavern is described. In most cases, the brine outflow from an opened cavern is slow; it results from the cavern creep closure and the thermal expansion of the cavern brine. These two processes are smooth; however, the brine outflow often is bumpy, as it is modulated by atmospheric pressure variations that generate an elastic increase (or decrease) of both cavern and brine volumes. In addition, when the flow is fast enough, the brine thermodynamic behavior in the wellbore is adiabatic. The cold brine expelled from the cavern wellhead is substituted with warm brine entering the borehole bottom, resulting in a lighter brine column. The brine outflow increases. In some cases, the flow becomes so fast that inertia terms must be taken into account. A geyser forms, coming to an end when the pressure in the cavern has dropped sufficiently. A better picture is obtained when head losses are considered. A closed-form solution can be reached. This proves that two cases must be distinguished, depending on whether the cold brine initially contained in the wellbore is expelled fully or not. It can also be shown that geyser formation is a rare event, as it requires both that the wellbore be narrow and that the cavern be very compressible. This study stemmed from an actual example in which a geyser was observed. However, scarce information is available, making any definite interpretation difficult.

Manifestation of Solar–Terrestrial Rhythms in Variations of the Electrical Conductivity of Water

Variations of electrical conductivity of distilled water were continuously measured for 1 month. Long-period (up to 7 days or longer) variations were observed in electrical conductivity of water. The effect of temperature on the conductivity was minimized methodically and analytically. Temporal variations in distilled water conductivity were periodically observed to correlate with the intensity of solar radiation at a wavelength of 10.7 cm and variations in atmospheric pressure and global magnetic indices. Possible causes of the phenomena are discussed.