Atmospheric Nutrient Deposition Research Articles

Temporal and spatial variation in atmospheric wet deposition of nutrients and organic matter at the southern and northern foothills of the Qinling Mountains

ABSTRACT Wet deposition significantly impacts the basin ecosystem and water quality of the Qinling Mountains (QMs). However, few research focused on the difference in wet deposition between the northern (QN) and southern (QS) foothills due to the barrier effect of the QMs. This two-year investigation studied nutrient and organic matter deposition in QN and QS during summer and autumn. Results showed higher concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and permanganate index (CODMn) in QN's rainwater, particularly in autumn. The CODMn in QN ranged 0.59–7.67 mg/L, and DOC ranged 0.64–4.45 mg/L. For QS, the CODMn ranged 0.71–3.25 mg/L, and DOC ranged 0.28–2.62 mg/L. Backward trajectory analysis revealed the accumulation of pollutants in QN originating from Northern China, intensified by autumn heating and straw burning. Tyrosine-like and humic-like components in rainwater DOM suggested that they primarily originated from autochthonous sources. Rainwater N:P mass ratios range from 39:1 to 145:1, highlighting a higher N input than P in QMs' wet deposition. The findings underscore the importance of atmospheric wet deposition in nutrient and organic matter input to the QMs and establish a foundation for exploring the ecological effects of wet deposition.

A dataset of litter decomposition residual mass and nutrient concentrations under nitrogen and phosphorus addition in subtropical plantations (2016–2019)

The increase in atmospheric nutrient deposition resulted from human activities and changes of natural factors have a dramatically influence on the ecosystem nutrient cycling. The subtropical plantations in the South of China account for more than 40% of the national plantation area, which have become the central zone of nutrient deposition. Therefore, the scientific understanding of nutrient cycling process in plantations is the basis of coping with global climate changes and ensuring the construction of national ecological civilization. According to the unified specification of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, and on the basis of the long-term observation of the field plots of Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station, Jiangxi (referred to as Qianyanzhou Station), we integrated residual mass and nutrient concentrations of leaf and absorptive roots of Pinus massoniana and Schima superba plantations under different treatments (control, lower nitrogen addition, higher nitrogen addition, phosphorus addition, adding both higher nitrogen and phosphorus) from 2016 to 2019. The production and sharing of this dataset can help to provide basic data support for the dynamic study of litter decomposition as well as for the stock of soil carbon pool under the background of global changes. Additionally, it can promote the sustainable development of subtropical plantations.

Biogeochemical characteristics of brash sea ice and icebergs during summer and autumn in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean

We analyzed biogeochemical components of brash ice, originating from sea ice and icebergs, collected in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean during the summer and autumn of 2018–2020. Ice samples, collected from seawater by net or cage methods, were melted in the dark under cool conditions to measure physical and biogeochemical components such as salinity, stable oxygen isotopes, nutrients, and chlorophyll-a. We compared brash ice parameters with those of seawater samples from the temperature minimum layer, corresponding to the water in which the sea ice originated, to examine the effects of processes such as brine drainage, snow-ice formation, and biological activities on the biogeochemical components in sea ice. Samples from icebergs (ice formed on land) had salinity of zero and low concentrations of all other components, suggesting that the atmospheric deposition of nutrients is minimal in this clean environment. However, sea ice samples had a wide range of values for each parameter. Our results show that meteoric water makes a smaller contribution to sea ice than it typically does to multi-year landfast ice, and there is no correlation between this meteoric water contribution and nutrient concentrations, which suggests that the contribution of snow-ice formation to nutrients within sea ice is subordinate to the role of biological processes. Nutrient and chlorophyll-a concentrations in our brash ice samples are of similar magnitude to those in sea ice samples collected in the same area by coring of thick pack ice. Our data represent end-member values that may be useful to estimate the respective contributions of snow, sea ice, and seawater to surface water samples.

Synergistic effects of climate warming and atmospheric nutrient deposition on the alpine lake ecosystem in the south-eastern Tibetan Plateau during the Anthropocene

Alpine lakes on the Tibetan Plateau are highly sensitive to global change and have been recognized as the sentinel of climate warming. However, anthropogenic impacts in populated area are migrating to these remote areas via transporting particulate nutrients by atmospheric deposition. Whether warming and nutrient deposition would impose additive or synergistic effects on the lake ecosystem remains largely unknown. Here, we present multi-proxy (sediment pigment and geochemistry) records during the past two centuries at the Cuoqia Lake in the southeast Tibetan Plateau. We found that the lake exhibited rapid ecological changes since 1980 AD characterized by an increase in primary productivity due to algal proliferation, with more rapid growth of green algae and diatoms. These findings are in concert with many other lakes (e.g., Moon Lake and Shade Co) in the same area, suggesting a consistent pattern of ecosystem evolution at the region scale. Statistical analyses suggested that nutrient deposition and climate warming were strongly associated with the variations in primary productivity and algae composition, exerting both individual and interactive effects. In addition, scenario analyses with a well-established process-based ecosystem model further revealed that the two factors not only individually, but also synergistically promoted the algal proliferation and community succession. Such synergy is evident in that the effect of lake warming would be more pronounced under higher nutrient deposition scenario, which is potentially due to higher temperature-driven mineralization in warmer conditions, and higher efficiency of nutrient utilization under enhanced light availability attributing to declining ice thickness and duration in cold seasons. Overall, our study proposes the existence and quantifies the synergistic impacts of climate warming and anthropogenic activities in driving the ecological changes in remote alpine lakes on the Tibetan Plateau. The lake ecological consequences driven by individual factor would be worsen by such synergy, so that we cannot predict the lake ecosystem trajectory in the future based on each factor separately, and more efforts than previously expected would be needed for the lake restoration and management.

Dry and Wet Atmospheric Deposition Composition in Southwest Florida: Environmental and Health Implications

Southwest Florida is one of the most rapidly growing regions of the United States and has been impacted over the past decade with water-quality issues and some associated health problems. The ionic ratios of the dust measured in southwest Florida vary significantly from those on the Florida east coast and in the Caribbean. The metals concentrations reported herein are enriched in potassium and calcium from local sources. Atmospheric deposition of metals and nutrients appears to have potential impacts on both indirect health problems and environmental issues of concern, particularly harmful algal blooms. However, no significant past research has been performed on measurement of the concentration of either metals including the micronutrient iron or nutrient concentrations occurring in atmospheric dry and wet fallout in southwest Florida. Measurements of the composition of key metals and nutrients were made over a one-year period. Concentrations of total phosphorus in the dust ranged from 0–80.5 mg/kg with an average of 4 mg/kg and in rainfall from 1–15.8 чg/L with an average of 4 mg/kg. Nitrate ranged from 0–746 чg/L with an average of 114.4 чg/L in rainfall in a soluble form, and from 1.3 to 718 mg/kg with an average of 209.9 mg/kg in an insoluble form. Ammonia was measured to range from 1.4 to 658 mg/kg with an average of 101.4 mg/kg in rainfall. Iron was found in the dust at concentrations ranging from 0–81 mg/kg with an average of 3.8 mg/kg and in rainfall from 0–125.7 mg/kg with an average of 3.0 mg/kg. While the measured nutrient and iron concentrations are not likely to initiate a harmful algal bloom, they are likely to sustain an existing bloom. Global climate change may exacerbate the atmospheric aerosol issue by increased wind speeds over Africa associated with longer term drought conditions caused by atmospheric temperature increases.

Exposure to global change pressures and potential impacts on ecosystem services of mountain lakes in the European Alps.

Mountain lakes are increasingly affected by global change pressures. While there is growing evidence of impacts on ecosystem functioning, few studies considered changes in ecosystem services (ES). This study aimed (1) to examine the exposure of small and natural mountain lakes in the European Alps to global change pressures and (2) to estimate potential impacts on six relevant ES considering future climate projections and potential changes in water use. For 2455 lakes, we mapped the level of exposure to global change pressures, including climate change, atmospheric nutrient deposition, and anthropogenic activities (e.g., water use). Our results indicate that more than half of the Alpine mountain lakes feature a considerable level of exposure to global change. Hotspot analysis revealed spatial clusters of lakes with above-average exposure (23.7% of all lakes), mostly located in the central part of the Alps, while lakes with below-average exposure level prevailed in the south-western (19.3%) and eastern parts (10.6%). For 15 case study lakes, we quantified potential impacts on six key ES. The results revealed, in particular, potential negative effects on maintaining habitat and populations as well as aesthetic value, but contrastingly, also some positive effects for outdoor recreation, research and education. Our findings suggest the need for a comprehensive integration of mountain lakes into current management and policy frameworks to ensure the ecological integrity and ES provision of mountain lakes. Interdisciplinary mountain lake research will be important to overcome uncertainties related to the coupling of limnological parameters and ES indicators.

Impact of atmospheric dry deposition of nutrients on phytoplankton pigment composition and primary production in the coastal Bay of Bengal.

Atmospheric deposition of pollutants decreases pH and increases the nutrient concentration in the surface water. To examine its impact on coastal phytoplankton composition and primary production, monthly atmospheric aerosol samples were mixed with coastal waters in the microcosm experiments. These experiments suggested that the biomass of Bacillariophyceae, Dinophyceae and Chlorophyceae were increased and primary production of the coastal waters increased by 3 to 19% due to the addition of aeolian nutrients. The increase in primary production displayed significant relation with a concentration of sulphate and nitrate in the atmospheric aerosols suggesting that both decreases in pH and fertilization enhanced primary production. The impact of acidification on primary production was found to be 22%, whereas 78% was contributed by the nutrient increase. The atmospheric pollution is increasing rapidly over the northern Indian Ocean since past two decades due to rapid industrialization. Hence, it is suggested that the impact of atmospheric pollution on the coastal ecosystem must be included in the numerical models to predict possible changes in the coastal ecosystem due to climate change.

Variabilities of biochemical properties of the sea surface microlayer: Insights to the atmospheric deposition impacts

Atmospheric deposition (AD) of nutrients and its impact on the sea surface requires consideration of interfacial processes within the sea surface microlayer (SML), the ocean-atmosphere boundary layer of major importance for many global biogeochemical and climate-related processes. This study comprised a comprehensive dataset, including dissolved NO3−, NH4+ and PO43− in ambient aerosol particles, wet deposition and sea surface samples collected from February to July 2019 at a central Adriatic coastal site. The aerosol mean concentration of dissolved nitrogen (DIN = NO3− + NH4+) and PO43− were 48.8 ± 82.8 μmol m−3 and 0.8 ± 0.6 μmol m−3, respectively, while their total fluxes (dry + wet) ranged from 24.2 to 212.3 μmol m−2 d−1 (mean 123.2 ± 53.2 μmol m−2 d−1) and from 1.2 to 2.1 μmol m−2 d−1 (mean 1.5 ± 0.3 μmol m−2 d−1), respectively. Intensive local episodes of open biomass burning (BB) significantly increased aerosol DIN concentrations as well as DIN deposition fluxes, particularly altering the molar DIN/PO43− ratio of atmospheric samples. The DIN temporal patterns showed high variability in the SML (range 0.2–24.6 μmol L−1, mean 5.0 ± 7.1 μmol L−1) in contrast to the underlying water samples (range 0.5–4.2 μmol L−1, mean 1.9 ± 1.2 μmol L−1), with significant increases during BB periods. Variability in abundance of heterotrophic bacteria and autotrophs in the SML along with concentrations of bulk dissolved and particulate organic carbon as well as dissolved and particulate lipids and carbohydrates, gel particles and surfactants followed DIN enhancements with a two-week delay. This study showed that AD can affect the short-term scale enrichments of organic matter in the SML, especially when accompanied by BB emissions typical of the overall Mediterranean coastal environment. This could have strong implications for global air-sea exchange processes, including those of climate relevant gases, mediated by the SML.

Grazing by wild red deer can mitigate nutrient enrichment in protected semi-natural open habitats

Eutrophication through atmospheric nutrient deposition is threatening the biodiversity of semi-natural habitats characterized by low nutrient availability. Accordingly, local management measures aiming at open habitat conservation need to maintain habitat-specific nutrient conditions despite atmospheric inputs. Grazing by wild herbivores, such as red deer (Cervus elaphus), has been proposed as an alternative to mechanical or livestock-based measures for preserving open habitats. The role of red deer for nutrient dynamics in protected open habitat types, however, is yet unclear. Therefore, we collected data on vegetation productivity, forage removal, quantity of red deer dung and nutrient concentrations in vegetation and dung from permanent plots in heathlands and grasslands (eight plots à 225 m2 per habitat type) on a military training area inhabited by a large population of free-ranging red deer over one year. The annual nutrient export of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) by red deer grazing was higher than the nutrient import through red deer excreta, resulting in an average net nutrient removal of 14 and 30 kg N ha−1 a−1 and 1.1 and 3.3 kg P ha−1 a−1 in heathlands and grasslands, respectively. Even when considering approximate local atmospheric deposition values, net nutrient depletion due to red deer grazing seemed very likely, notably in grasslands. Demonstrating that grazing by wild red deer can mitigate the effects of atmospheric nutrient deposition in semi-natural open habitats similarly to extensive livestock grazing, our results support the idea that red deer are suitable grazing animals for open habitat conservation.

Relationship between Atmospheric Deposition of Nutrient (N and P) Concentration and Wind Direction in Lake Kivu Watershed, DR Congo Side

Recent researches have suggested that atmospheric depositions are a major source of nutrients to aquatic ecosystems. It is important to identify and quantify nutrients deposited into surface water and the relationship with wind direction and wind speed to understand the contributing sources of nutrient deposition to Lake Kivu. This study analyzed the relationship of the contribution of TP and TN from the atmospheric deposition with wind direction and wind speed during the period 2017-2019 using regression analysis. Atmospheric deposition of nutrients (TP and TN) and lake water were analyzed in the laboratory for TP and TN using standard analytical methods. Wind speed (m/s) and wind direction (o) were collected at Lwiro station using automatic sensor and gaps were filled by data downloaded from NASA/POWER SRB/FLASHFlux/MERRA2/GEOS website. Temporal variation of TN and TP atmospheric deposition rates is significantly different over time (p<0.000) at Lwiro station. Natural and anthropogenic activities in the watershed such as volcanic activities, biomass burning, and soil erosion introduce particles in the atmosphere following meteorological conditions and surface lake water becomes nutrients rich due to increasing nutrients input. It was observed that the average high rates of nutrients were coming more from the north part of the Lake (Goma) than other points. Volcanic and traffic activities were identified as being the main sources of nutrients in the north part of the watershed and appear to play an important role in the Lake eutrophication. The results can serve as a baseline as far as atmospheric nutrient loading sources in Lake Kivu watershed are concerned and suggest strategies for future assessment.

Phosphorus supply affects long-term carbon accumulation in mid-latitude ombrotrophic peatlands

Ombrotrophic peatlands are a globally important carbon store and depend on atmospheric nutrient deposition to balance ecosystem productivity and microbial decomposition. Human activities have increased atmospheric nutrient fluxes, but the impacts of variability in phosphorus supply on carbon sequestration in ombrotrophic peatlands are unclear. Here, we synthesise phosphorus, nitrogen and carbon stoichiometric data in the surface and deeper layers of mid-latitude Sphagnum-dominated peatlands across Europe, North America and Chile. We find that long-term elevated phosphorus deposition and accumulation strongly correlate with increased organic matter decomposition and lower carbon accumulation in the catotelm. This contrasts with literature that finds short-term increases in phosphorus supply stimulates rapid carbon accumulation, suggesting phosphorus deposition imposes a threshold effect on net ecosystem productivity and carbon burial. We suggest phosphorus supply is an important, but overlooked, factor governing long-term carbon storage in ombrotrophic peatlands, raising the prospect that post-industrial phosphorus deposition may degrade this carbon sink.

Capture of decline in spring phytoplankton biomass derived from COVID-19 lockdown effect in the Yellow Sea offshore waters

The Yellow Sea, characterized as a high-productivity ecosystem, is considered to be significantly attributable to high nutrient supply via atmospheric deposition. We observed a significant decline in phytoplankton biomass (~30%) over the Yellow Sea during February–May 2020 (period of COVID-19 lockdown effect) compared to the same period in 2015–2019 (period of no effect of COVID-19 lockdown). Several possible factors, such as variations in irradiance, vertical mixing, and river discharges, were not major contributors. Through the analysis of transportation and the constituents of atmospheric pollutants from Northern China (main source regions) to the Yellow Sea, we suggest that the decline in phytoplankton biomass over the Yellow Sea is mainly attributed to decreased atmospheric nutrient deposition due to the COVID-19 lockdown effect, because of decreased anthropogenic emissions in Northern China. Thus, attention should be focused on the Yellow Sea ecosystem response to increasing anthropogenic activities by lifting the COVID-19 lockdown restrictions.

Temporal Archive of Atmospheric Microplastic Deposition Presented in Ombrotrophic Peat

Ombrotrophic peatland—fed solely from atmospheric deposition of nutrients and precipitation—provide unique archives of atmospheric pollution and have been used to illustrate trends and changes in atmospheric trace element composition from the recent decadal to the Holocene period. With the acknowledgment of atmosphere plastic pollution, analysis of ombrotrophic peat presents an opportunity to characterize the historical atmospheric microplastic pollution prevalence. Ombrotrophic peatland is often located in comparatively pristine mountainous and boreal areas, acting as sentinels of environmental change. In this paired site study, a Sphagnum ombrotrophic peat record is used for the first time to identify the trend of atmospheric microplastic pollution. This high altitude, remote location ombrotrophic peat archive pilot study identifies microplastic presence in the atmospheric pollution record, increasing from <5(±1) particles/m2/day in the 1960s to 178(±72) particles/m2/day in 2015–2020 in a trend similar to the European plastic production and waste management. Compared to this catchment’s lake sediment archive, the ombrotrophic peat core appears to be effective in collecting and representing atmospheric microplastic deposition in this remote catchment, collecting microplastic particles that are predominantly ≤20 μm. This study suggests that peat records may be a useful tool in assessing the past quantities and trends of atmospheric microplastic.

Landscape Controls on Nutrient Stoichiometry Regulate Lake Primary Production at the Margin of the Greenland Ice Sheet

Global change is reshaping the physical environment and altering nutrient dynamics across the Arctic. These changes can affect the structure and function of biological communities and influence important climate-related feedbacks (for example, carbon (C) sequestration) in biogeochemical processing hot spots such as lakes. To understand how these ecosystems will respond in the future, this study examined recent (< 10 y) and long-term (1000 y) shifts in autotrophic production across paraglacial environmental gradients in SW Greenland. Contemporary lake temperatures and light levels increased with distance from the ice sheet, along with dissolved organic C (DOC) concentrations and total nitrogen:total phosphorus (TN:TP) ratios. Diatom production measured as biogenic silica accumulation rates (BSiARs) and diatom contribution to microbial communities declined across these gradients, while total production estimated using C accumulation rates and δ13C increased, indicating that autochthonous production and C burial are controlled by microbial competition and competitive displacement across physiochemical gradients in the region. Diatom production was generally low across lakes prior to the 1800’s AD but has risen 1.5–3× above background levels starting between 1750 and 1880 AD. These increases predate contemporary regional warming by 115–250 years, and temperature stimulation of primary production was inconsistent with paleorecords for ~ 90% of the last millennium. Instead, primary production appeared to be more strongly related to N and P availability, which differs considerably across the region due to lake landscape position, glacial activity and degree of atmospheric nutrient deposition. These results suggest that biological responses to enhanced nutrient supply could serve as important negative feedbacks to global change.

Late Holocene ENSO-related fire impact on vegetation, nutrient status and carbon accumulation of peatlands in Jambi, Sumatra, Indonesia

Peat fires in Indonesia are predominantly anthropogenic and intensified by El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-related droughts. In recent decades, peat fires, which typically occurred in degraded areas (partially/entirely deforested peatlands), released massive amounts of carbon by burning the peat swamp vegetation and peat substrate. However, it could also influence atmospheric nutrient deposition, have a fertilizing effect on peatlands, and enhance their productivity. Little is known about how ENSO-related peat fires would affect the vegetation in times of little or no human impact. It is also unclear whether in the past such an ash-fertilization effect also occurred in the long term and how fires affected peatland carbon sequestration, which is one of their important ecosystem services. In order to understand this, we examine the fire regime, vegetation composition, nutrient status and carbon (C) accumulation rates of the Air Hitam and Sungai Buluh peatlands in Jambi, Sumatra, Indonesia during the Holocene. The results suggest that increased ENSO frequency and magnitude in the Late Holocene increased the fire occurrence and severity in both sites. During times of little human influence, those fires had little effect on peatland vegetation composition. The coincidence of more frequent fires, a nutrient enrichment and an increased carbon accumulation rate in the Late Holocene suggest that ash-fertilization might have also played a role in the recent past. Thus, low-severity fires could potentially enhance the peatlands' capacity to accumulate carbon if the water table is sufficiently high.

Atmospheric deposition of inorganic nutrients to the Western North Pacific Ocean

We evaluated the potential impacts of atmospheric deposition on marine productivity and inorganic carbon chemistry in the northwestern Pacific Ocean (8–39°N, 125–157°E). The nutrient concentration in atmospheric total suspended particles decreased exponentially with increasing distance from the closest land-mass (Asia), clearly revealing anthropogenic and terrestrial contributions. The predicted mean depositional fluxes of inorganic nitrogen were approximately 34 and 15 μmol m−2 d−1 to the west and east of 140°E, respectively, which were at least two orders of magnitude greater than the inorganic phosphorus flux. On average, atmospheric particulate deposition would support 3–4% of the net primary production along the surveyed tracks, which is equivalent to ~2% of the dissolved carbon increment caused by the penetration of anthropogenic CO2. Our observations generally fell within the ranges observed over the past 18 years, despite an increasing trend of atmospheric pollution in the source regions during the same period, which implies high temporal and spatial variabilities of atmospheric nutrient concentration in the study area. Continued atmospheric anthropogenic nitrogen deposition may alter the relative abundances of nitrogen and phosphorus.

Distinct microbial communities alter litter decomposition rates in a fertilized coastal plain wetland

AbstractHuman activities have led to increased deposition of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) into soils. Nutrient enrichment of soils is known to increase plant biomass and rates of microbial litter decomposition. However, interacting effects of hydrologic position and associated changes to soil moisture can constrain microbial activity and lead to unexpected nutrient feedbacks on microbial community structure–function relationships. Examining feedbacks of nutrient enrichment on decomposition rates is essential for predicting microbial contributions to carbon (C) cycling as atmospheric deposition of nutrients persists. This study explored how long‐term nutrient addition and contrasting litter chemical composition influenced soil bacterial community structure and function. We hypothesized that long‐term nutrient enrichment of low fertility soils alters bacterial community structure and leads to higher rates of litter decomposition especially for low C:N litter, but low‐nutrient and dry conditions limit microbial decomposition of high C:N ratio litter. We leveraged a long‐term fertilization experiment to test how nutrient enrichment and hydrologic manipulation (due to ditches) affected decomposition and soil bacterial community structure in a nutrient‐poor coastal plain wetland. We conducted a litter bag experiment and characterized litter‐associated and bulk soil microbiomes using 16S rRNA bacterial sequencing and quantified litter mass losses and soil physicochemical properties. Results revealed that distinct bacterial communities were involved in decomposing higher C:N ratio litter more quickly in fertilized compared to unfertilized soils especially under drier soil conditions, while decomposition rates of lower C:N ratio litter were similar between fertilized and unfertilized plots. Bacterial community structure in part explained litter decomposition rates, and long‐term fertilization and drier hydrologic status affected bacterial diversity and increased decomposition rates. However, community composition associated with high C:N litter was similar in wetter plots with available nitrate detected, regardless of fertilization treatment. This study provides insight into long‐term fertilization effects on soil bacterial diversity and composition, decomposition, and the increased potential for soil C loss as nutrient enrichment and hydrology interact to affect historically low‐nutrient ecosystems.

Winter atmospheric nutrient and pollutant deposition on Western Sayan Mountain lakes (Siberia)

Abstract. The world map of anthropogenic atmospheric nitrogen deposition and its effects on natural ecosystems is not described with equal precision everywhere. In this paper, we report atmospheric nutrient, sulfate and spheroidal carbonaceous particle (SCP) deposition rates, based on snowpack analyses of a formerly unexplored Siberian mountain region. Then, we discuss their potential effects on lake phytoplankton biomass limitation. We estimate that the nutrient depositions observed in the late-season snowpack (40 ± 16 mg NO3-N m−2 and 0.58 ± 0.13 mg TP-P m−2; TP for total phosphorous) would correspond to yearly depositions lower than 119 ± 71 mg NO3-N m−2 yr−1 and higher than 1.71 ± 0.91 mg TP-P m−2 yr−1. These yearly deposition estimates would approximately fit the predictions of global deposition models and correspond to the very low nutrient deposition range, although they are still higher than world background values. In spite of the fact that such a low atmospheric nitrogen deposition rate would be enough to induce nitrogen limitation in unproductive mountain lakes, phosphorus deposition was also extremely low, and the resulting lake water N : P ratio was unaffected by atmospheric nutrient deposition. In the end, the studied lakes' phytoplankton appeared to be split between phosphorus and nitrogen limitation. We conclude that these pristine lakes are fragile sensitive systems exposed to the predicted climate warming, increased winter precipitation, enhanced forest fires and shifts in anthropogenic nitrogen emissions that could finally couple their water chemistry to that of atmospheric nutrient deposition and unlock temperature-inhibited responses of phytoplankton to nutrient shifts.

Responses of Primary Productivity and Phytoplankton Community to the Atmospheric Nutrient Deposition in the East China Sea

Atmospheric deposition of nutrients to the surface seawater may significantly affect marine phytoplankton growth. Two in situ bioassay experiments were performed in the East China Sea (ECS) by adding nutrients (N, P, and Si) and atmospheric aerosols into the surface seawater. Chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentrations were largely enhanced by simultaneous input of N and P with the maximal increase of 0.68–0.78 μg Chl a per μmol N addition. This Chl a increment was significantly lower (0.19–0.47 μg) in aerosol treatments as a result of initial N-replete condition (N/P ratio ~50) and extremely high N/P ratio in aerosols (&gt;300). Among the multiple influencing factors, atmospheric dry flux of NH4+ + NO3− (AN) was found to be an effective predictor for springtime Chl a in the ECS with a time lag of three days and were strongly correlated with Chl a concentrations on day 3 (r = 0.81, p &lt; 0.001), which might be partly explained by the asynchronous supplies of N (atmospheric deposition) and P (subsurface water). Although dinoflagellates dominated the phytoplankton community in both initial seawaters, additions of P and N + P + Si profoundly enhanced the cell densities and dominance of diatom species Thalassiosira sp. and Nitzschia closterium in the 2012 and 2014 bioassay experiments, respectively. Moreover, the percentage of dinoflagellates were promoted by adding higher NH4+/NO3− ratio (6/4 vs. 1/9) when silicate was at a low concentration (~2 μmol L−1). Atmospheric deposition is likely to be an important N source supporting the high primary production in the ECS and its supply of excess N relative to P may influence dominant phytoplankton groups.

Spatio-Temporal Variation of Atmospheric Nutrient Deposition in Different Land Uses/Covers around Lake Kivu

Atmospheric deposition of nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus has the capacity to significantly affect the productivity and biogeochemistry of aquatic ecosystems. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of land use/cover types on the atmospheric deposition of nutrients around Lake Kivu. Dry and wet atmospheric deposition samples were collected from four different land use/cover types (forest, wetland, agricultural and urbanized area) at four stations (Goma, Lwiro, Bukavu and Iko) around the Lake Kivu basin. The highest annual loading of dry total phosphorus (TP) was recorded at a station located in an urban area at Goma (4.4 ± 3.9 μmol/m2/yr) and the highest dry deposition of total nitrogen (TN) was recorded at Iko (84.5 ± 41.2 μmol/m2/yr). High wet TP and TN were at Bukavu (0.7 ± 1.1 μmol/m2/yr) and Iko (21.7 ± 34.7 μmol/m2/yr) respectively. High dry TP loads were recorded in the forest area of Goma and the highest dry TN at Lwiro. High wet TP loads were record in agriculture at Goma and high values of wet TN in agriculture at Iko. Phosphorus and nitrogen deposition rates around Lake Kivu were similar to those reported for other African lakes. The highest rate of TP was recorded mainly in the forest area for dry deposition while high TN was recorded in all types of land use/cover in the basin. This study found out that forest traps high concentration of nutrient than other land uses/covers.