ATmega328 Microcontroller Research Articles

Developing real-time boiler control algorithm for fuel consumption savings

In this study, an automatic solid fuel control algorithm has been developed that provides maximum heating with minimal solid fuel waste in boiler systems. With the algorithm developed using the Atmega16 microcontroller, motors such as stoker, fan, water pump used in boiler control and features such as boiler temperature, temperature sensor, water pump temperature are controlled. In addition to these features, operations such as fuel loading, waiting, fan speed adjustment can be performed with the help of the menu controlled by interrupt functions. The boiler control algorithm developed for real-time control of the system is programmed with the AVR C language. In the system in which the developed algorithm is used, a user-friendly panel with a 7-segment display has been developed to facilitate the work of the users. With the help of this panel, the user will be able to make all adjustments that affect the operation of the boiler in a very short time. As a result of experimental studies, an increase in the life span of the controlled boiler elements has been determined and an annual fuel saving of approximately 20% has been achieved compared to conventional boiler control systems.

Transmission Line Protection Using High-Speed Decision Tree and Artificial Neural Network: A Hardware Co-simulation Approach

In this paper, a protection scheme of 500 kV, 50 Hz, and 220 km double end transmission system based on wavelet transform (WT), high-speed decision tree (DT), and artificial neural network (ANN) are proposed. The scheme is implemented using a microcontroller co-simulated with MATLAB/Simulink and it is validated in real-time. The proposed scheme performs fault classification, location estimation, and fault zone identification using both DT and ANN in a comparative study. The scheme calculates the wavelet transform approximation coefficients of the current and voltage signals and then sends its energy to a specific decision tree/neural network to recognize the fault type, its zone, and its location. It was found that the accuracy of the decision tree classifier outperforms the ANN classifier, in addition, achieves a significantly higher classification speed of about 0.4 msec inference time and it is easier to be applied in real-time. In contrast, the neural network is more accurate in calculating fault zone and locations. DT and ANN are trained and tested using different sets of data obtained from simulated faults that differ in type, resistance, and location. Modeling fault scenarios and data processing are carried out using the MATLAB/Simulink software package. The hardware implementation uses an 8-bit ATmega microcontroller that is interfaced with the simulated model using MATLAB support package for Arduino. Simulation results confirm that the proposed scheme using DT for fault classification and ANN for zone and location estimation is accurate and reliable even with varying fault resistance, type, and distance, and is therefore applicable in practice on a digital platform.

Design and Implementation of a GSM-based Monitoring System for a Distribution Transformer

Maintaining the distribution power substation's health and reliability has been an issue for many years. A typical transformer measurement device detects only one transformer characteristic, such as power, current, voltage, or phase. While some methods can detect several factors, the acquisition time and operation parameters are too long, and the testing speed is insufficient. However, a monitoring system that can check the temperature level of the transformer continuously and predict faults such as overheating, overcurrent, after which the fault diagnosis is relayed to the base station through a GSM modem is developed in this paper. After receiving the message of any abnormality remedial action can be taken immediately to prevent any catastrophic failures of distribution transformers. Key components used in this development are the ATmega328 microcontroller, the GSM modem, the LM35 temperature sensor, ACS712 current sensor, and so on. The GSM-based monitoring of the distribution transformer is preferable to manual monitoring since it is not always possible to monitor the ambient temperature rise, load current manually.

Performance monitoring of different types of photovoltaic cells

Scientific and technological developments make major changes in the energy sector for both generating energies from sustainable energy sources and monitoring of energy systems in ways that are more efficient. The main purpose of this study is to measure experimental data such as temperature, current and voltage by way of a sensor-based microcontroller device. Ergo, Arduino Uno is used for an ATmega328 microcontroller, voltage and current sensors are used to receive electric data that solar cells convert from solar radiation and a temperature and humidity sensor is used to collect weather data. The air temperature and solar radiation values have been taken from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service. To store data, a secure digital memory card module (SD) is used. The performance evaluation of different types of photovoltaic cells, which are monocrystalline and polycrystalline cells, is aimed at in this study. To harvest energy, four similar monocrystalline and four similar polycrystalline cells are used. Monitoring the performance of each solar cell is the other objective of this study. Results of the performance of different types of solar cells are as expected, the starting point for further studies both for monitoring and for evaluating the performance of solar cells and sensor-based devices.

Automatic Distance and Angle Measurement Tool using Atmega8535 Microcontroller based Ultrasonic Sensor for Conventional X-Ray Medical Device

The aim of this research is to design an ultrasonic distance and angel detecting device by utilizes time delay of wave reflected. The ultrasonic echo waves were then converted into electrical echo pulses. This distance and angle detecting device can later be used on conventional X-ray modality. This distance and angle detecting device was designed based on ultrasonic sensor and an Atmega8535 microcontroller. Distance measurements was carried out vertically and horizontally with variations ranging from 90 cm to 130 cm with a 10 cm increment factor. While angle measurements were performed manually at angle variations of 10 ° to 30 ° with an increment factor of 5 °. The performance of the tool showed that the relative error value on vertical measurement was 0.10% with the greatest accuracy of 99.97%. While the horizontal measurement relative error was 0.10% and the highest relative accuracy recorded at 99.97%. Meanwhile, on the angle measurement, it was found that the relative error was0.39% with the highest relative accuracy of 99.72%.

Prototype of Fire Detection Tool Using Short Message Service (SMS) Notification as A Disaster Mitigation Effort Against Environmental Damage Due to Forest Fires

In relation to the threat of drought, it is necessary to do a drought analysis to evaluate the drought that has occurred. Another disaster caused by water drought is forest fires. The purpose of this study using the prototype of a Forest Fire Detection Tool (FFDT) are to early detection of forest fires and providing Short Message Service (SMS) notification of forest fires to the officer. The method of this study used a prototype of a FFDT with SMS Notification. This tool is controlled using the ATmega328 microcontroller or better known as Arduino Uno R3 and also the GSM 800L v2 module so that this tool will provide notification to forest guards in the form of sirens and SMS sounds when there are indications of smoke or fire that are identical to the event of a forest fire. Monitoring uses fire sensors, namely fire for the detection of flames that are often associated with forest fires and uses sensors as soon as possible, namely MQ2 and MQ9, all of which are equipped in one device, a forest fire detector using the Arduino Mega microcontroller. When there is a good sign that the flame or as soon as possible is read, the tool will send an SMS notification to the forest officer, the process of sending the SMS makes the fire process can detect even though it is still in a small condition or not widened.

Design of room capacity measurement and body temperature detection based on atmega328 microcontroller

The outbreak of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid 19) cases that occurred from 2020 until now limits the current maximum allowed room capacity, which is only around 25% to 50% of the maximum room capacity. The purpose of this study is to design a device that can detect temperature and limit room capacity automatically as an effort to prevent the transmission of the covid 19 virus. In designing a room capacity measuring device and an atmega328 microcontroller-based body temperature detector with a viewer on an android smartphone. The ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04 is used to measure the capacity of the room to determine the number of people entering and leaving. Then this tool also uses the MLX90614 sensor to detect the body temperature of everyone who wants to enter with the temperature conditions below 38°C. When both sensors have worked according to their functions, the doorstop can be opened. The results of the data obtained on each sensor will be sent to the microcontroller as a control center on a system so that it can be displayed on the LCD and using an additional device, namely esp8266 as a wifi communication module. After testing it can be concluded that the tool works well. The comparison of the results of the MLX90614 sensor with a standard tool. The data obtained is quite accurate with maximum error only 2.2% with the comparison tool.

OPTIMALISASI PRODUKSI IKAN LELE ASAP DENGAN OTOMATISASI ATMEGA 8

The purpose of this study was to design and determine the ability of the catfish smoking system automatically using the ATMega8 microcontroller and the LM 35 temperature sensor as an optimization of catfish smoking production, as well as to conduct a comparative study of smoked catfish quality and economic analysis with conventional systems. The type of research used is research and development with a 4D model approach (define, design, develop and desiminate) and comparative analysis. Data obtained through observation, testing and documentation. Then analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The results obtained from this study are the design of a catfish smoking system automatically using an ATMega8 microcontroller and a temperature sensor as an optimization of catfish smoking production. The workings of the catfish smoking system is to control the rotation and smoking time using an ATMega8 microcontroller. The smoking system is able to produce 2 kilograms of smoked catfish in 120 minutes with a distance of 40 cm with a quality water content of 58.14%, ash content of 5.93%, pH value of 6.56 and TBA value of 0.02. 
 
 Keyword: catfish, smoking, microcontroller

Light Intensity Control Using Polaroids

Abstract: In today’s era of illuminating devices, there are a wide variety of devices available in aesthetics but the none with variable intensity of light. Using the basic principle of polarization of light using a Polaroid filter or polarizer, the designing of a light intensity control was done. The polarizing angle of the filter decides the intensity of the light that would pass through the filters. According to the principle of propagation of light, the electric and magnetic vibrations of a light wave occur perpendicularly to each other. A light wave that is vibrating in more than one plane is known as unpolarized light. The light emitted by the sun, by a lamp or a tube light are all unpolarized light sources. The other kind of wave is a polarized wave. A Plane polarized light vibrates on only one plane. The process of transforming unpolarized light into the polarized light is known as polarization. Using the same principle and with the use of a LDR (light dependent resister) as a sensor to sense the intensity of the surrounding light and then rotate the polaroid filter sheets accordingly using a stepper motor for the required change in intensity. The sensing and sending of feedback and subsequent rotation of the Polaroid filter sheets would be automated by ATMEGA32 microcontroller and L293D. Keywords: Polaroids, LDR, Light Variation, ATMEGA32, L293D

Modeling of water temperature in evaporation pot with 7 Ds18b20 sensors based on Atmega328 microcontroller

Making a model of the air temperature in the pan to see the difference with 7 DS18B20 sensors based on the Atmega328 microcontroller aimed at the temperature between air temperature, air surface temperature, and airbase temperature. Indonesia has a very wide ocean area and the natural resources in its sea area are not maximized. The use of a pan is a prototype of the breadth and depth of the ocean. making this model can also predict the location of fish and the growth of coral reefs. This temperature modeling is carried out in the evaporation pan with 7 sensors with 2 sensors in the air, 2 sensors on the surface of the water, and 3 sensors at the bottom of the evaporation pan to look for changes in temperature on the sensor and compare it with a mercury thermometer and then see the level of stability of the data. from the obtained graph. The DS18B20 sensor, which has an accuracy of ±0.5?, will be more stable than the mercury thermometer owned by the Geofusuka Station Class II Sanglah Denpasar.

Analysis of the Drop Sensors Accuracy in Central Peristaltic Infusion Monitoring Displayed on PC Based Wireless (TCRT5000 Drop Sensor)

In some hospitals the infusion is still done manually, medical staff observes fluid drip directly and then controls its rate using a mechanical resistor (clamp), this method is certainly far from the level of accuracy. Infusion pump is a medical aid that has functions to control and ensure the correct dose of infusion fluid that is given to patients under treatment. The purpose of this study is to analyze the accuracy of the TCRT5000 as a drop sensor, based on readings of the infusion pump monitoring system. This module consists of a TCRT5000 drop sensor module, comparator circuit, monostable circuit, stepper motor, L298N motor driver, and ATmega328 microcontroller. The droplets are detected by the TCRT 5000 sensor, then amplified by a comparator and monostable circuit, then the flow rate and remaining volume readings are generated by the ATmega328 microcontroller. Furthermore, this data is sent to the Personal Computer (PC) via wireless HC-11. The results of the flow rate module measurement show that the highest error value is 4% at the 30 ml/hour setting, and the lowest error value is 1% at the 60 ml/hour setting. While the results of the flow rate measurement using an Infuse Device Analyzer, the highest error value is 2,2% at the 30 ml/hour setting, and the lowest error value is 0,58% at the 100 ml/hour setting. This infusion pump monitoring is designed centrally to facilitate the nurse's task in monitoring the infusion dose accurately that is given to the patient.

Reduced Auxiliary Circuit Switch Nine-Level Inverter for Renewable Energy Applications

Multilevel Inverters (MLI) created a milestone due to increasing demand in high power medium voltage applications. To decrease the harmonics content and stress across power semiconductor devices, multilevel inverters are used. In this paper, a nine-level inverter is presented with a auxiliary circuit that requires a minimum number of power devices compared to the traditional MLI topologies. The suggested nine-level inverter's control circuitry is controlled by an ATmega8 microcontroller in this study. Opto-isolators with galvanic isolation supply the triggering pulses to operate switches. A nine-level inverter to power 100 W load is implemented using two proposed auxiliary circuits for renewable energy applications. The presented nine-level inverter's control switches are driven using a DC level shifting method. The suggested inverter's functionality and feasibility are confirmed by the experimental and simulation findings.

Paraconsistent annotated logic applied to industry assets condition monitoring and failure prevention based on vibration signatures

In this study, we introduced an expert system (ESvbrPAL2v), responsible for monitoring assets based on vibration signature analysis through a set of algorithms based on the Paraconsistent Annotated Logic – PAL. Being a non-classical logic, the main feature of the PAL is to support contradictory inputs in its foundation. It is therefore suitable for building algorithmic models capable of performing out appropriate treatment for complex signals, such as those coming from vibration. The ESvbrPAL2v was built on an ATMega2560 microcontroller, where vibration signals were captured from the mechanical structures of the machines by sensors and, after receiving special treatment through the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), then properly modeled to paraconsistent logic signals and vibration patterns. Using the PAL fundamentals, vibration signature patterns were built for possible and known vibration issues stored in ESvbrPAL2v and continuously compared through configurations composed by a network of paraconsistent algorithms that detects anomalies and generate signals that will report on the current risk status of the machine in real time. The tests to confirm the efficiency of ESvbrPAL2v were performed in analyses initially carried out on small prototypes and, after the initial adjustments, tests were carried out on bearings of a group of medium-power motor generators built specifically for this study. The results are shown at the end of this study and have a high index of signature identification and risk of failure detection. These results justifies the method used and future applications considering that ESvbrPAL2v is still in its first version.

Comparative Analysis on EEG Controlled Wheelchair using Raspberry Pi and ATMEGA-328 Microcontroller

Comparative Analysis on EEG Controlled Wheelchair using Raspberry Pi and ATMEGA-328 Microcontroller

Lightweight hardware fingerprinting solution using inherent memory in off-the-shelf commodity devices

An emerging technology known as Physical unclonable function (PUF) can provide a hardware root-of-trust in building the trusted computing system. PUF exploits the intrinsic process variations during the integrated circuit (IC) fabrication to generate a unique response. This unique response differs from one PUF to the other similar type of PUFs. Static random-access memory PUF (SRAM-PUF) is one of the memory-based PUFs in which the response is generated during the memory power-up process. Non-volatile memory (NVM) architecture like SRAM is available in off-the-shelf microcontroller devices. Exploiting the inherent SRAM as PUF could wide-spread the adoption of PUF. Therefore, in this study, we evaluate the suitability of inherent SRAM available in ATMega2560 microcontroller on Arduino platform as PUF that can provide a unique fingerprint. First, we analyze the start-up values (SUVs) of memory cells and select only the cells that show random values after the power-up process. Subsequently, we statistically analyze the characteristic of fifteen SRAM-PUFs which include uniqueness, reliability, and uniformity. Based on our findings, the SUVs of fifteen on-chip SRAMs achieve 42.64% uniqueness, 97.28% reliability, and 69.16% uniformity. Therefore, we concluded that the available SRAM in off-the-shelf commodity hardware has good quality to be used as PUF.

Real-time aTmega microcontroller-based simulator enabled hardware-in-the-Loop for fuzzy control dual-sources HESS

In this paper, a real-time simulation of a hybrid energy storage system (HESS), using a hardwarein- the-loop (HIL) platform is proposed. The HESS is in a semi-active configuration including Supercapacitors (SC) controlled by a chopper and a Li-ion battery. The model organization was performed using Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR). The energy flow management is provided by an energy management strategy (EMS) based on fuzzy logic controller (FLC), developed in C language for ARDUINO and uploaded into the aTmega microcontroller. The main objective of this work, is to evaluate, on the one hand the performances of the proposed architecture, by reducing the factors that impact the battery performances. On the other hand, the program and the platform (HIL) developed, through the comparison of results with those of the simulation, performed on MATLAB/SIMULINK under ECE-15 cycle.

TO STUDY OF LINE FAULT DETECTION AND TRACK FAULT LOCATION BASED ON MATLAB

In an electrical power system, the Line power to control high voltage to low voltage users. For operation of Line, its operational condition satellite communication use accurate monitored and maintained. Line power losses, the system working on time to time of the equipment on the Cumulative system. Since it is so expensive to repair or exchange a single Line, Implemented Line fault monitor and track location system in transmission line1,line2,line3.The Line fault tracking a monitor display has been implementation for phase in line power unit system. A Tracking system has been design for Line fault monitor to Track location and detections in power electronics system and also we are using Microcontroller ATMEGA328 which indicate the Line monitor to detection of faults. Parameters like as voltage, current circuit and power energy use are done using protocol Communication USART Master Microcontroller is done. Units is found, wireless technology GSM & GPS Technology are used to send SMS to a monitor control unit section . This satellite functions depend on GPS module as Line fault monitor detection when abnormality or emergency happens and wireless mobile communication technology. GSM modem is used exact mobile number to send message with coordinate track location using GPS to responsible person.

Simulation and Construction of Fingerprint Vehicle Starter System Using Microcontroller

The rising number of vehicle thefts is becoming an issue particularly in Nigeria where the security system is porous. Vehicle security system has become very important and vital in providing personal security for our cars. In this study, simulation and construction of a fingerprint vehicle starter system was carried out using Arduino Uno ATmega328 microcontroller. The circuit was simulated using Proteus ver8.0 via Arduino compiler programming language using embedded C language. The stages of the circuit consisting of regulated power supply, fingerprint module, microcontroller, LCD, motor output driver, and buzzer unit. The hardware prototype of the circuit was constructed on a PCB board and performance evaluated test was carried out with 150 trials in 5 stages, with 4 authorized users and 1 unauthorized user. The specificity, sensitivity and accuracy of the device was calculated. Results shows that, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 96%, 97% and 97%. This implies that finger print vehicle detector will correctly accept and give access to 96% authorized users, correctly deny 97% unauthorized users, but will fail to accept 4% authorized users, and give access to 3% unauthorized users. Also, vehicle starting using the constructed device is only successful for authenticated users and we are 97% sure. Evaluation carried out under the measured performance metrics were able to be compared and analyze distribution scores of both authorized and unauthorized users with satisfactory result. The device can be recommended for vehicle security and other similar operations.

Microprocessor temperature control device for a thermal object

The article deals with a device for temperature control of a thermal object. The device is based on a single-chip AVR ATmega32 microcontroller. There are two modes of temperature regulation. The first is designed for temperature regulation within the range of -55 ° C to +125 ° C, and the second is from +126 ° C to +1000 ° C. The first range uses a DS18B20 digital serial output temperature sensor. The temperature measurement resolution in the first temperature range of -55 °C to +125 °C is 0.0625 °C. The second range uses a K-type thermocouple and a MAX6675 thermocouple signal converter with I2C interface. The discreteness of temperature measurement in the range from +126 C to +1000 C is 2 C. The microprocessor based controller has a very wide temperature control range from -55 to +1000°C, which is well within the temperature range required by the process. In the first area, due to high accuracy digital temperature sensor DS18B20, the resolution is very good ±0.0625 °C, which enables the use of the controller in climate control systems.

Design and Automation of a vertical electrospinning system for manufacturing nanofibers

The objective of this research consists of the design, construction and automation of the electrospinning mechatronic system to obtain nanofibers. As a first stage, the structure of the electrospinning mechatronic system and the distribution, injection and manifold system were designed and built. In the second stage, the open-loop control system was outlined and implemented. It is made up of: control, isolation stage, and the plant. In the first element, the LabView interface and ATMega2560 microcontroller were used to manipulate the variables of the injection speed and distribution of the solution, the speed of the nanofiber collector and the height between the capillary tube and the collector, the magnitude of the temperature and humidity from the environment, also, the graphic interface was developed, the second element consists of isolating the control and power stage in addition to amplifying the command signals and enabling the correction elements, the third element receiving the signals from the power stage to perform the action and produce a change in the controlled variables in the process. With this prototype, it is intended to obtain nanofibers from different polymer solutions for use in the area of catalysis and biomaterials.