ATmega328 Microcontroller Research Articles

Fostering Higher Cognitive Skills Through Industry Collaboration: A Microcontroller-Based Approach

Abstract— This paper presents an innovative approach to enhance higher cognitive skills in students through collaboration with the industry, focusing on microcontroller education. In the fastevolving landscape of technology, bridging the gap between academia and industry is paramount. Our paper describes a course activity that leverages industry collaboration to impart critical thinking, problem-solving, and knowledge application skills to students. The course activity centers on the in-depth study of the Atmega32 microcontroller, chosen for its industry relevance and rich feature set. Students delve into fundamental concepts, architecture, programming, timers, counters, interrupts, and peripheral integration. They are encouraged to apply their knowledge to realworld scenarios through hands-on projects (Bolanakis, 2019) Key components of this approach include industry mentorship, project-based learning and formative assessment. Industry professionals guide students in solving industry-related challenges, fostering creativity and practical problem-solving. Continuous evaluation assesses students' critical thinking, knowledge application, and problem-solving abilities. The paper demonstrates the positive impact of this collaborative learning approach on students' cognitive skills and their preparedness for real-world industry roles. By adapting theoretical knowledge to address industry needs and aligning with best practices, students gain valuable skills essential for success in the technology-driven job market. Keywords— Cognitive Skills; Critical Thinking; Industry Collaboration; Knowledge Application; Problem-Solving

WEATHER STATION DESIGN USING ARDUINO PLATFORM

The paper presents an application that involves the real-time acquisition of four parameters: temperature, relative humidity, pressure and light intensity. Several sensors are used that acquire these values (DHT11- temperature and relative humidity, BMP180 - pressure, BH1750 – light intensity) connected to an Arduino Uno development board equipped with the Atmega328 microcontroller, using digital and analog pins. The display of information is done on a monochrome screen attached to the Arduino board. The developed weather station is capable of measuring these four environmental parameters and providing readings at 5-minute intervals. Weather stations can be used in a variety of locations and domains from meteorology and weather monitoring, to agriculture, scientific research, navigation and aviation, or renewable energy industry. The weather stations can provide useful information on different weather parameters which is essential for providing accurate weather forecasts and monitoring climate changes, for optimizing the performance of energy installations and forecasting energy production.

Test Control of Inclusive Physical Education: Assessment Using the Newest Electronics

The purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness of a device developed based on the latest electronics to control the coordination of movements of the lower limbs of students with disabilities. Materials and methods. 34 students with disabilities were involved in the study. At the time of the experiment, they had functional disorders of the lower limbs as a result of injuries and received a doctor’s permission to participate in the experiment. The research was conducted at the theoretical and empirical levels, using the following methods: analysis, synthesis, systematization, generalization, technical modeling, pedagogical testing, and mathematical statistics. Results. In the research process, a device was used, which was developed as part of the conducted research. The device consists of two rubber mats in which capacitive proximity sensors are placed. The test task involves recording the number of touches of rubber mats in 20 seconds. The information received from the sensors during the student’s performance of the test task, namely the alternate touching of the rubber mat with the big toe, is sent to the microcontroller via an infrared communication line. The development uses a high-performance microcontroller ATMega 328P, which can support a wide range of sensors and generate information about the time and frequency of leg movements. The signals of the student’s toes touching the rubber mats, received by capacitive sensors, are processed by a microcontroller and displayed on a PC through a serial connection and using the Arduino software, which allows reading the received information about the execution of movements. Under the conditions of the pedagogical experiment, we tried to determine the quality of the measurement results. According to the obtained numerical indicators, the numerical values of the test authenticity obtained by the traditional method of fixing the results by a specialist correspond to the value “low”. The results of the validity calculations showed that the correlation between the test measurement results and the evaluation results using the developed device was optimal with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.6. Conclusions. The importance of a high level of development of the coordination of movements of the lower limbs of students with disabilities is determined by the need to develop this quality to ensure the effectiveness of their rehabilitation in the process of inclusive PE. The analysis of the obtained material allows us to state that the practical application of the inclusive PE device developed based on the latest electronics will allow scientifically based optimization of this process to ensure its effectiveness.

SISTEM PERINGATAN DINI TERHADAP PENCURIAN SEPEDAH MOTOR MENGGUNAKAN MIKROKONTROLER ATMEGA 328 ARDUINO UNO

Motorcycle theft is a prevalent issue that often results in significant losses for its owners. In addressing this challenge, this research introduces an Early Warning System for Motorcycle Theft utilizing the ATmega328 microcontroller, particularly the Arduino Uno. The system is designed to detect unusual movements or vibrations in the motorcycle. Vibration and motion sensors are installed on the motorcycle to monitor suspicious activities. The ATmega328 microcontroller acts as the brain of the system, analyzing inputs from the sensors and triggering an alert when potential theft is detected. Early warnings can be implemented through various channels, including the use of alarms, message notifications, or sending information to the owner's device via wireless connectivity. The system's advantage lies in its ability to provide a rapid response to potential theft situations, offering a greater opportunity to prevent losses. Through the utilization of microcontroller technology and sensors, this research contributes to the development of effective and affordable security solutions for safeguarding valuable assets such as motorcycles. The implementation of this system is expected to be a proactive step in enhancing motor vehicle security and providing peace of mind for the owners.

Performance Process of Coil Winding Machine Based on Accuracy and Speed for Water Pump Motor

A coil winding machine for water pumps using a monitoring system is a development of conventional winding tools. In regular coil winding tools, the coil winding process is done manually by rotating the handle as many times as the desired number of turns. The conventional winding tools have problems consisting of inconsistent working speed and operator-dependent winding continuity. Undesirable windings can occur with conventional winding tools, and the winding process requires close supervision. Therefore, the automatic coil winding machine was developed to optimize the coil winding process. The machine utilizes a DC motor to rotate the coil rolls, replacing the conventional roller handle function. This machining method uses an optocoupler sensor. The sensor serves to identify and evaluate the rotation of the roller. In addition, the ATmega8 microcontroller was applied to develop a system that can work automatically. Data collection involves varying the number of wire turns and the wire diameter dimension. The variation is necessary because the number of windings and wire diameter affect pump efficiency and performance. The data testing showed a machine accuracy rate of 98%, with a maximum difference of 1 coil winding in the results. This data confirms that the coil winding machine meets the tool's accuracy standards.

Arduino Obstacle Avoiding + Voice Control + Bluetooth Control Robot

The project is design to build an obstacle avoidance robotic vehicle using ultrasonic sensors for its movement. A microcontroller (ATmega328) is used to achieve the desired operation. A robot is a machine that can perform task automatically or with guidance. The project proposes robotic vehicle that has an intelligence built in it such that it directs itself whenever an obstacle comes in its path. This robotic vehicle is built, using a micro-controller of AT mega 328family. An ultrasonic sensor is used to detect any obstacle ahead of it and sends a command to the micro-controller. Depending on the input signal received, the micro-controller redirects the robot to move in an alternate direction by actuating the motors which are interfaced to it through a motor driver. Some of the project is built with the IR sensors has its own application so in our project those application is not compactable so we are using ultrasonic sensor

Design and Fabrication of Greenhouse Monitoring and Control System Based on Global System for Mobile Communication and Bluetooth

Greenhouse technology should be embraced as a way of minimizing food insecurity in Kenya. Greenhouses have attempted to solve this problem by enclosing crops in a climatically controlled environment. In the past, greenhouses utilized electromechanical devices such as thermostats to monitor and control the greenhouse environment. Mechanical systems lack the flexibility and precision required for greenhouse control. Some modern greenhouses use computers -based controllers, which are station- based, bulky and costly. In this study a wireless prototype greenhouse monitoring and control system that is flexible, cheap, easy to maintain and easy to assemble was developed and implemented. The hardware consisted of ATmega328 microcontroller, Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) SIM800L module, HC05 Bluetooth module, HD44780U Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) module, 5 volts 4 channel relay module, Light dependent resistor (LDR) sensor and digital humidity and temperature (DHT11) sensor. The DHT11 and LDR sensors, the relay, the LCD, the GSM and the Bluetooth modules were interfaced to the ATmega328 microcontroller, through Arduino software, a program was written in C language, developed and uploaded to the ATmega328 microcontroller to run the greenhouse prototype. The designed prototype system is able to measure temperature, humidity, and light illuminance levels in the prototype greenhouse and display the values on the LCD. The system also transmits the measured values to owner’s phone via Bluetooth or GSM and keeps these parameters at optimum levels by use of two fans, a heater, a bulb and a sprinkler. From results, when the actuators were on, the average internal temperature was 24.5 ºC while the average external temperature was 31.43 ºC. The average temperature control effect and cooling efficiency per hour for the designed prototype were 6.9 ºC and 75.9%, respectively. At stable cooling state, the maximum cooling efficiency was 78%. This project therefore provides a cost effective and efficient means of monitoring and controlling greenhouse parameters. In addition, the system allows mobility during monitoring and control process. The agricultural sector in Kenya, can apply the designed prototype in the design and implementation of greenhouses.

Dense neural network based arrhythmia classification on low-cost and low-compute micro-controller

The electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring device is an expensive albeit essential device for the treatment and diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The cost of this device typically ranges from $2000 to $10000. Several studies have implemented ECG monitoring systems in micro-controller units (MCU) to reduce industrial development costs by up to 20 times. However, to match industry-grade systems and display heartbeats effectively, it is essential to develop an efficient algorithm for detecting arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat). Hence in this study, a dense neural network to detect arrhythmia on the Arduino Nano is developed. The Nano consists of the ATMega328 microcontroller with a 16 MHz clock, 2 KB of SRAM, and 32 KB of program memory. Additionally, the AD8232 SparkFun Single-Lead Heart Rate Monitor is used as the ECG sensor. The implemented neural network model consists of two layers (excluding the input) with 10 and four neurons respectively with sigmoid activation function. However, four approaches are explored to choose the appropriate activation functions. The model has a size of 1.267 KB, achieves an F1 score (macro-average) of 78.3% for classifying four types of arrhythmia, an accuracy rate of 96.38%, and requires 0.001314 MOps of floating-point operations (FLOPs). It significantly outperformed recent studies in terms of neural network metrics and compute resource usage efficiency.

Application of hydroponic plants watering automations based on atmega328 microcontroller on water spinach (Pomea Aquatic Forsk)

The development of electronic technology in the era of globalization is very rapid. Utilization of this technology as a means to assist in agriculture, especially hydroponic plantations that are currently developing, to obtain optimal results, it is necessary to monitor the humidity and temperature conditions of the growing media. In previous research, a system was made that was able to maintain the humidity and temperature of the water following what the plant needed. The tool consists of a temperature sensor, humidity sensor, ATMega328 microcontroller, ADC and water pump. Temperature and humidity sensors function to detect temperature and humidity. The ADC functions to change the amount of voltage measured by temperature and soil moisture into a digital quantity which is then forwarded to the ATMega328 microcontroller to be processed into a digital display on the LCD. The ATMega328 microcontroller also regulates the ON and OFF of the water pump engine. The next research is to apply the tools that have been made in real terms. This research will apply the tools that have been made to the water spinach plant (Pomea Aquatic Forsk).

Review on Advanced Obstacle Avoidance Techniques for Arduino-based Intelligent Vehicles

Abstract: Robotics is a rapidly expanding and fascinating field in the modern world. Because of its high level of intelligence, a smart car can utilize all of the available space. This thesis presents the design and execution of a self-driving, obstacle-avoiding Smart Car that uses an ultrasonic wave sensor. The goal of the project is to create a Smart Car that can move around obstacles by employing ultrasonic sensors. To carry out the needed procedure, an ATmega328 microcontroller is employed. A machine that can work automatically or with instruction is referred to as a smart car. The proposal suggests a smart car that can selfsteer when an impediment is in its way since it has intelligence built into it. A microcontroller from the AT mega 328 series was used to construct this Smart Car vehicle. Any obstruction in front of it is detected by an ultrasonic sensor, which then sends an instruction to the microcontroller. The microcontroller instructs the Intelligent Car to travel in a different direction based on the signal that it receives by activating the motors that are connected to it by a motor driver. The roadblock avoidance distance may be calculated by emitting pulses. We can simultaneously manage the steering to carry out the function of obstacle avoidance. The Smart Car has rear wheel drive and front axle steering. Two electric motors using gear reduction systems power two driving tires. Using an Arduino MCU microchip as the brains of the Smart Car's control system. We construct our Smart Car platform while achieving positive experimental results through the design for both the software and the hardware systems.

Controlling the pH and Temperature of Aquarium Water for Discus Fish Farming Based on ATMega328 Microcontroller with Internet of Things (IoT) System

Controlling the pH and Temperature of Aquarium Water for Discus Fish Farming Based on ATMega328 Microcontroller with Internet of Things (IoT) System

Development of an Ultrasonic-based Digital Height Measurement System

This paper presents the design, sensor selection, circuitry, firmware development, and testing of an ultrasonicbased digital height meter. An Atmega328 microcontroller is used in the design to handle sensor measurements as it investigates the utilization of HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor technology. Firmware was developed in the Arduino IDE environment, and the sketch was uploaded to the microcontroller. The designed circuit was constructed on a Veroboard, and the casing was designed for convenience of use. Ultrasonic digital height meters are more accurate, dependable, and quick when compared to hospital meter rules. The apparatus was mounted at a height of 2 meters to ease the measurement of humans. Results from the measurement of nine people were compared with those of the hospital scale, and a percentage error of 0.55% was obtained. A digital height meter can be a very useful instrument for many different applications, including medical, educational, engineering, and surveying, with careful planning and implementation.

Development of Electrometer for Dose Area Product (DAP) Measurement to Monitor Patient Dose in Radiography Examinations

This study aimed to develop an electrometer for dose area product (DAP) measurement to monitor patient doses on X-ray radiography examinations. The electrometer was developed based on the Atmega8535 microcontroller as the processing unit. This electrometer was operated at 12 volts of direct current (DC) and controlled by buttons for navigation. The system (i.e. in-house electrometer and DAP meter) was carefully designed so that it can easily perform calibration and dose measurements. The system was evaluated at variations of tube voltage, tube current, and exposure time. The developed system results in high accuracy and precision as indicated by low percent error (PE) and relative standard deviation (RSD) compared to standard system. The highest PE and RSD are 1.69% and 1.42% for tube voltage variation, 3.85% and 3.58% for tube current variations, and 12.10% and 0.92% for exposure time variations. In conclusion, the developed system is feasible to be used as a patient dose measurement tool to meet the needs of radiation protection to achieve the principle of “as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA).

CONTROL SYSTEM BASED ON HAND GESTURE RECOGNITION USING MEMS ACCELEROMETERS

This paper aims to propose a methodology to assist individuals with physical disabilities by utilizing MEMS technology. This technology can be used to help non-verbal people communicate without words or assist those with partial paralysis to control their surroundings. The gesture identification is achieved using MEMS accelerometers. When a gesture is made, the accelerometers register the movement, which is then interpreted by a microcontroller. The microcontroller recognizes the gesture by comparing it to pre-programmed signals and assigns it a unique code. Additionally, there is a control module that includes an RF receiver. The RF receiver can detect the unique code from the user module. The ATMEGA microcontroller used in the control module to trigger specific functions based on the user's preferences and requirements. The proposed model is implemented in real time under various testing conditions.

TESLA SWITCH OF 4 BATTERIES BASED ON THE ARDUINO UNO BOARD

The paper considered the theoretical information of generators for several power sources, schematic their solutions, and the main disadvantages and advantages. A generator for 4 batteries based on field-effect transistors with optical galvanic isolation and a clock generator built on the basis of the Atmega328 microcontroller, which is part of the Arduino Uno device, was studied. The result of the study was the confirmation of the existence of the "Tesla-switch" effect. A program code was developed for the alternate switching of six transistor switches of the optical decoupling. The structural diagram of the device was studied, and the influence of the generator frequency and the consumed power of the load on the output parameters of the device were determined. The considered idea of energy saving and environmental friendliness of power supply systems is relevant, in particular in cases of blackouts.

Smart automatic COVID door opening system with contactless temperature sensing

Every time someone wants to enter a traditional door, they usually have to open it by hand. As a result of the current COVID-19 pandemic situation, it is imperative that every human being take precautions such as wearing a mask, maintaining a distance, sanitising their hands and arms, and not touching anything excessive. A prototype of an automatic door control system with a body temperature sensor is designed to limit direct physical contact with conventional door knobs, preventing the spread of COVID-19. The main motto of this project is to utilise a sensor with a combination of embedded equipment for the door opening system. The components MLX90614 Temperature Sensor, Passive Infrared Sensor, Arduino Uno, 16 × 2 Liquid Crystal Display, Servo Motor, and Light Emitting Diodes are used to implement the system. The door gets opened when any human movement is detected near the door, as well as when it detects its temperature and the presence of a mask with the help of various tools and technologies. A passive infrared sensor observes the motion and transmits a signal to the transistor, which in turn gives an interrupt signal to the programmable ATMEGA microcontroller. A contactless infrared digital temperature sensor then senses the body temperature of the human, and if the temperature is above the brink temperature, the output signal is transmitted to the direct current motor that's used to unlock the door and to the Arduino. This is a prototype where all these electronics are plugged together to get the corresponding output

Rancang Bangun Alat Pengisian Laddle Nikel Matte Otomatis dengan Sensor HC- SR 04 dan Buzzer Menggunakan Mikrokontroller Atmega

As we already know that the majority of work accidents in mining in Indonesia are fatal. Advances in technology and shifting work practices can increase the number of work accidents due to a lack of understanding of workers at work locations. As a result, we need tools that can reduce the number of work accidents and the number of deaths due to work accidents. Microcontrollers are now very widely used because they are very useful and very helpful in solving problems. Microcontrollers are widely used in everyday life, for example traffic lights. Therefore, the author has the idea to create an automatic tool based on the Atmega microcontroller using the Research and Development (R&D) method. The design of this tool uses the Arduino Atmega microcontroller as a controller and the HC-SR04 sensor to detect the fill level in the laddle and a servo motor to open and close the filling valve. With this tool, it can overcome the problems of the mining industry in the form of human labor in very dangerous areas in the mining industry. The results of this study are that this tool is capable of filling, lifting, carrying and pouring matte nickel laddles automatically.

Solar-Based Smartphone Charging Stations with Voltage, Current, and Power Monitoring

Renewable energy sources continue to be developed as alternative energy sources to reduce the use of fossil energy sources. One of them is a solar power plant that uses a light source from sunlight. For the public, electrical energy is useful to support work and communication activities such as using smartphones, but not many chargers are found in public places to charge smartphone batteries. It has designed and implemented a smartphone charging station to charge smartphone batteries using solar power. The smartphone battery charging on this smartphone charging station can display voltage, current, and power when charging the battery;this tool is equipped with an INA219 sensor, ATmega328 microcontroller, and solar power to make this tool look smart. The purpose of making this tool is to find out the working principle, voltage, current, and power and compare the charging time of the smartphone battery between the smartphone charging station and the manufacturer's charger. The working principle is that when this tool charges the smartphone battery, the INA219 sensor receives output value data in the form of current and voltage. Furthermore, the sensor sends a signal to the ATmega328 to be converted and displayed as data on the LCD so that users can see the output value. The test results of the tool, when charging a smartphone battery using Micro USB, showed the average values of voltage, current, and power, respectively, of 11.7 volts, 0.48 amperes, and 5.98 watts. USB Type C shows the average voltage, current, and power values of 11.33 volts, 0.71 amperes, and 8.37 watts, respectively. The comparison of the duration of battery charging time on the manufacturer's Micro USB with the smartphone charging station has a difference of 27 minutes; the comparison of the duration of the smartphone battery charging time using the manufacturer's USB Type C with the smartphone charging station has a difference of 22 minutes.

Implementasi Algoritma Line Mapping Dengan Sensor Ultrasonik Pada Robot Pengantar Makanan Berbasis Mikrokontroler

The development Of the world of robotics at thi time in the current era of industrial technology robotics technology is able to improve the quality and quantity of production in various factories so that naby new ideas emerge about robotics technology that are useful for human life. By utilizing robotic, especially in restaurants or restaurants, it can already be done restaurants or restaurants, it can already be done without using human hands, but it has been done with robotic technology. A line follower food delivery robot which is a type of moving robot using an ATMega16 microcontroller whose mission is to detect and follow a guide line that has been made on the track field. In the research algorithm used line mapping. This robot still uses a permanent arm, and this robot cannot automatically pick up or place food at its destination

Real-Time IoT-Based Air Quality Monitoring and Health Hazards Indicator System for Mines Regions: A Case Study of Bulyanhulu Gold Mine

Air quality in mining regions is a significant concern due to the release of pollutants from mining activities, posing health risks to nearby communities. However, limited information on air quality levels often leads to neglect of this issue. Inhaling pollutants like PM2.5/PM10, CO, CO2, SO2, and NO2 can result in chronic diseases such as respiratory issues, asthma, and cancer. To tackle this problem, a study suggests the implementation of a real-time Internet of Things (IoT)-based air quality monitoring and health hazards indicator system for mining regions. The proposed system utilizes a reliable wireless sensing system, incorporating sensors like MQ7, MQ135, MQ136, MiCS4514, PMS7003, and DHT22, along with ESP8266, STM32, ATmega328 microcontroller, LoRa shields, and the ThingSpeak IoT server. It ensures continuous operation with a self-contained design, including a solar charger shield connected to a photovoltaic solar panel and rechargeable battery. The smart sensing device continuously monitors air quality and uploads real-time data to the cloud through a coordinator node. The collected data is processed to calculate the Air Quality Index (AQI), which is analyzed to generate early warnings and indicate potential health hazards. The results are accessible through a web-based dashboard for easy visualization. This system simplifies monitoring and provides accurate pollutant data. It supports environmental stakeholders by aggregating and analyzing air quality data, generating reports, and facilitating public access to air quality information. Additionally, it helps identify health hazards, enabling informed decision-making, policy formulation, and mitigation strategies.