ATmega328 Microcontroller Research Articles

Smart electronic device for air quality and exposure risk assessment

ABSTRACT This article reports on the measurement of air pollutants and assessment of health exposure risks in two reference hospitals in the city of Yaoundé, using a locally manufactured smart electronic device for the measurement of highly toxic air pollutants. This low-cost device is based on an Atmega328 microcontroller, toxic gas sensors (O3, PM2.5, CO, CO2 and NO2), temperature (T), relative humidity (RH) sensors, and XBee modules to establish the Internet of Things (IoT). In each of the two hospitals, 2 weeks of measurements conducted from October 15 to 30, 2023 at Biyem-assi Hospital and from September 1 to 15, 2023 at Central Hospital. The average values obtained were 0.96 ± 0.06 ppm and 0.37 ± 0.09 ppm for O3, 39.66 ± 10 µg/m3 and 39.72 ± 10 µg/m3 for PM2.5, 0.41 ± 0.01 ppm and 0.42 ± 0.02 ppm for CO, 316.55 ± 63 ppm and 305.84 ± 89 ppm for CO2, and 0.43 ± 0.01 ppm and 0.45 ± 0,02 ppm for NO2 in Biyem-assi and Central Hospitals, respectively. These values were used to assess the risk of exposure through the Air Quality Index (AQI) and the Air Quality Health Index (AQHI2.5).

Obstacle Avoiding Robot using Arduino

In the modern world, robotics is a rapidly expanding and fascinating field. Nowadays, the idea of robotics is applied in all fields, including manufacturing, healthcare, and transportation. One of the functions required for automated mobile robots is obstacle avoidance. The project's goal is to create a robotic vehicle that can avoid obstacles by moving with the help of ultrasonic sensors. The intended operation is accomplished by use of a microcontroller (ATmega328). A robot is a machine that can carry out tasks either on its own or under supervision. This robot is made out of an Arduino UNO (microcontroller) and a sensor that can identify obstructions. The Arduino software is used to program. When it comes to identifying impediments in the environment, the ultrasonic sensor is incredibly accurate. This robot has wheels. The robot will travel backward if the ultrasonic sensor detects the presence of an obstacle while it is moving forward. The robot will continue to advance until it detects an obstruction before stopping if it is unable to detect any obstacles, that is, if there is a large gap between it and an obstacle. The micro-controller uses a motor driver to interface with the motors and reroutes the robot to move in a different direction based on the input signal received. Since some projects use infrared sensors for specific purposes that are not compactable, we are using ultrasonic sensors in our project instead. In the study, two LEDs are used: one to show if the robot is traveling ahead and the other to show whether it is moving backward. The battery's level of charge is indicated by the third LED. Applications for Arduino boards employ C programming to create the code that controls the operation of the entire system. Additionally, a power source unit is utilized to charge the system's batteries..

Hydroponic System with Integrator Modified on PI Controller for Nutrient and Water Regulation

— This study developed a hydroponic control system to regulate nutrient concentration (PPM) and water volume using a Proportional-Integral (PI) controller. The PI controller was chosen for its simplicity and effectiveness in systems that do not require fast response times. A trial-and-error method was used to tune the Kp and Ki values, which were implemented in an ATMega328 microcontroller. The system consists of one AC pump and two DC pumps: DC Pump-1 controls the PPM by supplying liquid fertilizer, while DC Pump-2 regulates the water volume. The results showed that modifying the PI controller with an integrator limitation improved performance. For PPM control, a limit of 13000 with Kp = 2 and Ki = 0.01 resulted in a 0.5% error, 56.8-second rise time, and a 4.8% overshot. For water level control, a limit of 12000 with Kp = 100 and Ki = 0.16 yielded a 3.25% error, 2% overshot, and a 65.4-second rise time. The test results demonstrated that the use of AB Mix can be reduced by up to 26% compared to a conventional PID, with an initial PPM value of around 350.

A Review on Multipurpose Agri Robot

A Multitasking robot for the field of Agriculture has been studied in this research. Now a day, precision agriculture by agricultural robots is the newly emerging technology in agriculture sector to save the time and energy that is wasted in repetitive farming tasks automation in farming processes is quite helpful. To design these sorts of robots there should be certain considerations and particular approach considering the agriculture environment in which it will be working. The working of an autonomous robot is based on field parameters i.e. length and width. Prototype of an agricultural robot “Agri-Bot” is modeled for multitasking such as seeding, ploughing and harvesting with a separate irrigation system. It is a four wheeled vehicle which is controlled by ATMEGA328 microcontroller as master controller, Humidity sensor for irrigation, power supply is provided by solar panel which is eco-friendly to the environment. It will also help in decreasing the use of nonrenewable sources of energy and will not pollute the environment. Other accessories are slaves performing specific operations.

An amended low-cost indirect MPPT strategy with a PID controller for boosting PV system efficiency

Operating a photovoltaic (PV) array at its optimum power point (MPP) despite fluctuating weather conditions is challenging. However, tracking this point enhances system efficiency and energy yields. Various maximum power point tracker (MPPT) techniques have been developed, differing in convergence speed, tracking efficiency, and implementation complexity. The Incremental Conductance (IC) strategy is popular due to its simplicity and reliability, but its fixed perturbation step size results in low tracking efficiency, MPP fluctuation, high power loss, and poor performance. This study proposes an improved IC (IMP-IC) method using indirect control based on a PID controller with an adjustable step size. The IMP-IC approach is simple, cost-effective, and implementable using a low-cost ATmega328 microcontroller on the Arduino Uno board.Simulations in the Proteus environment compared its performance to other MPPT techniques like conventional IC, zone voltage (ZV), fuzzy logic (FL), and novel adjustable step InC (NAS-INC). Results under various weather conditions, including rapid changes and EN50530 testing standards, indicate the IMP-IC approach outperforms existing methods. Specifically, it achieved an average tracking time of 0.12 seconds and tracking efficiencies of 99.40 % (static) and 99.88 % (dynamic). The IMP-IC method showed negligible power losses and fluctuations, a quick convergence speed and significantly lower implementation complexity. These attributes position the IMP-IC method as an effective solution for enhancing the reliability and performance of PV systems.

Solar Panel Light Intensity and Voltage Measurement System Using Atmega 328

This research explores the development of a real-time measurement system for light intensity and voltage in solar panels. It utilizes the ATmega328 microcontroller with an INA219 sensor for voltage measurement, a BH1750 sensor for light intensity measurement, and a logger module. The objective of this research is to assist and reduce losses in the use of solar panels. The research method is a simplified version of the 4D model, reduced to 3D: define, design, and develop. This system is designed to accurately collect data directly from solar panels, with a recorded data error rate of 23%. The gathered data is stored via an SD card on the logger module and converted into CSV text format. Test results indicate that this system can measure accurately and store data in a readily accessible and processable format. ATmega328, as the system's core, allows accurate real-time monitoring of solar panel conditions while storing data in CSV format, facilitating further analysis. Therefore, this system can be a valuable tool for monitoring and enhancing the energy efficiency produced by solar panels.

RANCANG BANGUN ALAT PELATIHAN PARKIR MOBIL BERBASIS MIKROKONTROLER

The increasingly limited parking area certainly requires someone to be more proficient in parking a car. Arduino is an electronic board device equipped with open source software, where this device is included in the ATMega microcontroller family and functions as a single-board microcontroller designed to facilitate the use of electronics in various fields released by Atmel. The ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04 is an ultrasonic sensor that works like a sonar system on Bats and Dolphins where in this sensor there is a sender and receiver, this sensor has a range specification of 2 cm - 400 cm with a resolution of 0.3 cm, and an angle range of less than 15 degrees. To prevent failure or mistakes when parking a car usually takes longer to learn than learning to drive a car itself. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) functions as a display medium that uses liquid crystals as a display of data, characters, letters and graphics.

Design and Implementation of a Microcontroller-Based Adaptive Four-Way Traffic Light Control System for Traffic Optimization

This paper presents the design and construction of a microcontroller-based four-way traffic light control system aimed at optimizing traffic flow by automatically adjusting signal timing based on traffic density at each intersection. The system is built around an Arduino ATmega328 microcontroller inter-faced with break beam infrared (IR) sensors (transmitters and receivers) and LED displays. The IR sensors are installed on both sides of the lanes at regulated intervals to detect traffic density. The system is powered by a 12V DC battery and a 5V, 3A power supply is provided using a buck converter IC (LM2596), which steps down the 12V from the battery to 5V, 3A. This 5V power is used to run the Arduino microcontroller and the Darlington pair ICs for current sinking and sourcing. As vehicles pass through the areas monitored by the IR sensors, the traffic density is measured for each opposing lane, allowing the system to determine which lane should be prioritized for traffic flow. The corresponding LED indicators are then activated accordingly.

Calibration Method for Capacitive Silver Sensor Based on ATmega328 Microcontroller as a Membrane Potential Difference Measuring Instrument

In making a measuring instrument, especially an electronics-based measuring instrument, it is necessary to calibrate the instrument made with a standard instrument while also knowing its measurement characteristics. In this study, a potential difference measuring instrument that was made using a silver capacitive sensor based on an ATmega328 microcontroller was calibrated using a standard reference electrode, namely Hanna HI 5414. The instrument was tested using a chitosan membrane and KCl solution. From the sensor calibration, an equation was found, namely Y = 0.9935 X + 0.0001 and has been converted to the ATmega328 microcontroller. The test results show that the accuracy of the measuring instrument reaches 99.82% with a measurement time of ± 3900 s faster than the standard instrument.

Modeling of Automatic Plant Watering System using ATMega328 MCU Arduino Microcontroller Board: Mobile Application Result Display

Some gardeners still struggle to manually water their plants, preventing them from drying out and dying. Due to the inadequate water supply, plants do not grow and die as a result of soil drying. Watering plants is a labor-intensive job in day-to- day greenhouses. Knowing when and how-to water is an important aspect of watering the soil. The gardener needs an automatic plant watering system. This study aims to design and develop an automatic plant watering system using an Arduino device to provide an efficient and effective plant watering system that will help farmers increase plant production. To ease some problems for gardeners and farmers in growing their plants, the Arduino device ATmega328 Microcontroller detects and senses the soil conditions and moisture level and supplies the water plant if required. The microcontroller coded the water of plants when detecting the dryness of the soil. A qualitative and quantitative data analysis using a Chi-squared test to determine the deviation in one or more categories resulted in a 0.05% mean of 3.09 as perceived by 100 gardeners and farmers as a “significant” hypothesis. The V-model method iterates the agility process of the system designed in terms of phases. Five (5) IT experts validated and evaluated the system test capability and reliability result the mean of 2.96, interpreted as “Average”. The findings of series hardware system calibration test during the incubation and evaluation, the coefficient of stability (0-1) for the qualitative data resulted 85%, interpret as “Good Reliability” in functionalities, IPO, and detection. It concludes that research studies on the technology, particularly in Automatic Plant Watering System using Arduino Detection: Web Application meets the standard and significantly perceived the efficiency and effectiveness acquired an overall mean of 5.0, interpreted as “Very Satisfactory.” Recommending for the implementation

Design and construction of a IoT based automated circuit breaker system

Electrocution is a major fatal issue faced by electricians worldwide. A Circuit breaker is a device for automatic switching of electrical devices against overload and short circuits. However, advancements in technology allow for a more sophisticated approach: the cloud-based circuit breaker with a microcontroller and sensors for monitoring the line current and voltage levels. This system switches OFF the affected line when an electrical wire becomes defective, and the lineman may safely repair it. This design integrates real-time monitoring, remote control, and internet connectivity, enhancing electrical safety and offering valuable features for modern applications. At the heart of this design lies a microcontroller (Atmega328) and Esp8266_01(Wi-Fi Module). This tiny computer chip continuously monitors the circuit using current and voltage sensors. By regulating the power supply on the electrical lines, this system protects the safety of the lineman and reduces the risk of electrocution injuries.

Automatic Zebra Crossing Using Raspberry PI

The Automatic Zebra Crossing project enhances pedestrian safety and convenience at zebra crossings using an Atmega8 microcontroller board, a time display, and Progisp software. The project features a pair of automatic gates positioned at both ends of the zebra crossing, closing whenever the traffic signal turns red to stop vehicles. This closure effectively restricts pedestrian movement beyond the zebra crossing area, ensuring enhanced safety. The system works like an automatic stairway, with the gates being opened or closed depending on the condition of the traffic signal. As the central control device, the Atmega8 microcontroller board processes inputs from the traffic signal and generates control signals to open and close the gates. The time display tells pedestrians how much time is left until they can cross in real time. The Atmega8 microcontroller is programmed using the Progisp software, allowing the construction of the control logic and synchronization with the traffic signal. The software enables the microcontroller to work seamlessly with the gate motors and the time display. The Automatic Zebra Crossing system dramatically improves pedestrian safety by keeping people inside the crossing area when the light is red. This system uses gates for straying, lowering accident rates, and optimizing traffic flow. The project documentation outlines the software implementation with Progisp and explains the hardware setup. This setup involves an Atmega8 microcontroller board, gate motors, and a time display. The code integrates a control logic for synchronization.Hardware Requirement:  Raspberry Pi- Pico  Mobile Wi-fi Module  Power Supply Unit  Motor Unit  Relay Unit  Software Requirement:  Python  PC  Web page

Rancang Bangun Alat Pemilah Biji Kopi Berdasarkan Kualitas Buah Menggunakan Sensor TCS3200

Coffee fruit is a trade commodity that has been known for centuries. Coffee fruit can be processed into a delicious drink, but when coffee farmers harvest at the same time, farmers combine immature and ripe coffee fruit in one container, this results in a decrease in the quality of the taste. significant. In this research, the fuzzy Sugeno method was used to determine the classification of ripe, semi-ripe and ripe coffee fruit. This tool uses an Arduino Uno Atmega328 microcontroller to control the TCS3200 color sensor as a reader for the color of the coffee fruit and uses a servo to sort the coffee fruit according to quality. In testing the automatic control system for separating coffee beans based on color using the TCS3200 Color Sensor, it was successful in directing the coffee beans to a predetermined container. Keywords— TCS3200 Sensor, Arduino ATmega328P,Coffee,Color,Quality,Fuzzy sugeno.

Development of a Microcontroller-based Anti-violence Billboard

Effective communication is crucial in institutions and public places, where digital display boards play a significant role in disseminating information. Traditional display boards often require constant reprogramming, limiting their flexibility and efficiency. This project addresses these limitations by designing and implementing a Light Emitting Diode (LED) scrolling message display system using an ATmega328 microcontroller. The system is specifically designed to promote anti-violence campaigns, such as "SAY NO TO EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE AND CULTISM," while also accommodating static printed images. The microcontroller-based system allows for easy and efficient message updates via a personal computer (PC) equipped with Visual Basic software (MEKUS), serving as the interface between the user and the display system. Messages are dynamically displayed on the LED board, providing clear and engaging communication. The system operates on a 5V DC power supply, with message scrolling controlled by shift registers using four IN4049 ICs. This design enhances the security and awareness within institutions by offering a reliable and user-friendly platform for real-time information dissemination. The advantages of this LED display system include ease of setup, programming, and handling, along with a clear presentation of scrolling text.

Document Security System Using Arduino-Based Fingerprint And Rfid Module

Documents are valuable/important letters that can be used as evidence of printed or written information. The company where the author conducted research is a company operating in the logistics sector, which of course has a special document storage room, namely the Accounting room . The use of plastic folders containing documents and safes as a place to store important documents and files still carries a lot of risk of misuse and loss. The title of this research is Document Security System Using Arduino- Based Fingerprint and RFID Modules . One of the aims of this research is to minimize loss and prevent misuse of documents/files placed in plastic folders. A security system using fingerprint and RFID is very good to apply as document security because it has double security. The system created uses a fingerprint as a signal breaker or RFID tag electromagnetic waves which are attached to a folder containing important documents/files belonging to the company. This system is also supported by an Arduino kit Uno with an Atmega328 microcontroller as the brain for processing data from the fingerprint sensor and RFID Reader functions as an electromagnetic wave identification system for RFID Tags , therefore two pieces of hardware are needed, called Tags and Readers . Apart from the three main components mentioned, there are several other components used in making this document security system, namely micro SD kit, buzzer, push button, servo . Creating this system is very important to limit misuse of documents and the risk of losing documents in a company.

An Implementation of Fuzzy to Minimize Electrical Losses in Induction Machine Vector Control

An induction motor is a motor that is difficult to control so it requires synchronous speed due to dynamic load changes which are controlled by the torque current while the field current is kept constant. Thus, in this paper, we implement an adaptive PID controller method with an induction motor using MATLAB which coordinates the speed of two decoupled loads with a three-phase induction motor, where an adaptive Self Tuning Regulator (STR) PID controller is designed and realized to regulate the speed of a three-phase induction motor. using MATLAB software and AVR Atmega16 microcontroller as input and output from the plant with communication using serial RS232. The results show that after coordinating the system with each motor which is given a neural controller and FOC, the motor speed results are obtained which gradually provide synchronous speed so it can be concluded that this system can work well to slow down the plant response. Keywords: Induction Motor, Motor Speed, neural method, PID controller

FABRICATION AND PERFORMANCE OF AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE

Line following and obstacle avoidance are essential functionalities in robotics. A Line Following Robot utilizes arrays of optical sensors to track and follow lines autonomously. Equipped with four sensors, it ensures precise movement along the line. DC gear motors drive its wheels, controlled by an Arduino Uno interfacing algorithms for speed regulation and steering. Additionally, an LCD interface displays the traveled distance. This versatile robot finds applications in industrial automation, household tasks, and guiding systems in museums. Conversely, an obstacle avoidance robotic vehicle, built with an ATmega328 microcontroller and ultrasonic sensors, demonstrates intelligent navigation. When obstacles are detected, the microcontroller redirects the vehicle by actuating motors through a motor driver. Unlike infrared sensors, the ultrasonic sensors offer compatibility and reliability. This project amalgamates both functionalities to create a comprehensive robotic system capable of navigating along lines while autonomously avoiding obstacles. Key components include the Arduino UNO, motor shield L293d, ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04, DC motors, and servo motor.represents a significant leap towards a future where vehicles navigate with unprecedented efficiency and safety, heralding a new era of transportation. Keywords: Line Following Robot, Optical Sensors, DC Gear Motors, Arduino Uno.

Iot Based Electric Meter Tampering Detector

Abstract: IoT based smart and multifunctional energy meter reading of automatic meter using ATmegha kit. It has the ability to connect to the public database maintained by the energy supplier through computing and energy meter tamper detection. It can prevent theft detection for unregistered users and save losses as a result. A unique feature of this meter is its Internet of Things based functionality. Metmegha. In this case, the system will use the wireless system communication protocol. Wireless is used because the application requires high data rate, low power consumption and low cost. This article shows the ATmegha remote meter reading system. This is to solve the shortcomings of traditional ATmega Meter Reading technology by combining the features of wireless technology with Microcontroller ATMega16. The hardware design was implemented and then the usage of the ATmegha meter was analyzed. There are many opportunities for errors, processing delays, meter confusion, and misuse of electricity and other resources. More than one worker is needed; One group of workers must record the readings, and others must reduce electricity if payment is not made on time.

IoT based Biometric Student Access Control and Attendance Management

Abstract: The Fingerprint-Based Attendance Management System offers an innovative solution for automating attendance tracking in educational institutions. Utilizing an ATmega328 microcontroller and fingerprint sensor, the system enables efficient capture of student attendance data. Real-time feedback is provided through an LCD display, ensuring users are promptly informed of authentication status. Captured fingerprint IDs are transmitted to a cloud-based server for comparison with stored student records. Upon successful matching, attendance is marked, and SMS notifications are sent to parents, enhancing communication and transparency. Additionally, a teacher management interface within the cloud system allows for recording student internal marks and managing attendance records. The system prioritizes security, reliability, and accuracy to maintain the integrity of attendance data. By streamlining attendance tracking processes and improving communication between schools and parents, the system contributes to enhanced efficiency and accountability in educational institutions.

Multilevel sensor for monitoring external and internal environment of eggs

Although it is well known that incubation environment has a great influence on embryogenesis and post-hatching performance of birds, not much is known about how external thermal, sound and light stimuli are isolated by eggshells and perceived by embryos. In this context, this study aimed to develop, calibrate and evaluate a multilevel sensor for integrated monitoring of the external (incubator) and internal environment of eggs. The variables of interest for the external environment were air temperature and relative humidity. For the internal environment, shell temperature, internal temperature, luminosity and sound pressure level were considered. The sensor was developed with an ATmega328 microcontroller, in open-source prototyping, using electronic components which are compatible with the egg's physical structure. Calibrations were carried out in a controlled environment, comparing the multilevel sensor with commercial equipment, obtaining coefficients of determination of R 2 > 0.90 for all variables studied. The multilevel sensor was also validated, simulating a commercial incubation situation and comparing eggs with 2 shell colors (white and brown) and internal volume (intact and empty). Validation results showed that white-shelled eggs insulate less external light (P < 0.001) and full eggs presented higher internal temperatures, greater light and lower sound pressure levels compared to empty eggs (P < 0.001). The multilevel sensor developed here is an innovative proposal for monitoring, simultaneously and in real time, different variables of interest in the commercial incubation environment.