ATmega 328P Research Articles

A Device for Remote Monitoring of Solar Power Plant Parameters

The need for application of a device for online remote monitoring of electrical parameters and the operability of photovoltaic converters of solar power plants is justified in the context of the problems encountered in the Sevastopol Solar Power Plant (S. Energy Sevastopol LLC) operation. A structural diagram of the device showing the connection and purpose of its main functional components is presented. The circuit is based on an ATmega 328p microcontroller, which transfers processed data from the sensors to the server by sending a GET request using a W5100 Wiznet Ethernet controller. Such a solution allows for a high data transfer rate—up to 25 Mbps—and provides a simple connection to the Internet independently from operating systems and external computers. The characteristics and performance analysis of galvanically isolated sensors used in the device are presented, such as a current sensor based on an Allegro ACS712 integrated current sensor, and a voltage sensor based on the transistor optocoupler. The results of the device operation illustrating the photovoltaic plant daily operation on a sunny fall day are provided. The device provides for continuous monitoring of the operation of the photovoltaic converters with long-term storage of measured values in graphical and numerical form, which makes it possible for operational and dispatching personnel to visually analyze the plant operation, monitor its performance, compare key performance indicators of various sections, and obtain production reports by periods with plotting of curves, as well as receive alarm signals.

A cost-effective system for triggering alarm to distracted drivers/ nurses

In this study, a systematic, low-cost, sensor-less solution for generating random alarm to distracted drivers/ nurses is proposed and designed to save them from accidents. A simple Finite State Machine (FSM) based algorithm is proposed for this work which has been implemented using an ATmega 328P – PU microcontroller. For testing the status of the driver/nurse, Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) has been used to generate pseudo-random events at arbitrary intervals. In addition to this, a Register Transfer Level (RTL) diagram has also been investigated, and system output has been verified through Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) simulation. The prototype system has been deployed in a real-life environment by placing it in dashboard of a driver in a running vehicle or by putting the system on desk of a nurse on duty. The effective alertness of the driver and the nurse is found to be 76% and 87% respectively.

Harmonic Analyzer Using ATMEGA 328P

The technical improvement in Power electronics and Control system industries has made the linear consumer loads to dominate by sensitive and sophisticated non-linear consumer loads. These have a major impact on the power systems, causing increase in harmonics distortion. This paper proposes a hardware design to develop a Harmonic Analyzer along with Arduino ATMEGA 328P, that can be able to analyze up to 15th harmonic of an alternating current power supply. The Harmonic analyzer has been developed considering the cost, accomplished with respect to accuracy, easy modifications through coding, remote monitoring and data logging. The developed low cost handheld product may be used for industrial as well as commercial applications.

Analisa Pengendali Arah Putaran Motor Induksi 3 Fasa 1 KW Dengan Menggunakan Note Book Arduino Uno R3

Induction motors are widely used in industry. One example is applied to elevators used in multi-storey buildings. In its application, the elevator uses the principle of forward and reverse circuits because there are options when the elevator goes up or down. Based on the description of the above problem then designed a prototype reversal control device rotation 3k phase induction motor based on ATmega 328p microcontroller board. The entire core system is controlled by Arduino Uno R3 (Microcontroller ATmega 328p) with Visual Basic version 6.0 software. The inverting process of a three-phase induction motor based on ATmega 328p microcontroller board can simplify the equipment and can be operated from a place far enough that it tends to be more efficient and sophisticated than the conventional way.

Design and Low-Cost Implementation of an Electric Wheelchair Control

This paper discusses the design and low-cost implementation of direction and speed controller for an electric wheelchair actuated using a permanent magnet direct current (PMDC) motor. Most of the works are performed either with the simulation of PMDC motor control with various techniques or studied the performance of a single type of controller in real-time with the wheelchair. In this work, the authors simulated the control of PMDC motor with three different controllers and tuned the parameters for real-time implementation of electric wheelchair control using PMDC motor. The authors attempted the simple solution using push button-based interface as well as a graphical user interface for the direction and speed control of electric wheelchair. The signal processing path of the controller, decode the user command input for the direction and desired speed. The controller generates necessary pulse width modulated signals to the H-bridge driver for directions forward, backward, left, and right direction as well as speed control of wheelchair. The user speed control commands low, slightly medium, medium, high, and very high speed are sensed to limit the speed of wheelchair. The performance capability of the intelligent neural network and fuzzy logic controller is studied and compared with proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller with variations in speed. The PID, neural network and fuzzy logic controller are designed using Matlab-Simulink for PMDC motor and controller parameters are tuned for driving the wheelchair in the real-time implementation using the ATmega 328P microcontroller. The fuzzy logic controller in the electric wheelchair demonstrated the improved performance with less peak overshoot and faster settling with less oscillation compared to PID and neural network controller.

Automated Book Management and Tracking System for Libraries Using RFID

Nowadays, libraries contain hundreds of books that need to be handled properly by the librarian alone. So, this becomes a time consuming process and a lot of manual work is required. Also, keeping count of the books becomes tedious. To overcome this issue, we have automated the library management system using RFID technology which will make the handling of a large number of books simple. Not only does this technology help in easing the work at library but also has made tracking of assets, inventory management and material handling easy in other fields. In this project, we have used RFID as a continuous scanner to keep a count of the books. This will keep the librarian updated about the number of books available at the start and end of the day through a database. Another reader is used to scan the user’s library card and the book. The books contain RFID tags that are continuously monitored by the reader and if there’s been an issuing error the RFID scanner at the entrance sounds an alarm to notify of the unissued book, this is where the security aspect of RFID comes into play. The project revolves around the use of a microcontroller ATMEGA 328p, to control the RFID system. The microcontroller is interfaced with the RFID system, LCD and buzzer. LCD displays the details of the issuing/reissuing of the books (and the details of the user membership). This project is mainly implemented keeping in mind the reduction of the human efforts needed otherwise through a fully automated library guided by the RFID technology to aid in fast transaction.

Performance Evaluation of E32 Long Range Radio Frequency 915 MHz based on Internet of Things and Micro Sensors Data

This research discusses how to build and analyze a 915 MHz Long Range (LoRa) E32 Frequency-based Node Sensor network with a Micro Sensor with 3 sensor outputs produced i.e, Temperature (DegC), Air Pressure (hPa), and Humidity (%). therefore, This research succeeded in making a sensor node using the LoRa E32 915 MHz using a mini type ATmega 328p microcontroller with a 3.7 volt, 1000 mAh battery. The display on the receiver uses an 8X2 LCD which will output 3 sensor data outputs. furthermore, the result and analysis of this research are how to analysis of the LoRa Chirp Signal, furthermore, LoRa Chirp Signal obtained from the Textronix Spectrum analyzer in realtime, Quality of Service (QoS), Receive Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) (-dBm), uplink and downlink data on the Internet Server. Furthermore, The Micro Sensor Graph Output will be displayed on the application server with a sensor data graph. In this research Application Server used is Thingspeak from Mathworks.

Auto‐reclosing scheme with adaptive dead time control for extra‐high‐voltage transmission line

Discrimination between transient fault and permanent fault is contemporary problems for protection of transmission line. Auto-reclosure is one of the foremost solutions for the same. This study presents the development of auto-reclosure scheme using modified full-cycle discrete Fourier transform with adaptive dead time control. The discrimination between transient and permanent fault is done using differential voltage across the contacts of circuit breaker. Reclosing instance is identified by comparing absolute value of positive sequence voltage, phase difference and frequency difference with a respective preset threshold using synchronism check relay. The proposed scheme has been validated by simulating power system considering variation in fault location, fault clearance angle, fault resistance and load flow in PSCAD/EMTDC. The algorithm for the auto reclosing scheme is validated in MATLAB software. Real time emulation of the proposed algorithm is performed using AVR ATmega 328P controller on laboratory prototype. The test results of simulation and hardware emulation corroborate the efficacy of the proposed technique.

Kalman Filter Algorithm Design for HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor Data Acquisition System

In the control system application, the existence of noise measurement may impact on the performance degradation. The noise measurement of the sensor is produced due to several reasons, such as the low specification, external signal disturbances, and the complexity of measured state. Therefore, it should be avoided to achieve the good control performance. One of the solutions is by designing a signal filter. In this paper, the design of Kalman Filter (KF) algorithm for ultrasonic range sensor is presented. KF algorithm is designed to overcome the existence of noise measurement on the sensor. The type of ultrasonic range sensor used is HC-SR04 which is capable to detect the distance from 2 cm to 400 cm. The discrete KF algorithm is implemented using ATMega 328p microcontroller on Arduino Uno board. The algorithm is then tested with different three covariance values of process noise. The test result shows that the KF algorithm is able to reduce the measurement noise of the ultrasonic sensor. The analysis of variance conducted shows that the smaller value of covariance matrix of the process and measured noises, the better filtering process performed. However, this results in a longer generated response time. Thus, an optimization is required to obtain the best filtering performance.

Home Scale Yogurt Incubator Control System using Microcontroller ATmega328

The process of producing yogurt has been known since long time ago, but usually it carried out traditionally without using control technology. This paper aims to produce easy use of home-scale yogurt incubator system using Microcontroller ATmega328. The incubator was modified from two-liter volume of rice cooker controlled by ATmega328, where the temperature is measured by the DS18B20 temperature sensor. ATmega 328P also acts as a time-controller during the process of producing yogurt. The yogurt incubator system resulted in this research works well according to the system designed, including pasteurization, cooling inoculation, and incubation processes. The system can work automatically and very easy to use. Compare with conventional system, this system even works faster and able to produce better quality yogurt.

Rancang Bangun Kapasitor Bank Otomatis Berbasis Mikrokontroler ATmega 328P Untuk Perbaikan Faktor Daya

Inductive load with low power factor has led to the greater load current so that it is required a power factor improvement. Improvement of power factor in inductive load can be carried out by installing capacitor according to required proportion. Installation of capacitors can be used in parallel or series to electric source.The method of making design is divided into two parts, namely, the first is the designing of hardware and the second is the designing of the software. The designing of hardware consists of designing the power supply circuit, driver relay circuit, LCD circuit, minimum system circuit of ATmega 328P, capacitor bank circuit, current sensor circuit and voltage sensor circuit. The sensors used in this study were a non-invasive type SCT013-010 current sensor and a voltage sensor of a 500 mA type zero transformer. The design of software was in the form of work program tools that use the application of Arduino IDE. LCD displays the readout values of voltage, load current, active power, apparent power, reactive power and power factor. The ATmega 328P microcontroller processes data and determines the working relay so that the purpose of power factor value by cos phi ? 0.85 is achieved. The results achieved in this research is the design of automatic bank capacitor based on microcontroller of ATmega 328P can improve power factor by conducting injection capacitor to raise the power factor value according to PLN standard by cos phi ? 0.85 by connecting capacitor to the source of PLN paralleled by a single phase inductive load.

A salutary biotechnical approach for explosive identification and border patrol using electrophysiological signals

This paper visualizes a salutary approach to maneuver and implement a successful sensor embedded rover that could be used for the surveillance of harmful components like bombs and underground mines that usually contain embedded metallic shrapnel and avoid detonation owning to its light frame. In case of any hostile situation, rescue operations are performed by human and trained dogs in a very precarious pandemonium risking the chances of victimizing themselves. Therefore, to enhance the safety and celerity1 of any defensive op, the rover is controlled directly through bio-electrical signals which are spontaneous in decision making, tweaking their application by using the variations in Electroencephalographic (EEG) and Electrooculographic (EOG) readings in the blink of an eye. Subsequently, the raw mindwave-sensor data is imported into MATLAB, thru the NeuroSky Headset RF receiver, these values are interpreted to normalized ranges so that 4 directions or degrees of freedom shall be implemented, thus opening up possibilities of handsfree-operation. The rover includes Passive-Infrared sensors (PIR) which are used for detecting human presence, motion/mobility and for detecting the illegal entry of intruders across any defensive line. The ATMega 328P microcontroller onboard the Arduino is used to control the sensors on board the while the ZigBee modules are used for ultra-low voltage transmitting and receiving sensor data. Furthermore, an ultrasonic sensor to analyze terrain and measure the distance from impending intrusions vastly improves the rover's mobility on challenging terrains.

Harmonic Meter Design Using Arduino

This paper discusses the measurement of harmonic content using arduino which is simulated with proteus software. The components used in this meter harmonic circuit are resistor, capacitor, LCD, microcontroller atmega 328P. Microcontroller works based on voltage source (TR1) and current source (TR2) on proteus software. The voltage and current delivered to the microcontroller will be read and executed according to the program on the microcontroller. The program used in this arduino microcontroller is the C language program. The results obtained from this study Arduino successfully measure the harmonic content and display the measurement results on the LCD.

Design and implementation of a digital thermometer with clock

In this paper, the design of a digital thermometer with clock is presented. The design was achieved using ATMEGA 328P PU Microcontroller Unit, MLX90614 Infrared Sensor for achieving contactless measurement (wireless) and the DS1307 Real Time Clock (RTC) for accurate time keeping during the measurement of this parameter.The MLX90614 is factory calibrated in wide temperature ranges from - 40 oC to 125oC for the ambient temperature and -70 oC to 382.19oC for object temperature, while the DS1307 is a low-power clock/calendar with 56 bytes of battery-backed serial random access memory (SRAM). Power is supplied using a regulated 9 V DC battery. The microcontrollers and RTC chip are powered by 5 V DC. The temperature sensor and liquid crystal display (LCD) require 3.3 V DC for operation and are supplied by passing the 5 V DC through a variable resistor. The sensors output values are both fed into the microcontroller. While monitoring temperature and telling time, the microcontroller sends the measurements in form of digital signal to the LCDs for display.This design was compared with a standard infrared thermometer by taking the body temperature measurements of two individuals at different times of the day. It was observed from the results that the difference between the temperature readings of the two thermometers ranges from 0 to 1 °C Keywords: Infrared sensor, digital thermometer, microcontroller, real time clock, temperature

AUTOMATIC WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

ABSTRACT :- In urban areas the water supply to residence and commercial establishments are provided at a fixed flow rate. There are incidents of excess water drawn by certain customers/users by connecting motor-pump sets to the waterlines which is considered as water theft. In this project it is proposed to develop an embedded based remote water monitoring and theft prevention system by recording the flow rates at the consumer/user end. In order to implement the proposed water supply system, each consumer should be provided with an embedded based water flow monitoring system consisting of a microcontroller to record the flow rate using a flow sensor and to transmit the same to a remote monitoring station using wireless transmitter and it is also provided with an electrically operated solenoid valve to supply water to the consumers. The valve turns on/off to stop the water supply whenever the flow rate exceed a predefined limit. The solenoid valves are also controlled using real time clock to control flow of water accordingly for a fixed duration of time. It is proposed to employ a gsm modem for wireless communication so that the information can be passed to particular responsible officer‟s cell phone for immediate action.One of the world's major problems is the scarcity of water, mainly due to the unmeasured consumption and the waste of this vital element. This project describes a modular water system, which helps not only in monitoring consumption but also in finding water pollution. In the past water resources were very limited & nobody can afford its wastage. For managing and providing water so many workers were required. Also to switch on valve & distribute water bill by going to home so many workers were required. To overcome this problem we have decided to work on automatic water management using microcontroller (atmega 328p). Also this project deals with problem of distributing water bill in different area by going to every user’s home. We have decided to use GSM module for communication. In this project we will make a PYTHON based management software which will handle user account details.

DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF MULTI-LEVEL TEMPERATURE PROBE FOR UNDERWATER APPLICATION IN WETLAND SYSTEMS

Temperature variation in wetland systems is of great importance. Temperature exerts a strong influence on chemical and biological processes leading to water quality treatment and is therefore important for wetland designers trying to both calculate accurate rates of treatment as well as optimize wetland systems for pollutant removal. Temperature fluctuations can result in thermal inversions. Temperature measurements are important for understanding hydrological and ecological processes in wetlands. Temperature measurements in underwater conditions is challenging in terms of cost and thorough insulation for optimal performance. This work presents the design and development of a water-resistant, adjustable multi-sensor temperature probe for underwater temperature measurement. It consists of three digital sensors DS18B20 interfaced with Atmega 328P microprocessor. The system is equipped with a 20×4 LCD display which displays up to three temperature profiles at varied depths. Validation of the instrument with the hand-held mercury-in-glass thermometer at different temperature regimes showed a +/- 0.5 accuracy within a temperature range of -10oC to +85oC. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i1.38

DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF MULTI-LEVEL TEMPERATURE PROBE FOR UNDERWATER APPLICATION IN WETLAND SYSTEMS

Temperature variation in wetland systems is of great importance. Temperature exerts a strong influence on chemical and biological processes leading to water quality treatment and is therefore important for wetland designers trying to both calculate accurate rates of treatment as well as optimize wetland systems for pollutant removal. Temperature fluctuations can result in thermal inversions. Temperature measurements are important for understanding hydrological and ecological processes in wetlands. Temperature measurements in underwater conditions is challenging in terms of cost and thorough insulation for optimal performance. This work presents the design and development of a water-resistant, adjustable multi-sensor temperature probe for underwater temperature measurement. It consists of three digital sensors DS18B20 interfaced with Atmega 328P microprocessor. The system is equipped with a 20×4 LCD display which displays up to three temperature profiles at varied depths. Validation of the instrument with the hand-held mercury-in-glass thermometer at different temperature regimes showed a +/- 0.5 accuracy within a temperature range of -10 o C to +85 o C. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i1.38

Low Cost Battery Operated Vehicle Using Joystick Control for Physically Challenged

Wheelchairs are used by people having difficulty in walking due to disability or some illness. The wheelchairs can either be self-propelled or can be moved by using the torque developed from the electric motors fitted to the wheels. The use of automated wheelchairs has largely increased as it does not require any muscular movement from the user. The various automated wheelchair models available in the market are of high cost and cannot be afforded by everyone in need. In this project, we aim to develop a low cost automated wheelchairWithout compromising its reliability. The wheelchair movement is controlled by the user via a thumb joystick. The control algorithm is implemented by using ATMEGA 328P.

Diseño e implementación de un prototipo electrónico para monitoreo de parámetros físico-químicos en cultivo de tilapia a través de una aplicación móvil

En los estanques de agua dulce para cultivo de tilapia, especialmente en su etapa de engorde, se presenta un alto índice de mortalidad de peces. Debido a lo anterior, fue diseñado e implementado un prototipo electrónico para monitorear los parámetros físico-químicos como temperatura y oxígeno disuelto del agua, con el fin de identificar los momentos críticos del cultivo. Las pruebas en campo se realizaron en la granja piscícola “Pezcomsi”, ubicada en el municipio de Campoalegre, en el departamento del Huila (Colombia). El prototipo cuenta con un sistema de adecuación de las señales para los sensores, las cuales llegan al microprocesador ATMEGA 328P, que realiza el proceso de adquisición y conversión de datos análogos a digitales para su procesamiento y almacenamiento en una memoria microSD. A través del módulo Bluetooth HC-05, estos datos son enviados a la interfaz gráfica soportada en una aplicación móvil, en donde el usuario puede visualizar el comportamiento de las variables en el cultivo. El sistema es alimentado por medio de paneles solares y presenta porcentajes de error bajo comparados con patrones estándar, por lo que se considera una herramienta electrónica de monitoreo confiable. Con este sistema se espera contribuir a la disminución de índices de mortalidad de la tilapia, debido a cambios bruscos de temperatura y oxígeno disuelto que se presentan diariamente en los estanques; además, los resultados encontrados muestran una disminución en la concentración de oxígeno disuelto que podría ser objeto de estudio posterior.

Pemantauan Parameter Panel Surya Berbasis Arduino secara Real Time

Monitoring the output parameters of a solar module is required for assessing its performance under real operating conditions. This paper presents a new technique for monitoring the output parameters i.e. current and voltage of solar module directly under real operating conditions. In this new monitoring technique, the output parameters of a solar module can be directly processed in real time condition and their results are displayed in a graph. The monitoring system is developed using microprocessor Arduino Atmega 328P and equipped with calibrated current and voltage sensors, a data acquisition system which is integrated directly into an Excel spreadsheet using the PLX-DAQ application program and a memory card for backup. The monitoring system is connected to a computer using a RS232 serial port. The collected data is saved directly into a spreadsheet and plotted in real time. This technique provides an easy access to the collected data for further analysis.