ATM System Research Articles

Validation environment of UML2 IOD based on hierarchical coloured Petri nets

A new interaction diagram, called Interaction Overview Diagram or IOD, was introduced in the second generation of UML. It defines interactions through a variant of activity diagrams in a way that promotes overview of the control flow. But its semantics remains unclear thus requiring formalisation tasks. We propose in this paper a validation environment for UML IODs. So we first formalise their semantics by translation to the semantics domain of Hierarchical Coloured Petri Nets, or HCPNs for short. The derived HCPN models are afterwards analysed by means of the model-checker CPNtools. The analysis tackles the simulation, verification and validation aspects. It especially focuses on the validation of system properties written by the UML designer. The properties are expressed in OCL and then automatically translated into ASKCTL temporal logic. A case study of an ATM system illustrates the approach.

FORMATION OF METHODOLOGY TO MODEL REGIONAL AIRSPACE WITH REFERENCE TO TRAFFIC FLOWS

As the number of flights increases, the ATM system, which forms the basis for air navigation services, has to ensure that those flights are not only safe but also effective. Considering the growing impact of traffic flows and taking into account the not-always-satisfactory indicators of the efficiency of the ATM system, the current ATM system needs changes. Airspace is currently fragmented along national borders, which limits opportunities or even completely prevents the possibility to improve the efficiency of flights, i.e. to perform flights of optimal trajectories and to avoid delays. One of the conditions allowing the current ATM system to become more effective is the amalgamation of the airspace parts or blocks within which (currently in the airspace along national boarders) air navigation services are organised. Comparisons between the ATM systems functioning in different regions of the world show that the less fragmentation there is, the more efficient flights are. One of the main tasks remains, i.e. to establish airspace blocks that meet the expectations of the airspace users.

Anti Trailing of ATM System Design

Anti trailing of ATM system use the digital double differential move probe with infrared ray and microwave detection technology.These system includes digital processing software. The core is microcontroller of AT89C51 to control the pyroelectric infrared module , microwave emission detection module, infrared control module, voice chip modules and LED warning display by the process of burning into. The signal coming from each module is processed by Micro Control Unit to complete the the ATM around environment monitoring of customer to prevent the trailing events.

Combined oxypalladation/C-H functionalization: palladium(II)-catalyzed intramolecular oxidative oxyarylation of hydroxyalkenes.

Combined oxypalladation/C-H functionalization: palladium(II)-catalyzed intramolecular oxidative oxyarylation of hydroxyalkenes.

A Reliability-oriented Evolution Method of Software Architecture Based on Contribution Degree of Component

Owing to the low cost, high profit and disaster-free, the reliability-oriented evolution method is proposed in this paper. The method improves the reliability of software architecture by analysis contribution degree of component. Because the various components will play different roles in the reliability-oriented evolution of software architecture, the contribution degree of component is first put forward. It will be used for the reliability-oriented evolution in this paper. At the same time, the reliability-oriented evolution method of software architecture based on contribution degree of component is applied to an ATM system. The evolution process is illustrated by the method, and it shows that which component is playing an important or crucial role in the process of reliability-oriented evolution of software architecture. The reliability of software architecture will can be improved effectively and fleetly by the result.

Developing Business Process Architecture using Business Process Modeling: The ATM system in HSBC Egypt

Developing Business Process Architecture using Business Process Modeling: The ATM system in HSBC Egypt

ATM reliability and risk assessment issues based on fraud, security and safety

This paper presents reliability and risk assessment issues of the ATM system based on fraud, security and safety. These have been identified, described and recommend for reliability of the ATM system. To fully understand the scope of the international problem and the potential solutions, this paper have been described the actual electronic process of an actual ATM machine. The types of frauds that have been perpetrated in the international level have been detailed, and the potential for money laundering have been explained. Finally, solutions and suggestions for reliable practices based on safety and security procedures have been introduced in this paper.

Multimodal Biometrics for Improving Automatic Teller Machine Security

A multimodal biometrics face and fingerprint recognition system is a computer application for automatically identifying or verifying a person from face by using cameras and fingerprint by using sensors or fingerprint readers or fingerprint scanners. Proposed paper uses Face and Fingerprint recognition technique for verification in ATM systems. There are two types. The first one is verification. Compare the two faces and fingerprint images and decide whether the user (current user image) is an genuine user or imposter. These are decision level. Second one is identification this is where the system compares the given input image to all other images in the database and gives a ranked list of matches. Multimodal biometrics verification system that verifies the presence of a user is genuine or not. Two modalities are currently used—face and fingerprint—but our theory can be readily extended to include more modalities. We show that verification imposes additional requirements on multimodal fusion when compared to conventional verification systems. We also argue that the usual performance metrics of false accept and false reject rates are insufficient yardsticks for continuous verification and propose new metrics against which we benchmark our system.

2020 Foresight—a Systems-Engineering Approach to Assessing the Safety of the SESAR Operational Concept

This article explains why a new approach is needed for the safety assessment of the major operational and technology changes that are planned for introduction into European ATM up to 2020 and beyond. This approach has to satisfy two conditions: first, it has to be much broader than that traditionally followed in ATM in that it must address the positive contribution that a fully functioning ATM service makes to aviation safety and not just consider the negative effects that failures within the ATM system might have on the risk of an accident. Secondly, rather than rely simply on current, process-based safety-assessments, it must be based on a framework which, in accordance with European safety regulatory requirements, requires that “correct and complete arguments be established to demonstrate that the overall ATM System, as well it constituent parts, are (and will remain) tolerably safe”. The article presents the theoretical basis for satisfying these two conditions – it explains from first principles how current techniques such as Fault Tree Analysis can be adapted to model ATM’s positive, as well as negative, contribution to aviation safety, and describes how a rigorous safety argument can be derived from sound systems-engineering principles and be used to drive the whole safety assessment / assurance process. The article also gives an overview of how these principles were developed for application to the safety assessment of ATM development projects within the scope of SESAR – the Single European Skies ATM Research programme, equivalent to the US NextGen programme. This approach has already been applied by EUROCONTROL to a number of safety assessments including enabling projects for SESAR.

Data distribution technologies in wide area systems: lessons learned from the SWIM-SUIT project experience

Normal 0 14 false false false IT X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabella normale"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} Nowadays, the real complexity for flight planes and flight life cycle management makes the actual fragmented systems, not enough to the goal. A new idea, relies on only one common and shared system, is going on. It will be capable of managing the system complexity through the automatic cooperation of a grid of nodes, which can cooperate in every time. To this aim, SWIM stands for the first world recognized technological programme aiming to support information sharing and data exchange in the next generation of ATM system. Stemming from the experience, gained from SELEX-SI 1 during the developing and test phases, the paper describes, hereinafter, the architecture of prototype and provides some useful and practical outcomes in order to give a practical experience report.

Automatic identification of use cases from codes: A user’s goal driven approach

Based on the different roles played by base flow and alternative flow in the process to achieve user’s goals, we have found that loop structure is frequently used to implement alternative flow and/or to connect different use cases. This paper presents an approach to identify base flows and alternative flows of different use cases by traversing control flow graph in which back edges are eliminated. The effectiveness of the approach is verified by identification of the use case structure of an ATM system. The workload of human intervention of the approach is relatively slight, and the manner of human intervention closely follows the usual process of software comprehension.

BAS: A Case Study for Modeling and Verification in Trustable Model Driven Development

Multi-view modeling and separation of concerns are widely used to decrease the design complexity of the large-scale software system. To ensure the correctness and consistency of multi-view requirement models, the formal verification technology should be applied to the model-driven development process. However, there still lacks unified theory foundation and tool supports for the rigorous modeling approach. To solve these problems, we implemented an integrated modeling and verification environment tMDA (Trustable MDA) based on the theory of UTP. In tMDA, developers model system requirements with UML static and dynamic models and verify the correctness and consistency of different models. A multidimensional model is proposed, which supports the consistency verification, liveness and safety property verification, OCL constraints and LTL formula verification. A Bank ATM System (BAS) is introduced to demonstrate how to utilize tMDA for design and verification.

UAVs Integration in the SWIM Based Architecture for ATM

The System Wide Information Management (SWIM) approach has been conceived to overcome the capacity and flexibility limitations of the current ATM systems. On the other hand the commercial applications of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) require the integration of these vehicles in the ATM. From this perspective, the unavoidable modernization of the ATM is seen as an opportunity to integrate the UAVs with the rest of the air traffic. This paper is devoted to study the feasibility and impact of the aggregation of UAVs on the future ATM supported by a SWIM inspired architecture. Departing from the existing technical documents that describe the fundamentals of SWIM we have explored the compatibility with a potential UAVs integration and also explored how the UAVs could help to improve the future ATM system. We will use the weather application as an example in both cases.

Lessons from the Norwegian ATM System

This case study focuses on real-world ATM card misuse, illustrating how too much secrecy led to a deterioration of PIN-based authentication procedures, and why a bank's refusal to share technical information is a threat to customers during a conflict.

Design, implementation and performance analysis of the CAN/ATM local bridge

In this paper, a method describing connection between CAN and ATM systems is presented. 1 1 This paper is a combined, updated and extended revision of [I. Ozcelik, I. Erturk, H. Ekiz, F. Selçuk, Design and Implementation of a CAN/ATM LAN Bridge, Proceedings of the ELECO, pp 256–260, 7–11 November 2001, Bursa, Turkey.; I. Ozcelik, I. Ertürk, H. Ekiz, F. Selçuk, Performance Analysis of a CAN/ATM LAN Bridge Under Various Loads, CS&I 2002, pp 314–318, 8–14 March, 2002, Durham, NC, USA] studies. The proposed method reveals the usage of ATM at the cell level of the CIM architecture. This leads to the fact that a new bridge based on CAN and ATM features should be designed. The new bridge is called as CAN/ATM Local Bridge. This study is concerned with not only CAN and ATM interconnection requiring worst-case translation but also the performance analysis of the model provided CACI Network II.5.

Performance analysis of mobile communication networks with clustering and neural modelling

In this paper, we present the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) core network model with calls that belong to one of four service classes and arrive randomly. Arriving calls are granted service based on specific service class, required maximum and minimum bandwidth and available network resources. Performance of priority-based dynamic capacity allocation, suitable for the Wireless ATM (WATM) system is analysed. Scheduling of the ATM cell transmission in each uplink Time-Division Multiple-Access (TDMA) frame is based on a priority scheme. GoS (blocking probability) and QoS (throughput) parameters for Bandwidth Sharing Policy (BSP) are considered and Partial Overlap Link (POL) is implemented. The clustering procedure for the performance analysis of the mobile communication networks and the blocking probability and throughput measurements are introduced as Markov reward models enhanced with Vector Quantification (VQ) and neural modelling. The optimal link occupancy probability distribution is determined using neural network that was trained on the base of Kohonen rules. Simulation and numerical results are shown.

Behind the Diffusion Curve: An Analysis of ATM Adoption

The paper examines the impact of firm characteristics, market structure and state regulations on the adoption of ATMs by banking organizaitions. A grouped duration data framework is used to investigate the effect of these factors on the hazard rate of adoption. The analysis shows that larfer fimes, especially those owne by bank holding companies. Were earlier adopters. At an given times, the propertopm of prior adopters in a market increased the likelihood that a non-adopter would do so. Market concentration increased the hazard rate if only a small proportion of firms in the market were using ATMs. Firms operating in utban, high wage markets and experiencing relatively rapid growth of deposits, especially demand deposits, were more likely to introduce ATMs. The mandatory sharing of ATM systems required by some states had a negative, though not significant impact. However, the conditional probability of adoption was higher in states where branching was either prohibited or restricted and off-premise ATMs were allowed. The study also shows that the effect of the explanatory variables changed across different phases of ATM diffusion. Further, it is demonstrated that not accounting for the grouping of the data and/or the sue of restrictive parametric hazards, as in some past analyses, affects both the estimated coefficients and their standard errors, and may even lead to incorrect qualitative conclusions regarding the impact of certain covariates.

ASAS: From Concept to Reality

The increasing congestion in the skies of Europe with the attendant delays and costs are well known. By 1999 many studies were being performed on prospective solutions. In that year, a consortium of equipment suppliers, research organisations and service providers considered that none of the individual studies alone could address the problems and that a complete gate-to-gate philosophy was needed, including 4D applications and Airborne Separation Assistance. Thus the MA-AFAS (More Autonomous Aircraft in the Future ATM System) programme was born to investigate a more general solution to the problem. MA-AFAS was part funded by the European Commission under the Fifth Framework Programme, New Perspectives in Aeronautics. MA-AFAS was focused mainly on the airborne side, building previous research on specific aspects of capacity and safety enhancement into an integrated solution that was flown in a very successful series of live trials.On March 25, 2003, two airliners were positioned at the same height on intersecting tracks over the Mediterranean Sea between Rome and Sardinia. The future conflict was observed by an air traffic controller at Roma Air Traffic Control Centre who instructed one of the aircraft to pass behind the other at a distance of 6 nautical miles. The Flight Management System in the aircraft automatically generated an optimal conflict resolution, in accordance with the instruction, and then guided the aircraft through the manoeuvre. Over the following three days during trial flights for the MA-AFAS programme, this manoeuvre and others were successfully repeated, causing pilots and controllers to remark that it had become routine. ASAS was in the air and working.

Regulated Air Traffic Flow Simulation Tool

The key questions of construction of a regulated air traffic flow simulation program tool developed for several years in GosNIIAS (Moscow) are considered. The structure of the tool is offered and proved. Special features of its use are analyzed at researches of the various ATM systems functioning aspects. Some tool opportunities are shown on examples of research of several air traffic management algorithms.

Distributed Simulation for Acquisition and Analysis of Future Airport Operational Concepts

Air transport system undergoes continuous evolution in order to adapt to future performance, quality and safety requirements. This implies the operational use of new techniques in navigation, communications, surveillance, regulations and computer based assistance/automation systems. In the context of the future ATM system, airports will play a critical role since they have to face with serious environmental (noise impact) and operational restrictions which reduce their potential capacity. To meet the projected airport demand and improve efficiency of ground operations while maintaining safety, several new operational concepts are currently under investigation, including new regulations or operational concepts, and advanced equipment or computer-based assistance systems. The French Aeronautics and Space Research Center (ONERA) is participating in this effort through the desing of a modeling and simulation infrastructure for acquisition and analysis of airport operational concepts and equipment. The originality of this work is to provide an open and scalable simulation support aiming at easily plug additional components in order to analyse and compare the efficiency of several airport configurations.