Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire Research Articles

Analysis of Coaches' Leadership Style and Its Impact on Athletes' Satisfaction in University Football Teams

Leadership style is a critical factor in achieving success in any field or goal. In sport, it is necessary to consider the complementarity between the coach’s leadership style and sporting satisfaction to achieve team success. In this study, we examine this factor using 194 male football players from public university teams. The research methodology aims to examine the multidimensional model of leadership style to understand the relationship between the five types of leadership styles training and instructions, social support, positive feedback, democratic leadership and autocratic leadership and athletes' satisfaction. Both aspects were captured through (i) the Leadership Scale of sports to assess leadership style and (ii) the Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire to assess athlete satisfaction. SPSS was used in statistical analysis of data. From the correlation results, the relationships between all facets of leadership style (training and instruction, autocratic style, democratic style, social support, and positive feedback) and athlete satisfaction are significant. Furthermore, multiple regression analysis found that autocratic leadership was negatively associated with athlete satisfaction. In contrast, a positive relationship was found for the styles of training and guidance, democratic leadership, social support and positive feedback. The relationship between the coaches' leadership style and the athletes' satisfaction is underlined by the results of this research. The leadership style practised by the coach, with which the athletes are satisfied, achieves the desired goal of promoting quality education.

Comparing the strategies used to maintain the coach-athlete relationship in Japan and the United Kingdom

The present study explored the strategies used to maintain the quality of the coach-athlete relationship amongst rowers in Japan and the United Kingdom. A total of 93 athletes from Japan (N = 49) and UK (N = 44) completed the Coach Athlete Relationship Maintenance Questionnaire (CARM-Q) and the Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire (ASQ). The results of T-tests showed that (a) university rowers in the UK were significantly more satisfied with the coach-athlete relationship than those in Japan; (b) the athletes in Japan expressed higher scores on Preventative strategies than the ones in the UK; (c) the athletes in the UK expressed higher scores on all other CARM-Q subscales with the exception of Social Networks. The results of correlation analyses revealed positive associations between the use of maintenance strategies and athlete satisfaction. These findings evidence the importance of coaches using strategies to maintain the effectiveness of their relationship with athletes as well as the importance of researchers taking cultural factors into account.

The Validation of Direct and Meta Versions of the Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (ArCART-Q) in the Arabic Language: Their Relationship to Athlete's Satisfaction with Individual Performance.

Background: The first aim of this study is to achieve validation of the direct and meta-perspective versions of the Coach–Athlete Relationship Questionnaire in the Arabic language, and the second aim of this study is to determine the quality of the coach-athlete relationship to athlete’ satisfaction with individual performance according to sport participation type, sport duration, and sport achievement. Methods: A total of 259 athletes with a mean age of 22 years were recruited from various athletic clubs in Kuwait. Participants completed The Coach–Athlete Relationship Questionnaire and The Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire. For this study, the factorial structure of the Arabic version of the Coach–Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q) was used in Kuwait and was prepared with both direct and meta perspectives. Results: The results of this study show evidence of the validity of the direct and meta-perspective Arabic versions of the CART-Q. The fit indices of the data collected by direct-method were as follows (x2/df = 2.21; RMSEA = 0.06; CFI = 0.98; GFI = 0.95; AGFI = 0.91); data for the meta-method were as follows (x2/df = 2.32; RMSEA = 0.08; CFI = 0.99; GFI = 0.93; AGFI = 0.87). Female participants have obtained higher means than males from all questionnaires. Conclusions: The results of the present study could help coaches and athletes from the Middle East to understand the reasons and methods that lead to a quality coach–athlete relationship.

Opažena motivaciona klima kreirana od strane trenera i fizička samoefikasnost kao prediktori sportskog zadovoljstva kod mladih srpskih sportistkinja

Starting from the Achievement Goal Theory, but also Bandura's theory of self-efficacy and Triadic Reciprocal Causation, this paper considered perceived motivational climate created by the coach and percieved physical self-efficacy as key predictors of young female athletes` satisfaction. The sample consisted from 117 young female athletes aged between 11 to 17 (M=13.62) from Serbia; who train volleyball (N=51), basketball (N=48) and handball (N=18) in different clubs. During 2017, respondents filled out questionnaires Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire - ASQ (Riemer, & Chelladurai, 1998) - subscale of satisfaction with personal performance and subscale of satisfaction with the level of athlete's skills utilization; Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 - PMCSQ-2 (Newton, Duda & Yin, 2000) - shortened version with three subscales: Task-oriented motivational climate, Unequal recognition and Punishment for mistakes; The Physical Self-Efficacy Scale (Ryckman et al., 1982) - subscale Perceived Physical Ability. Results of regression analysis show that Perceived motivational climate created by coach and Perceived Physical Ability represent significant predictors (F(4,107)= 31.78, p=.00) that explain 55% variance of female athletes satisfaction. Task-oriented motivational climate and Perceived physical ability stood out as significant individual predictors. Coach as well as physical self-perception of young female athletes are related with athlete's satisfaction. Satisfied athletes have greater results in sports, as well as the intention to continue doing sports. Significance of these results lies in the better understanding female athlete's satisfaction in Serbia, and contributes to creating prevention programs in order to help girls stay in sports.

Influence of coaches behaviour on elite volleyball players' motivational climate and performance satisfaction

Introduction. Coaching behaviour, motivational climate and its influence towards performance satisfaction are important in understanding the development and growth of athletes. In general, positive coaching behaviours could help in enhancing the motivational climate and satisfaction of athletes while negative coaching behaviour might have the opposite effect. Therefore, this study explored the influence of volleyball coaches’ behaviour on elite volleyball players’ motivational climate and performance satisfaction. Methodology. Three hundred and twenty-eight elite volleyball players (137 male and 191 female, age: 24.42 ± 8.92 years old) participated in this study. They completed three questionnaires: the Coaching Behaviour Questionnaire (CBQ), Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 (PMCSQ-2), and Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire (ASQ). These questionnaires were used to assess athletes’ perceptions of their coaches’ behaviour, to examine the influence of athletes’ perceptions of the individual feedback received on their perceptions of the team’s motivational climate and to measure the elite volleyball players’ satisfaction of their team’s performance. Results & Discussion. There was a positive relationship between motivational climate and performance satisfaction (r=0.25); coaching behaviour and performance satisfaction (r=0.26); motivational climate and performance satisfaction (r=0.40). For CBQ, the mean score showed that coach support (2.97 ± 0.40) was the most important as compared to negative coaching behaviour (2.44 ± 0.45). For ASQ, the mean score showed that team integration (5.33 ± 1.00) was the most important subscale influencing athlete satisfaction. The lowest rated athlete satisfaction was external agents, example, facilities and supporters (4.56 ± 0.95). For PMCSQ-2, a higher mean was reported for task-involving climate, example, cooperative learning, effort/improvement, important role (5.36 ± 0.89) than ego-involving climate, example, intra-team member rivalry, unequal recognition, punishment for mistakes (4.09 ± 0.95). Conclusion. Coaches should look into their own coaching behaviour because it is a fundamental aspect in enhancing the performance of athletes with respect to motivational climate and performance satisfaction.

Liderança e Satisfação no Esporte Escolar: Teste da Hipótese da Congruência do Modelo Multidimensional de Liderança

Resumo O Modelo Multidimensional de Liderança tem sido a abordagem teórica mais utilizada nos estudos de liderança no esporte. Segundo a sua principal proposição, conhecida como hipótese da congruência, quando os atletas percebem que o seu treinador apresenta o comportamento que eles preferem em um determinado contexto, o desempenho e a satisfação são maximizados. Contudo, os estudos que testaram a hipótese da congruência não confirmaram a sua validade. Além disso, a maior parte das investigações utilizou amostras de atletas adultos, fato que dificulta a transferência dos resultados para outros subgrupos populacionais. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo teve como objetivo testar a hipótese da congruência em uma amostra de atletas escolares. A amostra foi composta por 466 atletas com idade média de 16,16 (DP = 0,79), que responderam um questionário sociodemográfico, a Escala de Liderança no Esporte (versões preferência e percepção) e o Questionário de Satisfação do Atleta (versão liderança). A análise da consistência interna e análise fatorial confirmaram a validade psicométrica dos instrumentos. Os resultados das análises de regressão suportam parcialmente a hipótese de que a satisfação dos atletas é dependente da congruência entre o comportamento do treinador percebido e preferido pelos atletas.

A comparison of well-peer mentored and non-peer mentored athletes’ perceptions of satisfaction

The purpose of the present study was to compare well-peer mentored and non-peer mentored athletes’ perceptions of satisfaction. A total of 444 intercollegiate athletes (272 well-peer mentored and 172 non-peer mentored) from a variety of sport teams participated in the study. Athletes from both well-peer mentored and non-peer mentored groups reported their satisfaction levels using the Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire. The results of a MANOVA and follow-up post hoc ANOVAs showed that well-peer mentored athletes were significantly more satisfied than their non-peer mentored counterparts in terms of individual performance, personal dedication, team task contribution, team social contribution, team integration, ethics, ability utilisation and training and instruction. Overall, the findings suggest that athletes who are well-peer mentored by a teammate perceive higher satisfaction levels with various aspects of their athletic experience than athletes who are not peer mentored by a teammate. Given these positive findings, practitioners (i.e., coaches, sport psychology consultants) should inform athletes on the benefits of peer-to-peer mentoring. The practical implications of the results and strategies to promote peer athlete mentoring relationships in sport are highlighted.

Development and validation of an inventory to assess conflict in sport teams: the Group Conflict Questionnaire

The purpose of the study was to develop and validate a conceptually and psychometrically sound conflict questionnaire for sport. The development process involved 3 phases: (a) a qualitative phase, (b) a content and factorial validity phase and (c) a construct validity phase. A total of 50 items were generated and sent to 6 experts to determine content validity. Through this process, 25 items were retained and administered to a sample of athletes (n = 437) to determine factorial validity. Based on these results, a second sample (n = 305) was administered the 14-item version of the Group Conflict Questionnaire along with the Group Environment Questionnaire, the Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire and the Passion Scale to test convergent, discriminant and known-group difference validity. Cross-validation from both samples via confirmatory factor analysis yielded moderate-to-acceptable model fit, thus supporting factorial validity for the 14-item version. Additionally, initial support for convergent validity and known-group difference validity and partial support for discriminant validity were found. A sport-specific conflict questionnaire is now available for researchers to utilise. Results and research implications are discussed.

축구지도자의 변혁적 리더십과 정서지능, 선수만족의 인과관계 탐색

이 연구는 축구선수들이 지각하는 변혁적 리더십과 정서지능, 선수만족의 인과적 관계를 규명하는데 그 목적이 있었다. 연구대상으로는 고등학교, 대학교, 실업 축구선수 495명이었고, 그들은 유층집락무선표본추출법에 추출되었으며, 직접배포와 수거법에 의해 3종류의 설문지(변혁적 리더십, 정서지능, 선수만족)에 응답하였다. 결과분석은 변인간의 인과적 관계를 규명하기 위하여 구조방정식모형이 적용되었다. 도출된 결과로는 변혁적 리더십은 정서지능에 직접적인 영향을 미치며, 변혁적 리더십은 선수만족에 직접적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 정서지능 또한 선수만족에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 더불어 정서 지능은 변혁적 리더십과 선수만족의 매개적 역할을 하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 결론적으로 축구지도자들의 정서지능과 리더십 함양은 선수만족과 직결된다는 인식의 필요성을 강조하였으며, 정서지능과 변혁적 리더십 함양을 위한 교육프로그램 개발의 필요성을 제언하였다. The main purpose of this study was to explore the causal relationships among transactional leadership, coaches' emotional intelligence, and athlete satisfaction in soccer teams. High school, university, and semi-professional soccer players(N=495) in Korea participated in a survey. Transactional leadership inventory, emotional intelligence test, and athlete satisfaction questionnaire previously developed to investigate was performed to utilize. The data were analyzed by structural equation model of the AMOS 18.0. The results were as follows; transactional leadership have meaningful influence on emotional intelligence and athlete satisfaction, and emotional intelligence have significant influences on athlete satisfaction. The mediating effect of leader's emotional intelligence between transactional leadership and athlete satisfaction was confirmed. Findings of this study can enhance our understanding of the emotional leadership to increase athlete satisfaction in Soccer players.

Humor styles as a predictor of satisfaction within sport teams

AbstractRecent research has suggested that humor styles of individuals may be a significant issue within group functioning (e.g., Grisaffe et al. 2003; Priest and Swain 2002). The current study focused on humor styles as a predictor of athletes' satisfaction of their experiences in team sports. One hundred and forty-eight team sport athletes completed modified versions of the Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ) and the Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire (ASQ). The results of multiple linear regression models revealed that positive humor style was the sole significant predictor for athlete satisfaction with respect to both team task contributions and team integration. These results showed that humor styles may be a significant, if minor, constructive element within sport, as they are in other team contexts.

Athlete’ Satisfaction with Coach in Iran’s Professional Handball: Based on Power

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between the coaches’ bases of power and athletes' satisfaction with coach, and how coach power use served as predictors of athletes' satisfaction with coach.The instruments were used the Power in Sport Questionnaire-Other (PSQ-O for athletes); Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire (ASQ) and a questionnaire related to demographic variables. Data were collected from athletes (n=147) in Professional Women's Handball League in Iran.The results indicated that the bases of power’s coaches were positively associated with athlete’s satisfaction. It showed that perceived reward, coercive, referent and expert power of coaches were significant predictors of athlete’s satisfaction. But legitimate power did not significantly predict satisfaction; So that ,54% of the variance athletes' satisfaction with coach was explained by bases of power’s coaches.

Collective efficacy as a mediator of the association between interpersonal relationships and athlete satisfaction in team sports

The purpose of this study was to examine whether collective efficacy can mediate the association between (a) coach-athlete relationship and athlete satisfaction and (b) team cohesion and athlete satisfaction. The sample consisted of 135 Greek-Cypriot athletes who participated in interactive sports and responded to four questionnaires including the Collective Efficacy Questionnaire for Sport, Greek Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire, Group Environment Questionnaire and three subscales of the Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire. The results from a series of regression analyses indicated that dimensions of collective efficacy have the capacity to explain the association between the quality of the coach-athlete relationship and athlete satisfaction as well as between team cohesion and athlete satisfaction. Unity, preparation, and ability were dimensions of collective efficacy that appeared to be the best mediators. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

The Impact of Social Support on Student Athletes' Satisfaction in Individual Sports

This study investigated the relationship between student athletes' perceived social support and their level of satisfaction. The main effect model of social support was tested as well as the moderating effect of competitive level. A sample of 127 student athletes in the United Kingdom who compete in individual sports completed the Social Support Questionnaire: Short Form (SSQ-SR: Sarason, Sarason, Shearin, & Pierce, 1987) and the Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire (ASQ: Riemer & Chelladurai, 1998). Participants' perceptions regarding their available support significantly predicted their satisfaction with external agents. Furthermore, their satisfaction with this social support predicted their level of satisfaction with their individual performance and with their external agents. Competitive level was found to moderate the link between an athlete's satisfaction with their social support and their external agents. The implications of these findings for key stakeholders are discussed.

Nível de satisfação do atleta e coesão de grupo em equipes de futsal adulto. DOI: 10.5007/1980-0037.2011v13n2p138

This descriptive study investigated the levels of athlete satisfaction and group cohesion in adult indoor soccer teams. Fifty-eight male athletes of the Parana indoor soccer. Championship participated in the study. The Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire and the Group Environment Questionnaire were used for assessment. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Cronbach’s alpha, Spearman’s correlation coefficient, Manova, and the post hoc Scheffe test were used for data analysis (p < 0.05). The results showed that teams with higher levels of athlete satisfaction had higher perception of group cohesion. Teams with low levels of personal satisfaction had lower perception of group cohesion. Comparison of the teams showed differences in three dimensions of satisfaction (training-education, team performance, and strategy) and in all dimensions of cohesion. The more satisfied the athletes were with the instruction of the coach, personal treatment and strategies, the more cohesive were the teams for the task. It was concluded that the level of athlete satisfaction plays a key role in the perception of cohesion in sport teams, with a predominance of aspects related to the group-task dimensions over social-group dimensions.

Relationship between student: athlete satisfaction and leadership profiles of sport administrators in Nigerian Universities

Sports in the Nigerian Universities are essentially for students and by students. This means that the student is not only the prime beneficiary but also a prime producer of sports...

Liderança, compatibilidade treinador-atleta e satisfação no andebol: percepção de atletas novatos e experientes

Este trabalho compara a percepção de atletas em formação desportiva (novatos) e em competição adulta (experientes), ao nível dos estilos de liderança dos treinadores, da compatibilidade com os treinadores e da satisfação com a liderança. Participaram 91 atletas do sexo masculino de andebol, incluídos na formação desportiva (n=59; "novatos") e competição (n=32; "experientes"). Foram usadas as seguintes medidas: Questionário Demográfico, Escala Multidimensional de Liderança no Desporto-2, Medida de Compatibilidade Treinador-Atleta e Questionário de Satisfação em Atletas. Devemos realçar dois resultados principais: os novatos avaliaram mais positivamente os estilos de liderança dos treinadores, evidenciaram maior compatibilidade treinador-atleta, e assumiram maior satisfação com a liderança; e as dimensões da liderança explicaram 32% da variância associada à compatibilidade treinador-atleta nos novatos e 43% nos experientes.

Análise confirmatória do Questionário de Satisfação do Atleta: versão Portuguesa

O objectivo do estudo foi examinar as propriedades psicométrica da versão Portuguesa do Questionário de Satisfação do Atleta ([QSA/Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire - ASQ], Riemer & Chelladurai, 1998), através da análise factorial confirmatória, uma vez que as características culturais e de idioma podem afectar a aplicação e interpretação do questionário. O QSA possui 14 dimensões, com 54 itens e visa avaliar a satisfação do atleta com a sua experiência desportiva. O modelo foi testado com uma amostra de 527 atletas de diferentes modalidades: basquetebol, andebol, futebol e voleibol, dos campeonatos nacionais e regionais de Portugal. Todos os factores apresentam elevados coeficientes de consistência interna, com valores de alpha de Cronbach entre a=0,70 e a =0,94. De uma forma geral os valores dos indicadores globais de ajustamento do modelo observado, resultantes da análise factorial confirmatória (robustos TLI/NNFI=0,93, CFI=0,93 e do IFI=0,93, RMSEA=0,042 (0,039 - 0,044 e o índice SRMR=0,05) expressam a sua qualidade. Assim, os resultados sugerem que a avaliação da satisfação do atleta nas diversas facetas consideradas relevantes para a sua experiencia desportiva, parece poder ser realizada em futuras pesquisas, através da utilização do ASQ versão portuguesa

Athlete Satisfaction and Leadership: Assessing Group-Level Effects

In a group context (e.g., athletic team), group-level effects may be present in constructs typically measured at the individual level (e.g., athlete satisfaction, leadership behavior). If a group-level effect is present, constructs should be analyzed using the group as the unit of analysis and failure to do so can lead to skewed relationships with other constructs. The purpose of this study is to examine the existence and magnitude of group-level effects when athletes rate athlete satisfaction and leadership behavior. The authors hypothesize: (a) group-level effects emerge when group members rate a shared property of the group, and (b) group-level effects may be present when group members rate an individual-level construct that exist within the context of the group. A total of 212 team athletes (members of 16 interactive athletic teams; mean age 20.1 ± 1.96 years) completed subscales of the Leadership Scale for Sports and the Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire. Results show large group-level effects for all leadership behavior dimensions and satisfaction dimensions associated with group-level constructs, whereas smaller group-level effects were found for satisfaction dimensions associated with individual-level constructs. The results support the hypotheses that group-level effects can emerge for constructs previously viewed solely as individual-level constructs when measured in a group setting. Recognition of these effects should play a factor in determining the appropriate unit of analysis. Implications for handling groups without a group-level effect, while the majority of groups show an effect, are also discussed.

University Students’ Satisfaction and Effectiveness of Campus Recreation Programs

The main purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between effectiveness of campus recreation programs and participants’ satisfaction. Three hundred twelve students from 14 universities (95 women and 217 men) with a mean age of 21.0 years (SD = 1.9) participated in the study. The Target Population Satisfaction Index (TPSI) was used to measure effectiveness in campus recreation programs. To measure participants’ satisfaction, the Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire (ASQ) was used. Results indicated that the two questionnaires are valid and reliable instruments and can be used in measuring effectiveness in campus recreation programs in Greece. Canonical correlation analysis showed that the two factors from the TPSI were positively and significantly associated with the five dimensions of the ASQ.

Athlete satisfaction at Universities in Gauteng

One of the most frequently studied sectors of sport management is university sport which, in the South African context, includes the overall experiences of student athletes of higher education institutions in relation to the sport department/ bureau, their personnel, activity programmes and offerings. In countries outside South Africa the issue of athlete satisfaction has been studied from several research perspectives such as coach behaviour, athletic trainer and medical cover, leadership behaviour, role ambiguity, holistic university experience and stakeholder satisfaction with selected goals and processes. One of the conclusions reached was that critical to athlete satisfaction was the sport department's emphasis on student development over the performance of the sport department. The purpose of this study was to determine what contributed to the satisfaction of athletes at universities in South Africa. The participants in this study consisted of 400 student-athletes at universities in the Gauteng province of South Africa. The instrument that was used in the study was a validated athlete satisfaction questionnaire (ASQ) developed by Riemer and Chelladurai (1998). The present study has identified support, individual performance, personal treatment by the coach, team task contribution and strategy as important indicators of athlete satisfaction. The findings of the study have important implications for universities as a whole as it can influence the reputation and image of the institution, the financial and other resources being made available for the institution, the number of quality athletes that can be attracted to the institution and the culture of the institution. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation Vol. 28(2) 2006: 121-131