Atherogenic Index Values Research Articles

The predictive value of atherogenic index of plasma for cardiovascular outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with LDL-C below 1.8mmol/L

BackgroundThe potential predictive significance of atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) for cardiovascular outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and who have undergone percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), with low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) below 1.8mmol/L, has not been well explored.MethodsThe retrospective cohort analysis included 1,133 patients with ACS and LDL-C levels below 1.8mmol/L who underwent PCI. AIP is calculated as log (triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol). Patients were divided into two groups according to the median value of AIP. The primary endpoint was major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs), a composite of all-cause death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke or unplanned repeat revascularization. The association between AIP and the prevalence of MACCE was evaluated using multivariable Cox proportional hazard models.ResultsOver a median follow-up of 26 months, the incidence of MACCE was higher in the high AIP group compared to the low AIP group (9.6% vs. 6.0%, P log-rank = 0.020), and the difference was mainly derived from an increased risk of unplanned repeat revascularization (7.6% vs. 4.6%, P log-rank = 0.028). After adjusting for multiple variables, elevated AIP was independently associated with an increased risk of MACCE, regardless of whether AIP was considered a nominal or continuous variable (hazard ratio [HR] 1.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04–2.53 or HR 2.01, 95% CI 1.09–3.73).ConclusionsThe present study demonstrates that AIP is a significant predictor of adverse outcomes in ACS patients undergoing PCI with LDL-C < 1.8mmol/L. These results suggest that AIP may offer supplementary prognostic information for ACS patients with optimally managed LDL-C levels.

Foaming and Other Functional Properties of Freeze-Dried Mare's Milk.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the freeze-drying process on the preservation of mare's milk. This was achieved through the characterization of the functional properties of reconstituted freeze-dried mare's milk. The chemical composition, bulk density, foam capacity, and ability to form emulsions of the atherogenic, thrombogenic, and hypercholesterolemic fatty acid index were investigated. The freeze-drying process did not change the proportion of the milk components in the dry matter. The moisture content of the freeze-dried mare's milk was 10.3 g/kg and the bulk was below 0.1 g/mL. The foaming capacity was 111.3%; hence, the foaming capacity of the milk was very poor. The oil binding capacity was 2.19 g/g of protein. The freeze-drying process improves the binding degree and retention of oil by milk proteins, but produced foam was unstable, short-lived, and lacked the ability to retain air fractions. The atherogenic index and thrombogenic index values calculated for reconstituted milk were 1.02 and 0.53, respectively. The hypercholesterolemia fatty acid index was 25.01.

Predictive value of atherogenic index of plasma and atherogenic index of plasma combined with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol for the risk of acute myocardial infarction.

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a prevalent medical condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality rates. The principal underlying factor leading to myocardial infarction is atherosclerosis, with dyslipidemia being a key risk factor. Nonetheless, relying solely on a single lipid level is insufficient for accurately predicting the onset and progression of AMI. The present investigation aims to assess established clinical indicators in China, to identify practical, precise, and effective tools for predicting AMI. The study enrolled 267 patients diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction as the experimental group, while the control group consisted of 73 hospitalized patients with normal coronary angiography. The investigators collected general clinical data and relevant laboratory test results and computed the Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) for each participant. Using acute myocardial infarction status as the dependent variable and controlling for confounding factors such as smoking history, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), blood pressure at admission, and diabetes history, the researchers conducted multivariate logistic regression analysis with AIP as an independent variable. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were employed to determine the predictive value of AIP and AIP combined with LDL-C for acute myocardial infarction. The results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the AIP was an independent predictor of acute myocardial infarction. The optimal cut-off value for AIP to predict AMI was -0.06142, with a sensitivity of 81.3%, a specificity of 65.8%, and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.801 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.743-0.859, P < 0.001). When AIP was combined with LDL-C, the best cut-off value for predicting acute myocardial infarction was 0.756107, with a sensitivity of 79%, a specificity of 74%, and an AUC of 0.819 (95% CI: 0.759-0.879, P < 0.001). The AIP is considered an autonomous determinant of risk for AMI. Utilizing the AIP index alone, as well as in conjunction with LDL-C, can serve as effective predictors of AMI.

Fatty acid and amino acid profiles in muscle longissimus lumborum et thoracis of the indigenous Prestice Black-Pied pig breed in comparison with a commercial pig hybrid

The objective of the study was to analyse the fatty acid profile (FA) and amino acid profile (AA) in the musculus longissimus lumborum et thoracis (MLLT) in two contrast pig populations. The study was carried out on a total of 39 pigs (19 barrows and 20 gilts) of the indigenous Prestice Black-Pied Pig (PB) and 37 pigs (17 barrows and 20 gilts) of the three-breed commercial hybrid of Large White × Landrace × Large Whitesireline (CH). The pigs were kept in the same conditions of diet and management. The slaughter was carried out at the average weight of 95 kg. Sex of the evaluated pigs was also taken into account. The CH pigs showed lower contents of saturated FA (p < 0.01), monounsaturated FA (MUFA; p < 0.05) and a higher content of n-6 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA; p < 0.05), more favourable health indexes, expressed as lower values of atherogenic (p < 0.001), thrombogenic (p < 0.001) and saturation (saturated/unsaturated FA) index (p < 0.001) and positively higher values of hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic FA ratio (p < 0.01). The gilts showed lower content of MUFA (p < 0.05). Significant (p < 0.05) interaction effects between genotype and sex were recorded for the caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, tridecylic acid, myristic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, α-linolenic and γ-linolenic acid (p < 0.01), with the highest content found in PB barrows. Differences in the AA profiles in the MLLT muscle were only minimal. The PB pigs showed higher proportion (p < 0.05) of threonine, isoleucine and aspartic acid. Higher proportions of threonine and valine were observed in barrows (p < 0.05). The results indicate that the evaluated populations of pigs are characterised by significantly different composition of FA. The health indexes suggest more favourable values in the meat of CH pigs.

Effect of metformin, glibenclamide and insulin on lipid profile in type 2 diabetic patients

Objective: to investigate the differences between the effects of metformin, glibenclamide, a combination of metformin plus glibenclamide and insulin on glycemic control and lipid profile. Subjects and methods: this study was conducted in Mosul-Iraq. A total of 136 type 2 diabetic patients were enrolled in this study. Thirty two, apparently healthy volunteers, were also included in the study as a control group. Blood sample were taken from the patients and controls and the serum were analysed for measurement of fasting serum glucose (FSG), HbA1c and lipid parameters. Results: the FSG of the metformin group (8.78±3.55 mmol/l) was significantly lower than that of glibenclamide and insulin groups (11.45±2.79 mmol/l), (13.16±6.18 mmol/l) respectively and there were non significant differences between the total cholesterol (TC) (4.49±0.93 mmol/l), high density lipoprotein (HDL-c) (1.3±0.48 mmol/l), low density lipoprotein (LDL-c) (2.43±0.95 mmol/l) and atherogenic index (AI) (3.72±0.93) of metformin group in comparison to that of the control group (4.69±0.39 mmol/l), (1.34±0.38 mmol/l),( 2.80±0.62 mmol/l) and (3.82±1.21) respectively. The levels of TC (4.49±0.93 mmol/l), LDL-c (2.43±0.95 mmol/l) and the value of AI (3.72±0.93) for the metformin group were significantly lower than that of other studied groups, while the HDL-c of the metformin group (1.3±0.48 mmol/l) was significantly higher than that of other studied groups. The level of triglyceride (TG) of metformin and metformin plus glibenclamide groups (1.68±0.81 mmol/l), (1.85±0.76 mmol/l) respectively was significantly lower than that of the glibenclamide group (2.85±1.01 mmol/l). Conclusion: this study concluded that antihyperglycemic therapy with metformin in type 2 diabetic patients may have uniquely beneficial metabolic effects in addition to their glucose lowering effect. Key words: type 2 diabetes mellitus, lipid profile, metformin, glibenclamide, insulin

The Nutritional Lipid Profiles of Marine Fish from Medan, Indonesia

BACKGROUND: Evaluation of the nutritional value of fish is very important because fish contains essential fatty acids. Fatty acids substances in fish are very important for brain growth and the immune system of the fetus and baby, are also useful as cardioprotective, antihypertensive, anti-thrombolytic, cognitive development, fat metabolism, and anti-inflammatory. AIM: The aim of this research is to determine the nutritional index of marine fish based on the fatty acid composition that is circulated in Medan City. METHODS: Fish samples were collected from traditional markets; those is Thunnus spp., Lutjanus argentimaculatus, Sardina pilchardus, Rastrelliger kanagurta, and Euthynnus affinis. While, fish oil was produced from extracted with n-hexane and characterization by determining the acid, saponification, iodine, and peroxide value, respectively. The analysis of fatty acid composition was carried out by gas chromatography method. RESULTS: The result of research shows, the proportion of fatty acids in marine fish samples was saturated fatty acid (SFA) &gt;monounsaturated fatty acid &gt;polyunsaturated fatty acid. From the nutritional index based on fatty acid composition, the best nutritional fish is Thunnus spp. based on the index value of atherogenic index (IA) and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic. CONCLUSION: As for the ratio of omega-6/omega-3, polyunsaturated/SFA (P/S), and thrombogenic index (IT), that is in the second rank category, so it can conclude that Thunnus sp. has the best nutritional index among the five types of marine fish.

Lipidomic Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Macro- and Microalgae Blend.

Macro- and microalgae are currently recognized sources of lipids with great nutritional quality and attractive bioactivities for human health promotion and disease prevention. Due to the lipidomic diversity observed among algae species, giving rise to different nutritional and functional characteristics, the mixture of macro- and microalgae has the potential to present important synergistic effects resulting from the complementarity among algae. The aim of this work was to characterize for the first time the lipidome of a blend of macro- and microalgae and evaluate the antioxidant capacity of its lipid fraction. Fatty acids were profiled by GC-MS, the polar lipidome was identified by high resolution LC-MS, and ABTS+• and DPPH• assays were used to assess the antioxidant potential. The most abundant fatty acids were oleic (18:1 n-9), α-linolenic (18:3 n-3), and linoleic (18:2 n-6) acids. The lipid extract presented a beneficial n-6/n-3 ratio (0.98) and low values of atherogenic (0.41) and thrombogenic indices (0.27). The polar lipidome revealed 462 lipid species distributed by glycolipids, phospholipids, and betaine lipids, including some species bearing PUFA and a few with reported bioactivities. The lipid extract also showed antioxidant activity. Overall, the results are promising for the valorization of this blend for food, nutraceutical, and biotechnological applications.

Comprehensive levels of fatty acids in meat: implications for human health

There are strong indicators of the link between diets and increased burdens of obesity, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and some cancers. Healthy dietary patterns were defined as diets that are high in fruits, vegetables and non-fat dairy (low in saturated and trans fats). The aims of this study were to determine the fatty acid (FA) profile of meat (poultry, pork, lamb and beef) and the calculated atherogenic index (AI) and thrombogenic index (TI). Poultry, pork and lamb contained more monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) than saturated fatty acids (SFAs). Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) demonstrated that the first discriminant explained 56.11% of the total variance and the second discriminant explained 23.85% of the total variance. The established p value of Wilks\' test was p &lt; 0.0001. By canonical correlation, the first and the second discriminant functions in the LDA were established as 0.995 and 0.995, respectively. AI and TI values of less than 0.5 and 1.0, respectively, were previously advised. The obtained AI values in poultry (0.37-0.45) were lower than those in pork (0.50-0.53), lamb (0.54) and beef (0.93) meats. The obtained TI values in poultry (0.81-0.87) were also lower than in pork (1.09-1.18), lamb (1.44) and beef (1.93) meats. Beneficial nutrition habits, i.e., nutrition according to the food pyramid and a Mediterranean diet, should reduce the rate of coronary heart disease and result in better health outcomes for consumers.

Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Causing Urinary Tract Infections among Controlled and Uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetic Patients at Laquintinie Hospital in Douala, Cameroon.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) in patients with diabetes are a major public health problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries. This study assessed the resistance profile of Escherichia coli and biochemical abnormalities in controlled and uncontrolled type 2 diabetic patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Douala Laquintinie Hospital from January, 2020, to July, 2021, on the diabetic and nondiabetic participants. The clinical symptoms and biochemical parameters of patient having UTIs were measured using standard methods. E. coli was isolated from urine and an antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using the Kirby-Bauer Agar diffusion method. A total of 851 participants were included with a mean age of 48.54 years. Three hundred and forty-six (40.67%) were nondiabetic, 226 (26.56%) were diabetic patients with balanced blood sugar levels (i.e., glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) is normal), and 279 (32.78%) were diabetic patients with unbalanced blood sugar levels (i.e., patients having an abnormal HbA1c). The prevalence of UTI caused by E. coli was significantly (p < 0.001) higher in diabetics with unbalanced blood sugar levels (15.41%) and diabetics with balanced blood sugar levels (9.73%) compared to nondiabetics (0.87%). Significant (p < 0.001) high frequencies of polyuria (48.39%), proteinuria (29.75%), leukocyturia (27.96%), and polyphagia (8.24%) were observed in diabetic participants with unbalanced blood sugar levels. Significantly (p < 0.001) high average values of aspartate transaminase (25.34; 27.07; 29.93), alanine transaminase (26.08; 27.38; 28.20), creatininemia (8.15; 9.67; 11.31), total cholesterol (1.57; 1.83; 2.63), and atherogenic index (3.81; 6.56; 11.73) were noted in nondiabetics, balanced, and unbalanced blood glucose diabetics, respectively. E. coli showed a high level of resistance to ciprofloxacin (30%), amoxicillin (10.8%), and ofloxacin (9.3%) in diabetic participants with unbalanced blood sugar levels. The antibiotic resistance patterns of the E. coli to triple, quadruple, and quintuple antibiotics were higher when participants had diabetes and even more when diabetes was not controlled. The present findings underline an increased susceptibility of diabetic patients with unbalanced blood sugar levels to multidrug resistant E. coli. Further studies should be conducted to determine the causal association between uncontrolled diabetes and bacterial multidrug resistance.

Invasive Crayfish Faxonius limosus: Meat Safety, Nutritional Quality and Sensory Profile.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the safety parameters, nutritional value and sensory profile of the meat from spiny-cheek crayfish (Faxonius limosus), captured from the Danube River in Serbia. To achieve this, we determined their microbiological safety, chemical composition, minerals and heavy metals, fatty acid and amino acid profile, as well as a sensory profile of the meat. The obtained results showed that the meat from crayfish was microbiologically safe. Crayfish meat has a high nutritional quality, high protein content (18.12%) and a total of 17 detected amino acids, of which essential amino acids constituted 6.96 g/100 g sample. Additionally, the crayfish meat was characterized by high levels of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly n-3 PUFA, at an optimal ratio of n-3/n-6 and with low values of atherogenic and thrombogenic indices. Predominant macrominerals in the meat are K, followed by Na, Ca, P and Mg, whereas the content of microminerals was in the following order: Zn &gt; Cu &gt; Fe &gt; Mn. The concentrations of accumulated toxic metals (Cd, Pb, As and Hg) did not exceed the maximum allowed levels. Sensory analysis confirmed that the meat from spiny-cheek crayfish has the potential to become a new food source of essential nutrients.

Cooking methods effectively alter perfluoroalkyl substances and nutrients in cultured and wild bullfrogs

The ubiquitous distribution of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) poses a threat to the health of aquatic organisms and humans. Bullfrogs are considered a popular aquatic food product in South China, providing high protein and tasty cuisine; however bullfrogs have been shown to contain significant concentrations of PFASs. However, the risk-benefit ratios of PFASs and nutrient contents in cooked bullfrogs are not well understood. PFASs and nutrients were investigated in raw and cooked specimens of cultured and wild bullfrogs in this study. Novel PFASs showed higher detection levels and accumulation in wild bullfrogs than in cultured bullfrogs. Potential factors such as fat and fatty acid ratio affected PFASs accumulation in different tissues and by different cooking methods of bullfrogs. All cooking methods can reduce PFASs in edible tissues while significantly enhancing the nutritive value index (NVI) compared to raw bullfrogs. Steaming was the most effective way to reduce PFASs (rate of reduction was over 66%) and resulted in a lower risk of contributing to arteriosclerosis than other cooking methods assessed by atherogenicity index (AI) values. Cultured bullfrogs instead of wild bullfrogs were recommended for human consumption, and steaming was regarded as a better cooking method in terms of risk-benefit concerns. Overall, this work provides quantitative analysis of cooking methods that alter PFASs and nutrients in bullfrogs.

The effect of anti TNF alpha (certolizumab) treatment on insulin resistance, lipid parameters and cardiovascular risk in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (ankylosing spondylitis)

Objectives: To evaluate the effects of certolizumab treatment on insulin resistance (IR), lipid parameters, and cardiovascular (CV) risk in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS).&#x0D; Methods: This prospective study included 80 consecutive patients with AS (52 males, 28 females) and 74 control subjects (48 males, 26 feemales). The AS patients and control group were compared in respect of basal values. All AS patients with active disease were treated with certolizumab. Biochemical profiles were obtained before and after 24 weeks of certolizumab treatment. Homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was used to measure IR and the quantitative insulin sensitivity control index (QUICKI) was used to measure insulin sensitivity. The Framingham equation was used to evaluate CV risk factors.&#x0D; Results: A statistically significant increase was determined in total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglyceride (TG) values after 24 weeks of certolizumab treatment. No statistically significant change was determined in the plasma atherogenic index (PAI) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) values. A statistically significant decrease was determined in HOMA-IR and an increase in QUICKI. When the Framingham risk scoring was compared with the baseline values, a statistically significant decrease in risk was found at week 24.&#x0D; Conclusions: Certolizumab therapy was associated with a significant increase in HDL-C, TC, and TG levels without any significant change in PAI and LDL-C, and was determined to increase insulin sensitivity and lower insulin resistance. There was also a significant reduction in SBP and 10-year Framingham risk scores at 24 weeks after the start of certolizumab therapy.

Irisin as a Novel Biomarker of Subclinical Atherosclerosis, Cardiovascular Risk and Severe Disease in Axial Spondyloarthritis.

IntroductionPatients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) have a high disease burden mainly due to the rheumatic disease itself, and also exhibit accelerated atherosclerosis, that leads to a higher incidence of cardiovascular (CV) disease. Accordingly, the identification of biomarkers of CV risk and inflammation in axSpA patients is clinically relevant. In this sense, given the beneficial functions exerted by the adipomyokine irisin in processes related to CV disease and inflammation, our aim was to assess, for the first time, the role of irisin as a genetic and serological biomarker of subclinical atherosclerosis, CV risk and disease severity in axSpA patients.MethodsA large cohort of 725 Spanish patients with axSpA was included. Subclinical atherosclerosis (presence of plaques and abnormal carotid intima-media thickness values) was evaluated by carotid ultrasound. Four irisin polymorphisms (rs16835198 G/T, rs3480 A/G, rs726344 G/A, and rs1570569 G/T) were genotyped by TaqMan probes. Additionally, serum irisin levels were determined by ELISA.ResultsLow irisin levels were linked to the presence of plaques (p=0.002) and atherogenic index values ≥4 (p=0.01). Serum irisin were positively correlated with C-peptide levels (p<0.001) and negatively correlated with visual analogue scale and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index (p<0.05 in all the cases). Moreover, lower irisin levels were observed in patients with sacroiliitis and in those with a negative HLA-B27 status (p<0.001 and p=0.006, respectively), as well as in those treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (p<0.001 and p=0.002, respectively). Interestingly, the TT genotype and the T allele of rs16835198 were less frequent in axSpA patients with ASDAS >2.1 (Odds Ratio (OR): 0.48 [0.28-0.83] and OR: 0.73 [0.57-0.92], respectively, p=0.01 in both cases). Additionally, the frequency of rs1570569 T allele was higher in these patients (OR: 1.46 [1.08-1.97], p=0.01). Furthermore, the GGGT haplotype was more frequent in patients with ASDAS values >2.1 (OR: 1.73 [1.13-2.66], p=0.01).ConclusionsOur results indicate that low serum irisin levels could be indicators of the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis, high CV risk and more severe disease in axSpA patients. In addition, irisin may also constitute a genetic biomarker of disease activity in axSpA.

Association of atherogenic indices with C-reactive protein and risk factors to assess cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis patient at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa.

BackgroundRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune systemic chronic inflammatory disorder, which is characterized by joint stiffness, damage, and destruction of bone. In RA patients, the risk of cardiovascular disease is increased by 2–3 folds as compared to the general population. The major burden of RA is the development of cardiovascular diseases, including congestive heart failure, stroke, and myocardial infarction.ObjectivesAssessment of the association of atherogenic indices with C-reactive protein to evaluate CVD risk was one of the purposes of this study. In addition, the association of atherogenic indices with elevated levels of cardiovascular risk factors (LDL-C and TG) was another aim of this study.MethodsThe preferred study design for this study was a hospital based comparative cross-sectional study method. Data were cleaned, coded, and entered into Epi Data version 4.6 software, and exported to SPSS version 20 for further analysis of atherogenic indices, C-reactive protein, and risk factors. The comparison of atherogenic indices and other variables among the case and control groups was estimated by the independent t-test statistical analysis method. All variables with a p-value less than 0.2 during binary linear regression analysis were selected for multinomial logistic regression analysis. The association of atherogenic indices with C-reactive protein and risk factors was computed using multiple logistic regressions. The data were presented using tables and figures for clarification of the study.ResultsThe levels of atherogenic indices were computed for both RA patients and the control group. The values of atherogenic indices were significantly associated with cardiovascular risk factor (CRP ≥ 2mg/L). Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and TC/HDL-C ratio had a statistically significant association with an elevated levels of triglycerides (P<0.01). The TC/HDL-Cratio value of the patient had 2.38 folds more likely to have an elevated low density lipoprotein level. In addition, AIP of RA patients had 57.51 and 23.65 folds more to have elevated low density lipoprotein and triglycerides respectively.ConclusionsThe result of this study showed that TC/HDL-C, LDL/HDL-C ratio values, and atherogenic index of plasma had a statistically significant association with elevated level of low density lipoprotein and triglycerides. In addition to this, they have a statistically significant association with the level of C-reactive protein. There was a highly significant statistical association between atherogenic indices, elevated low density lipoprotein, and triglycerides values. Therefore, the result of this finding confirmed that atherogenic indices have a potential role in the prediction and management of CVD risk in RA patients.

Effect of Inca peanut oil on omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, physicochemical, texture and sensory properties in chicken sausage

Sacha inchi (Inca peanut) is a well-known oilseed with high polyunsaturated fatty acid content. Therefore, Inca peanut oil (IPO) may be potentially used as an animal fat substitute in meat products. In the present study, the effects of substitution of chicken fat with IPO (0.5–1.5 g/100 g of ground chicken) on the nutritional, physicochemical, textural, and sensory properties of the resulting sausage was investigated. The findings revealed that saturated fat content, omega-6/omega-3 ratio, and the atherogenic and thrombogenic index values declined, whereas omega-3 fatty acid content increased. In addition, the use of 0.5 g/100 g IPO improved the emulsion stability without affecting the cooking loss and texture properties of sausages. In sausages containing 0.5–1.5 g/100 g IPO, there were no significant alterations in the textural properties or the protein carbonyl and thiol content. However, an increase in TBARS value was observed in the sausage containing 1.5 g/100 g IPO during 21 days of refrigerated storage. Moreover, substituting of chicken fat with IPO (0.5 g/100 g) did not affect the sausage sensory acceptability. These findings demonstrate that IPO use can increase the omega-3 fatty acid while lowering saturated fat content, as well as improve the omega-6/omega-3 ratio in chicken sausages.

Predictive Value of Resting Fractional Flow Reserve and Atherogenic Index of Plasma for Evaluation of Physiologically Significant Coronary Artery Lesions.

This study aimed to assess the relationship between the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and resting distal-to-aortic pressure ratio (Pd/Pa) in patients with intermediate coronary artery stenosis. This retrospective study included 802 chronic coronary syndrome patients with intermediate coronary artery stenosis who underwent fractional flow reserve (FFR) measurement. The resting Pd/Pa showed a significant negative correlation with AIP (rho= -.205, p < .001). When final FFR was divided into three tertiles (≤80, 81-89, ≥90), resting Pd/Pa was significantly lower, and AIP was markedly higher in the lower final FFR tertiles (both AIP and resting Pd/Pa differed significantly across the all three tertiles, p < .001). Furthermore, functionally significant stenosis independent predictors in multivariate analyses were AIP and resting Pd/Pa (p = .010 and p < .001, respectively). We observed for the first time an increase in AIP levels in the presence of functionally significant stenoses that may help better planning and identification of those patients with the functionally substantial atherosclerotic burden.

Predictive Value of Plasma Atherogenic Index for Microalbuminuria in Newly Diagnosed Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

PurposeThis study aims to explore the predictive value of plasma atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) for microalbuminuria (MAU) in newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodsThis study was a retrospective study, which included 335 newly diagnosed T2DM patients. They were divided into microalbuminuria group (group A, n = 105 cases) and no microalbuminuria group (group B, n = 230 cases) according to whether microalbuminuria occurred. General information and laboratory examination indexes of patients were collected, and AIP was calculated. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the independent risk factors of microalbuminuria in T2DM patients, and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was established to evaluate the predictive value of AIP on MAU of newly diagnosed T2DM patients.ResultsAccording to general data analysis, AIP level in group A was significantly higher than that in group B (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that AIP was an independent risk factor for microalbuminuria (P < 0.05). The receiver operating characteristic curve showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of AIP was 0.772 (P < 0.05), which had a good predictive value for the occurrence of MAU in newly diagnosed T2DM patients. The waist-hip ratio, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and AIP were used to make a joint model, and the AUC was 0.841 (P < 0.05), which had a better predictive value for the occurrence of MAU.ConclusionsAIP is an independent risk factor and could predict the occurrence of MAU in newly diagnosed T2DM patients. AIP provides clinicians a reliable basis to quickly identify high-risk patients and formulate appropriate treatment strategies.

Breeding of ‘DND358’: A new soybean cultivar for processing soy protein isolate with a hypocholesterolemic effect similar to that of fenofibrate

• ‘DND358’ is ideal raw soy material for producing hypocholesterolemic SPI powder. • Modify protein subunit compositions is useful strategy for hypocholesterolemic soy breeding. • DND358-SPI: a superior diet-therapy soy beverage to achieve cholesterol homeostasis. • Enrich α′ subunit of 7S can be strategized in hypocholesterolemic soybean breeding. Soy proteins have hypocholesterolemic effects (HCE). Here, we developed a soybean cultivar ‘DND358’, which is superior for processing hypocholesterolemic soy protein isolate beverage powder (DND358-SPI). ‘DND358’ carries four recessive null alleles for the α subunit of 7S globulin and the G1, G2, and G4 subunits of 11S globulin (tetra null), was selected from a population derived from a three-way cross. The tetra null mutation resulted in a compensatory increase in the α′ subunit level and arginine content. The oral administration (300 mg/kg/day) of DND358-SPI processed from ‘DND358’ significantly decreased the fatty liver symptoms and hepatic lipid accumulation; reduced the hepatic total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG) levels and atherogenic index (AI) value, in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. Conversely, DND358-SPI administration markedly elevated high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, to values significantly higher to those fed on fenofibrate (FF, 30 mg/kg/day), a hypocholesterolemic drug. The HCE of DND358-SPI were similar to that of FF.

Association between atherogenic index of plasma and left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with chronic heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction

Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate whether an association between lipid indices- atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), Castelli Risk Index I (CRI-I), Castelli Risk Index II (CRI-II) and triglyceride index (TGL-index) and the development of left ventricular hypertrophy exists in patients with heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF). Material and methods: The study involved 56 patients with HFmrEF and normal lipid profile, median age 64 (47-84) and 22 healthy subjects, median age 58 (51-69). The patients were divided in two subgroups: subjects with left ventricular hypertrophy (n=32); (HFmrEF+LVH) and subjects without left ventricular hypertrophy (n=24); (HFmrEF-LVH). The lipid profile was measured by laboratory, while lipid indices were calculated, using the established formulas. Results: There was not statistically significant difference between the lipid indices in patients with heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction compared to healthy controls (p&amp;gt;0.05). HFmrEF+LVH patients showed statistically significantly higher values of atherogenic index of plasma than HFrEF-LVH patients: 0.16 (0.05/0.37) vs. 0.04 (0.01/0.11); (KW=5.80; p=0.02). TC/HDL, LDL/HDL and TG/HDL values were not significantly higher in HFmrHEF+LVH than HFmrEF-LVH patients: 4.8 (3.98/5.75) vs. 4.49 (3.58/5.63); 2.91 (2.1/4.0) vs. 2.9 (2.5/4.25) and 1.36 (1.11/2.08) vs. 1.13 (0.9/1.53), respectively (p&amp;gt;0.05). No significant gender differences between lipid indices were found. Atherogenic index of plasma showed correlation with LVH (r=0.45; p=0.01) and interventricular septum thickness (r=0.55; p=0.002). Conclusion: Our findings show an association between atherogenic index of plasma and LVH in patients with HFmrEF with normal lipid profile. Further studies are warranted to confirm whether determination of AIP may be used for monitoring development and progression of left ventricular hypertrophy in heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction.

Lipid Indexes and Quality Evaluation of Omega-3 Rich Oil from the Waste of Japanese Spanish Mackerel Extracted by Supercritical CO2.

Japanese Spanish mackerel (JSM) (Scomberomorus niphonius) is a marine fish species containing health-beneficial polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). In the present study, the quality of JSM by-products oils extracted by supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) and organic solvent extraction was compared in terms of physico-chemical properties of the oils. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is one of the important polyunsaturated fatty acids present in SC-CO2-extracted skin and muscle oil 5.81 ± 0.69% and 4.93 ± 0.06%, respectively. The amount of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in SC-CO2-extracted skin and muscle oil was 12.56 ± 0.38% and 15.01 ± 0.28%, respectively. EPA and DHA are considered as important PUFAs for the development of brain function and the prevention of coronary heart diseases. Extracted oils showed considerable antioxidant activity. In the obtained oils, atherogenic index (AI) values varied from 0.72 to 0.93 and thrombogenic index (TI) ranged from 0.75 to 0.92, which is considered an acceptable level. Fatty acid composition, bio potentiality, thermogravimetric, and vitamin D analysis showed that oils extracted from JSM by-products can be a good source of oil for application in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Therefore, the present research revealed the potentiality of green valorisation of S. niphonius by-products as a possible sustainable approach for targeting the era of zero waste.