Abstract
Japanese Spanish mackerel (JSM) (Scomberomorus niphonius) is a marine fish species containing health-beneficial polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). In the present study, the quality of JSM by-products oils extracted by supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) and organic solvent extraction was compared in terms of physico-chemical properties of the oils. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is one of the important polyunsaturated fatty acids present in SC-CO2-extracted skin and muscle oil 5.81 ± 0.69% and 4.93 ± 0.06%, respectively. The amount of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in SC-CO2-extracted skin and muscle oil was 12.56 ± 0.38% and 15.01 ± 0.28%, respectively. EPA and DHA are considered as important PUFAs for the development of brain function and the prevention of coronary heart diseases. Extracted oils showed considerable antioxidant activity. In the obtained oils, atherogenic index (AI) values varied from 0.72 to 0.93 and thrombogenic index (TI) ranged from 0.75 to 0.92, which is considered an acceptable level. Fatty acid composition, bio potentiality, thermogravimetric, and vitamin D analysis showed that oils extracted from JSM by-products can be a good source of oil for application in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Therefore, the present research revealed the potentiality of green valorisation of S. niphonius by-products as a possible sustainable approach for targeting the era of zero waste.
Highlights
Every year, tons of fishery wastes are produced from fishery processing [1,2]
The primary objectives of this study are to extract the oil from different parts of Japanese Spanish mackerel (JSM), both by supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) and Soxhlet (n-hexane) extraction, to evaluate the physical properties, oil stability, radical scavenging activities (2, 2 -azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS+), and 1,1-diphenyl2-picrylhydrazine (DPPH)), to compare fatty acids, analyse the lipid indexes, thermal quality, and availability of vitamin D to determine the suitability of the extracted oils for the further utilization of different value-added products
Separated JSMs were divided into the skin, muscle, bone, head, and viscera, and the remaining blood and slimes were divided into other portions
Summary
Tons of fishery wastes are produced from fishery processing [1,2] The utilization of these wastes can save our environment from pollution; adequate processing of these wastes can be an important source of different valuable compounds, such as fish oil [3,4,5]. These by-products have been discarded in the environment, utilized as feed ingredients for farmed organisms or used as organic fertilizers in agricultural fields. Previous reports showed that fish oil is a good source of different kinds of fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin A, D, E, K and co-enzyme 10 (Q10) [4]
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