Temperature Asymmetry Research Articles

The effectiveness of local and general magnetotherapy in early rehabilitation of women after surgical treatment of breast cancer

Effectiveness comparison of local and general magneto-therapy for determining differentiated indications in order to prescribe the techniques for early rehabilitation of patients after surgical treatment of breast cancer (BC). It was examined 114 women after radical mastectomy for breast cancer. The patients were divided into 3 groups by the method of simple randomization: the control group (37 women) received therapeutic exercises without additional prescription of physiotherapeutic procedures; 1st main group (38 women) - in addition to exercises a course of local magneto-therapy; 2nd main group (39 women) - general magneto-therapy. The results were assessed using a visual analogue pain scale, goniometry results, remote infrared thermography, hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS). The inclusion of magneto-therapy in the rehabilitation complex reduced local hyperemia and edema in the area of the postoperative suture on the 7th-8th day in 73.7 and 76.9% of patients of the 1st and 2nd groups, respectively, while in the control group a similar result was observed by 10-14 days. Both methods of magneto-therapy eliminated temperature asymmetry and restored the normal thermographic pattern of the skin surface in the area of the surgical field, reduced the severity of pain, and increased the range of motion in the shoulder joint on the side of the operation. When studying the possibility of eliminating the manifestations of asthenic syndrome a comparison of the two studied methods showed the undoubted advantage of the general exposure to a magnetic field. In addition, it has also caused a statistically significant decrease in indicators of anxiety and depression on the HADS scale, while local exposure to a magnetic field did not have a similar effect. The choice of exposure to a magnetic field at the stage of early rehabilitation of women after surgery for breast cancer is determined by the intensity of the pain syndrome, the degree of activity of aseptic inflammation in the area of the postoperative suture, the level of anxiety and depression, and the severity of asthenic syndrome.

A Transient Two-dimensional CFD Evaluation of Indoor Thermal Comfort with an Intermittently-operated Radiant Floor Heating System in an Office Building

To provide excellent thermal comfort in an energy-efficient manner, the radiant floor cooling and heating system has become an attractive technology. In this work, an intermittently-operated radiant floor heating system combined with a ventilation system for use during the weekdays is proposed via a transient two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model that takes into account the variation of the indoor heat gain. Additionally, intermittent controls based on the minimum outdoor air temperature and the average water supply and return temperature are proposed. Six specifically-designed outdoor air temperature values ranging from -15oC to 15oC are taken as examples to evaluate the thermal comfort performance using the operative temperature and local thermal discomfort criteria, including the vertical air temperature, floor temperature, and radiant asymmetry. Meanwhile, the percentages dissatisfied induced by the local discomfort parameters above were analyzed.. Results show that for the case with a minimum outdoor air temperature of -14.2 oC, the earlier shut-off of the water supply (e.g., 18:00) cannot contribute to maintaining a comfortable environment at 7:00. To eliminate the effect of the indoor heat gain, a water supply shut-off after 20:00 and the pump starting to recirculate water in the concrete slab at 00:00 are encouraged in the case of an insufficient indoor heat gain during the next daytime. The maximum operative temperature commonly occurred between 4:00-6:00 p.m. A trade-off between the percentages dissatisfied and the operative temperature is finally identified. The control strategy of the shut-off of the water supply for two hours at noon and at least four hours during the nighttime is ultimately obtained to yield the acceptable thermal comfort performance in the intermittent operating mode of a floor heating system while effectively reducing energy consumption.

Diagnostic accuracy of infrared thermal imaging for detecting COVID-19 infection in minimally symptomatic patients.

IntroductionDespite being widely used as a screening tool, a rigorous scientific evaluation of infrared thermography for the diagnosis of minimally symptomatic patients suspected of having COVID‐19 infection has not been performed.MethodsA consecutive sample of 60 adult individuals with a history of close contact with COVID‐19 infected individuals and mild respiratory symptoms for less than 7 days and 20 confirmed COVID‐19 negative healthy volunteers were enrolled in the study. Infrared thermograms of the face were obtained with a mobile camera, and RT‐PCR was used as the reference standard test to diagnose COVID‐19 infection. Temperature values and distribution of the face of healthy volunteers and patients with and without COVID‐19 infection were then compared.ResultsThirty‐four patients had an RT‐PCR confirmed diagnosis of COVID‐19 and 26 had negative test results. The temperature asymmetry between the lacrimal caruncles and the forehead was significantly higher in COVID‐19 positive individuals. Through a random forest analysis, a cut‐off value of 0.55°C was found to discriminate with an 82% accuracy between patients with and without COVID‐19 confirmed infection.ConclusionsAmong adults with a history of COVID‐19 exposure and mild respiratory symptoms, a temperature asymmetry of ≥ 0.55°C between the lacrimal caruncle and the forehead is highly suggestive of COVID‐19 infection. This finding questions the widespread use of the measurement of absolute temperature values of the forehead as a COVID‐19 screening tool.

Effects of asymmetrical exercise demands on the symmetry of skin temperature in archers

Objective: To analyse skin temperature asymmetries in response to asymmetrical exercise demand in archers. Approach: The skin temperature of the trunk and upper limbs was measured in 30 archers with an infrared camera at three different moments: before (Pre), immediately after (Post), and 10 min after (Post10) a simulated competition (18 warm-up shots and 72 qualifying round shots). Relative and absolute asymmetries were determined. Stepwise multiple linear regressions were performed using the variations of relative and absolute skin temperature asymmetries as predicting variables, and sex, age, experience, body mass index, bow mass, bow power, and rate of perceived exertion of competition as inputs. Main results: Relative symmetry values were lower, i.e. more negative values indicating more asymmetry (higher skin temperature on the bow side, p < 0.05 and ES > 0.5) in the Post than in the Pre moment in the upper back (95% CI [0.1, 0.4 °C]), posterior shoulder (95% CI [0.0, 0.5 °C]), posterior arm (95% CI [0.0, 0.6 °C]) and posterior elbow (95% CI [0.4, 0.9 °C]). Absolute asymmetries were higher (p < 0.01 and ES > 0.8) in the Post than in the Pre moment in the chest (95% CI [0.1, 0.4 °C]), upper back (95% CI [0.1, 0.3 °C]), posterior shoulder (95% CI [0.1, 0.5 °C]) and posterior elbow (95% CI [0.2, 0.7 °C]). The variation of asymmetries after competition could be explained by factors such as experience, effort perception, sex, and bow mass. Significance: Archery exercise results in skin temperature asymmetry related to higher temperature in the bow side, which plays a main role in sustaining muscle activation to keep position. The asymmetry characteristics may result from the archery technique.

Medium modifications for light and heavy nuclear clusters in simulations of core collapse supernovae: Impact on equation of state and weak interactions

The present article investigates the role of heavy nuclear clusters and weakly bound light nuclear clusters based on a newly developed equation of state for core collapse supernova studies. A novel approach is brought forward for the description of nuclear clusters, taking into account the quasiparticle approach and continuum correlations. It demonstrates that the commonly employed nuclear statistical equilibrium approach, based on non-interacting particles, for the description of light and heavy clusters becomes invalid for warm nuclear matter near the saturation density. This has important consequences for studies of core collapse supernovae. To this end, we implement this nuclear equation of state provided for arbitrary temperature, baryon density and isospin asymmetry, to spherically symmetric core collapse supernova simulations in order to study the impact on the dynamics as well as on the neutrino emission. For the inclusion of a set of weak processes involving light clusters the rate expressions are derived, including medium modifications at the mean field level. A substantial impact from the inclusion of a variety of weak reactions involving light clusters on the post bounce dynamics nor on the neutrino emission could not be found.

Modes of climate variability and their relationships with interhemispheric temperature asymmetry: a Granger causality analysis

The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationships among Interhemispheric Temperature Asymmetry (ITA) and the principal modes of natural variability: the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). In particular, Granger causality tests are used to capture the linkages among these variables. Our analysis provides strong evidence that AMO causes ITA, the causal role of PDO is weak, and SOI seems to have no causal influence.

Current structure in the scrape-off layer of a tokamak in a quiescent state

Current structure in the scrape-off layer (SOL) of a tokamak is analyzed. It is demonstrated that poloidal currents measured in the experiments are a combination of several current types with different physical nature. Besides the known Pfirsch–Schlüter currents and thermoelectric currents, so-called plate closing currents flowing to/from the divertor plates are also analyzed. The latter close radial currents in the SOL and below/above the X-point in the SOL and private flux region (PFR). In particular, the current flowing to the outer plate in the PFR, opposite to the thermoelectric current, is predicted for the standard single-null configuration and favorable direction of drift. In addition, a pair of currents should flow to and away from the outer plate. In the single-null configuration, they are often masked by a larger thermoelectric current. However, for the connected double null (CDN) case, where the thermoelectric current is strongly reduced due to smaller temperature asymmetry, these currents dominate. The suggested physical model is supported by the results of simulations performed with the SOLPS-ITER transport code. Simulations were done for ASDEX Upgrade (AUG), L- and H-modes, single-null configurations, and for Globus-M H-mode, both disconnected and CDN configurations. Results of the simulations are compared with probe measurements for AUG and Globus-M tokamaks, and reasonable agreement has been found. The role of parallel currents in the formation of the potential maximum/minimum in the vicinity of the X-point for strongly detached regimes is also analyzed.

Currents structure in the scrape-off layer of a tokamak

Abstract Currents structure in the scrape-off layer (SOL) of a tokamak is analyzed. It is demonstrated that poloidal currents measured in the experiments are a combination of several current types of different physical nature. Besides known Pfirsch-Schluter (PS) currents and thermoelectric currents, so-called PCC (plate closing currents) flowing to/from the divertor plates are also analyzed. The latter close radial currents in the SOL and below/above the X-point. In particular, current flowing to the outer plate in the private flux region (PFR), opposite to thermolelectric current is predicted for the standard single-null configuration and favorable direction of ∇B drift (∇B drift of ions is directed towards active X-point). In addition, a pair of currents to and away from the outer plate should flow. In the single-null configuration they are often masked by a larger thermoelectric current, however for the connected double null (CDN) case, where thermoelectric current is strongly reduced due to less temperature asymmetry, these currents dominate. The suggested physical model is supported by results of simulations performed with SOLPS-ITER transport code. Simulations were done for ASDEX-Upgrade (AUG), L-mode , single-null configurations, and for Globus-M H-mode, both disconnected and connected double null configurations. Results of the simulations are compared with probe measurements for AUG and Globus-M tokamaks, and reasonable agreement has been found.

Social buffering of cortisol release and tympanic temperature asymmetries during novelty and isolation stress in marmoset monkeys

Novel environments induce a conflicting emotional approach-withdrawal state that triggers stress-related reactions. Social support through the presence of a highly familiar conspecific buffers the individual against such challenges. Although aversive events seem to be predominantly processed by the right hemisphere, this is still under debate and little is known about functional cerebral asymmetries in nonhuman primates during novelty stress, isolation and social buffering. Here we isolated adult marmoset monkeys in a new open-field arena or in their familiar home-cages to establish hemisphere activity and whether the pairmate’s presence buffers the response. Monkeys socially isolated in either location had higher circulating cortisol levels than non-isolated marmosets, but different hemisphere activity patterns indicated by changes in baseline tympanic membrane temperatures (TMT). The bilateral increase in the monkeys that were isolated in the unfamiliar location may reflect an approach-withdrawal conflict. The left-sided increase in the home-cage isolation group was negatively related to cortisol release, this being potentially associated with a more proactive/approach-prone temperament. Interestingly, TMT and cortisol were unaltered when the pairmate was present. Thus, positive social interaction reduces the perceived intensity of the threat, alters hemisphere asymmetries and blocks the hormonal response to novelty stress, consistent with a buffering effect.

Influence of Inflow Density and Temperature Asymmetry on the Formation of Electron Jets during Magnetic Reconnection

AbstractThe structure of the electron diffusion region (EDR), fundamental to a comprehensive theory of magnetic reconnection, is highly sensitive to asymmetry in the plasma parameters across the reconnection current layer. Using known scaling laws for the inflow region electron pressure anisotropy, a model is developed to predict the formation of extended electron jets within the EDR. Confirmed by kinetic simulation, the analysis shows how embedded electron jets are driven for scenarios fulfilling a generalized symmetry conditions based on the marginal firehose condition.

Strong toroidal magnetic fields required by quiescent X-ray emission of magnetars

Magnetars are neutron stars (NSs) with extreme magnetic fields of strength $5 \times 10^{13}$ - $10^{15}$ G. They exhibit transient, highly energetic events, such as short X-ray flashes, bursts and giant flares, all of which are powered by their enormous magnetic energy. Quiescent magnetars have X-ray luminosities between $10^{29}$ and $10^{35}$ erg/s, and are further classified as either persistent or transient magnetars. Their X-ray emission is modulated with the rotational period of the NS, with a typical relative amplitude (so-called pulsed fraction) between 10-58 per cent, implying that the surface temperature is significantly non-uniform despite the high thermal conductivity of the star's crust. Here, we present the first 3D magneto-thermal MHD simulations of magnetars with strong toroidal magnetic fields. We show that these models, combined with ray propagation in curved space-time, accurately describe the light-curves of most transient magnetars in quiescence and allow us to further constrain their rotational orientation. We find that the presence of a strong toroidal magnetic field explains the observed asymmetry in the surface temperature, and is the main cause of the strong modulation of thermal X-ray emission in quiescence.

Large-scale asymmetry in thickness of crustal accretion at the Southeast Indian Ridge due to deep mantle anomalies

Abstract Hot mantle plumes and ancient cold slabs have been observed beneath modern mid-ocean ridges, but their specific and detailed effects on mid-ocean ridge crustal accretion are poorly understood. The oceanic lithosphere beneath the Southeast Indian Ocean displays unique morphological, geophysical, and geochemical characteristics, which may reflect the influence of both mantle anomalies and upwelling plumes on seafloor spreading. In this study, we combined gravity-derived oceanic crustal thickness with plate tectonic reconstructions to investigate patterns of asymmetry in thickness of crust accreted at the Southeast Indian Ridge over the last 50 m.y. Our results reveal several distinct features: (1) small-scale, short-lived asymmetries in the thickness of crustal accretion of up to 0.75 km are alternatively distributed on the southern and northern flanks of the 90°–120°E Southeast Indian Ridge segment. These can be explained by variations in mantle depletion or mantle temperature. (2) Two large-scale, long-lived (duration of ∼50 m.y.) asymmetries in crustal accretion of &amp;gt;2.5 km are observed around the Kerguelen Plateau and Balleny Islands, which we attribute to excess crust from the off-axis Kerguelen and Balleny mantle plumes. (3) Two large-scale, long-lived (duration of ∼50 m.y.) asymmetries in crustal accretion of 0.75–2.5 km are observed on the northern flank of the westernmost (70°–80°E) Southeast Indian Ridge and the southern flank of the eastern (120°–140°E) Southeast Indian Ridge segment, respectively. We attribute these to asymmetry in mantle temperature of up to 20–53 °C. We suggest these asymmetric temperatures across the Southeast Indian Ridge are associated with the foundered lithospheric fragments of the Indian Craton triggered by the African Large Low-Shear-Velocity Province during the breakup of Gondwanaland and an intraplate subducted slab of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean, respectively. The remnant craton fragments and subducted oceanic slab may have moved north in concert with the northward-migrating Southeast Indian Ridge beginning at 50 m.y. ago.

Global variation in diurnal asymmetry in temperature, cloud cover, specific humidity and precipitation and its association with leaf area index.

The impacts of the changing climate on the biological world vary across latitudes, habitats and spatial scales. By contrast, the time of day at which these changes are occurring has received relatively little attention. As biologically significant organismal activities often occur at particular times of day, any asymmetry in the rate of change between the daytime and night-time will skew the climatic pressures placed on them, and this could have profound impacts on the natural world. Here we determine global spatial variation in the difference in the mean annual rate at which near-surface daytime maximum and night-time minimum temperatures and mean daytime and mean night-time cloud cover, specific humidity and precipitation have changed over land. For the years 1983-2017, we derived hourly climate data and assigned each hour as occurring during daylight or darkness. In regions that showed warming asymmetry of >0.5°C (equivalent to mean surface temperature warming during the 20th century) we investigated corresponding changes in cloud cover, specific humidity and precipitation. We then examined the proportional change in leaf area index (LAI) as one potential biological response to diel warming asymmetry. We demonstrate that where night-time temperatures increased by >0.5°C more than daytime temperatures, cloud cover, specific humidity and precipitation increased. Conversely, where daytime temperatures increased by >0.5°C more than night-time temperatures, cloud cover, specific humidity and precipitation decreased. Driven primarily by increased cloud cover resulting in a dampening of daytime temperatures, over twice the area of land has experienced night-time warming by >0.25°C more than daytime warming, and has become wetter, with important consequences for plant phenology and species interactions. Conversely, greater daytime relative to night-time warming is associated with hotter, drier conditions, increasing species vulnerability to heat stress and water budgets. This was demonstrated by a divergent response of LAI to warming asymmetry.

Constraining galactic structures of mirror dark matter

The simplest model of mirror sector dark matter maintains exact mirror symmetry, but has a baryon abundance $\Omega_{b'} = \beta \Omega_b$ and a suppressed temperature $T' = x T$ in the mirror sector; hence it depends only on two parameters, $\beta,x$. For sufficiently small $x$, early cosmological observables may not constrain mirror baryons from constituting all of the dark matter despite their strong self-interactions, depending on the unknown details of structure formation in the hidden sector. Here we close this loophole by simulating mirror structure formation, mapping out the allowed regions of parameter space using cosmological and astronomical data. We find that the Milky Way disk surface density and bulge mass constrain $\Omega_{b'}\lesssim 0.3 \Omega_{b}$ at the highest $T'$ allowed by BBN and CMB ($T'=0.5 T$), or $\Omega_{b'}\lesssim 0.8 \Omega_{b}$ at lower values of $T'$. We also briefly discuss the realization of the necessary temperature asymmetry between the SM and the mirror sector in our model with unbroken mirror symmetry.

Muscular Strength Imbalances Are not Associated with Skin Temperature Asymmetries in Soccer Players.

Although strength imbalances using isokinetic dynamometer have been examined for injury risk screening in soccer players, it is very expensive and time-consuming, making the evaluation of new methods appealing. The aim of the study was to analyze the agreement between muscular strength imbalances and skin temperature bilateral asymmetries as well as skin temperature differences in the hamstrings and quadriceps. The skin temperature of the anterior and posterior thigh of 59 healthy male soccer athletes was assessed at baseline using infrared thermography for the identification of hamstrings-quadriceps skin temperature differences and thermal asymmetries (>0.5 °C). Subsequently, concentric and eccentric peak torque of the quadriceps and hamstrings were considered in the determination of the ratios, as well as muscular asymmetries (>15%). When considering the torque parameters, 37.3% (n = 22) of the players would be classified as high risk for injuries. The percentage of those presenting skin temperature imbalances superior to 0.5 °C was 52.5% (n = 31). The skin temperature assessment showed sensitivity (22%) and specificity (32.2%) to identify torque asymmetries, demonstrating the inability to identify false negatives (15.3%) and false positives (30.5%) from all soccer athletes. In conclusion, skin temperature differences between hamstrings and quadriceps could be more related to thermoregulatory factors than strength imbalances.

Global atmospheric changes versus the Indian rainfall variation

Apropos the asymmetry in temperature at the surface as well as in the vertical atmospheric layers above the Earth’s surface is quite germane to the vantage point of societal and human impacts. They are also generally regarded as an important indicator of human-induced climate change. Even the cause of a global climate change is regarded due to the increase in temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere. This in turn also affects the Indian rainfall. Furthermore, it negatively influences the Indian climate, by increasing floods, hurricanes, and storms. So, analyzing the variation in global temperature change has become an integral part to further study the Indian rainfall variation. According to Sir Gilbert Walker, the Indian rainfall (summer monsoon) is a global phenomenon. There are many factors like jet streams, Tibetan Plateau, El Nino, Indian Ocean Dipole, monsoon trough, cyclonic storms, and mid troposphere cyclones which influence the monsoon. Despite an increase in temperature, the monsoon rainfall has shown a decreasing trend. Even, in recent years, extreme rain events (flood, drought) have increased. Thus, to enhance the Indian rainfall variation (especially monsoon rain), it is important to explore the global atmospheric changes and observe its relationship with the Indian rainfall.

Radiative-equilibrium model of Jupiter’s atmosphere and application to estimating stratospheric circulations

Jupiter’s upper troposphere and stratosphere are host to a rich dynamical and chemical activity. This modulates the thermal structure and distribution of trace species and aerosols, which, in turn, impact the atmospheric radiative budget and dynamics. In this paper, we present a computationally efficient 1-D seasonal radiative model, with convective adjustment, of Jupiter’s atmosphere. Our model takes into account radiative forcings from the main hydrocarbons (methane, ethane, acetylene), ammonia, collision-induced absorption, several cloud and haze layers and an internal heat flux. We parametrize four tropospheric cloud and haze layers. Three of them (one tropospheric cloud near 800 mbar, one upper tropospheric haze, one stratospheric haze) are set to be uniform with latitude. On the contrary, we prescribe the spatial distribution of another UV-absorbing “polar” stratospheric haze comprising fractal aggregates based on published observational constraints, as their concentration varies significantly with latitude. We detail sensitivity studies of the equilibrium temperature profile to several parameters (hydrocarbon abundances, cloud particle sizes and optical depths, optical properties of the stratospheric polar haze, etc.). We then discuss the expected seasonal, vertical and meridional temperature variations in Jupiter’s atmosphere and compare the modeled thermal structure to that derived from Cassini and ground-based thermal infrared observations.We find that the equilibrium temperature in the 5–30 mbar pressure range is very sensitive to the chosen stratospheric haze optical properties, sizes and number of monomers. One of the three sets of optical properties tested yields equilibrium temperatures that match well, to first order, the observed ones. In this scenario, the polar haze significantly warms the lower stratosphere (10–30 mbar) by up to 20 K at latitudes 45–60°, and reproduces an observed north–south asymmetry in stratospheric temperature. The polar haze also acts to shorten significantly the radiative timescales, estimated by our model to 100 (Earth) days at the 10-mbar level. At pressures lower than 3 mbar, our modeled temperatures systematically underestimate the observed ones by ∼5 K. This might suggest that other processes, such as dynamical heating by wave breaking or by eddies, or a coupling with thermospheric circulation, play an important role. An alternate possibility is that the uncertainty on the abundance of hydrocarbons is responsible for this mismatch. In the troposphere, we can only match the observed lack of meridional gradient of temperature by varying the internal heat flux with latitude.We then exploit knowledge of heating and cooling rates (using our radiative seasonal model combined to observational constraints on the temperature) to diagnose the residual-mean circulation in Jupiter’s stratosphere. This is done under the assumption that the eddy heat flux convergence term is negligible. In the Earth’s stratosphere, the residual-mean circulation obtained with this method represents well, on a seasonal scale, the transport of tracers in regions where wave breaking and dissipation are weak. However, on Jupiter, in the lower stratosphere (5–30 mbar), the residual-mean circulation strongly depends on the assumed properties of the stratospheric haze. Our main conclusion is that it is crucial to improve our knowledge on the different radiative forcing terms (in particular regarding the stratospheric haze properties) to increase our confidence in the estimated circulation. By extension, this will also be crucial for future 3D GCM studies.

Arp 220: New Observational Insights into the Structure and Kinematics of the Nuclear Molecular Disks and Surrounding Gas

Abstract ALMA cycle 3 observations of 12CO J = 3 → 2, 13CO J = 4 → 3, SiO J = 8 → 7, and HCN J = 5 → 4 are presented. Significant extended emission is detected in 12CO J = 3 → 2 with a morphology that is indicative of m = 2 tidal features, suggesting gas inflow. In addition, outflows for both nuclei are found in 12CO J = 3 → 2. Significant SiO absorption is detected in the western nucleus. HCN that is morphologically distinct from CO is detected in both nuclei. These observations are compared to non-LTE radiative transfer models created using the Line Modeling Engine for simple gas dynamics to gain insight into how physical parameters, such as rotational velocity, turbulent velocity, gas temperature, dust temperature, and gas mass, can reproduce the observed kinematic and spatial features. The eastern nucleus is found to be best modeled with an inclusion of a temperature asymmetry from one side of the disk to the other. It is also found that the western nucleus is optically thick even in the less abundant species of 13CO, absorbing significant amounts of continuum radiation.

3D xRAGE simulation of inertial confinement fusion implosion with imposed mode 2 laser drive asymmetry

Low-mode asymmetries represent an important obstacle to achieving high-gain inertial confinement fusion implosions. As a step in learning how to control such effects, an OMEGA experiment with imposed mode 2 laser drive asymmetries was done to study the expected signatures of this type of asymmetry [M. Gatu Johnson et al., PRE 2018]. In the present work, a 3D xRAGE simulation including the stalk mount has been brought to bear on the data from that experiment. Comprehensive comparisons between simulated and measured observables are made. Good agreement between simulated and measured x-ray image-inferred shell trajectories, bang times and neutron emission widths are seen, showing that the hydrodynamics are well captured in the simulation. Asymmetries seen in simulated and measured time-resolved and time-integrated x-ray images and areal densities also compare well, showing impact of both stalk and mode 2. On the other hand, important differences in measured and simulated neutron emission histories, yield, and ion temperature (Tion) asymmetries are seen, suggesting that the simulation is overestimating shock yield. The results clearly demonstrate the importance of considering all asymmetry sources when interpreting measured signatures of asymmetry.

Thermal comfort under asymmetric cold radiant environment at different exposure distances

Radiator heating (RH) and floor heating (FH) exhibit disparate indoor asymmetric environments. In addition, the indoor microenvironment at different locations remarkably varies owing to the cold radiation generated by the surface of exterior walls and windows (EWWs) in winter in the severe cold region of China. The impacts of the exposure distance from the cold radiation on human thermal comfort should be addressed. In this study, an experiment was conducted in a controlled climate chamber, and 66 college students were recruited as volunteers to investigate their physical and psychological responses. The mean radiant temperature (MRT) and the radiant temperature asymmetry (△tpr) were used to assess the environment. The results indicated that compared to MRT in the FH, that in the RH is closer to the ambient air temperature. The horizontal and vertical radiant asymmetries concurrently affected the RH system in the chamber, whereas only the vertical asymmetry played a crucial role in the FH environment. Among the physiological responses, the skin temperature and the heart rate significantly decreased as the distance from the EWWs was reduced in the RH environment, whereas the blood pressure demonstrated no remarkable difference. When the subjects were in comfortable but non-uniform environments, the thermal acceptability was affected by the thermal sensation of multiple local body parts. In a slightly cold environment, the limit of the vertical radiant asymmetric temperature in the FH was 3.6 °C. The experimental results of this study can serve as a reference for thermal designs of buildings.