Asymmetry Data Research Articles

Associations Between Inter-Limb Asymmetry in Lower Limb Strength and Jump Performance in 14–15-Year-Old Basketball Players

This study aims to (1) assess the inter-limb asymmetry in hip, knee, and ankle strength and countermovement jump (CMJ) performance among adolescent basketball players and (2) examine the relationship between inter-limb asymmetry and CMJ performance. Moreover, 30 adolescent basketball players (15 boys and 15 girls) aged 14 to 15 years participated in this study. The strength of the lower limb joints was measured using an isokinetic dynamometer at a speed of 60 degrees per second. Three maximal CMJs were performed, and the highest jump was used for the final analysis. The subjects were median-split into high-asymmetry (n = 15) and low-asymmetry (n = 15) groups based on the calculated strength asymmetry scores. The asymmetry scores were calculated using the formula: (dominant–non-dominant)/dominant* 100%. The inter-limb asymmetry data ranged from 12.2% to 21.6%. A Spearman correlation analysis showed that only the inter-limb asymmetry of the ankle plantar flexor was significantly correlated with the CMJ heights (ρ = −0.56, p = 0.001). An independent t-test revealed no significant differences in strength asymmetry between boys and girls (all p > 0.05). The low-asymmetry group demonstrated significantly greater CMJ performance compared to the high-asymmetry group (ES = 1.11, 95% CI = 0.34–1.87, p = 0.007), indicating that inter-limb asymmetry of the ankle plantar flexor has a significant negative impact on CMJ performance. Coaches should focus on enhancing both the strength and symmetry of the ankle joints to improve athletic performance and prevent injuries in sports, where jumping is a common movement.

Next-to-Next-to-Leading Order Global Analysis of Polarized Parton Distribution Functions.

We present a next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) global QCD analysis of the proton's helicity parton distribution functions, the first of its kind. To obtain the distributions, we use data for longitudinal spin asymmetries in inclusive and semi-inclusive lepton-nucleon scattering as well as in weak-boson and hadron or jet production in proton-proton scattering. We analyze the data using QCD perturbation theory at NNLO accuracy, employing approximations provided by the threshold resummation formalism in cases where full NNLO results for partonic hard-scattering functions are not readily available. Our numerical results suggest a remarkable perturbative stability of the extracted helicity parton distribution functions.

Extraction of transhelicity worm-gear distributions and opportunities at the Electron-Ion Collider in China

We present a global analysis of the transhelicity worm-gear distribution function, g1T⊥, by fitting the longitudinal-transverse double-spin asymmetry data of the semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering. The analysis is performed within the framework of transverse momentum dependent factorization and evolution. It is found that the u-quark favors a positive distribution and the d-quark favors a negative distribution, which is consistent with previous model calculations and phenomenological extractions. Based on the fit to existing world data, we also study the impact of the proposed Electron-Ion Collider in China and conclude that it can significantly improve the precision of the worm-gear distribution function and hence enhance our understanding of nucleon spin structures. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Lateralized Subthalamic Stimulation for Axial Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease: Exploratory Outcomes and Open-Label Extension.

A randomized trial suggested that reducing left-sided subthalamic stimulation amplitude could improve axial dysfunction. To explore open-label tolerability and associations between trial outcomes and asymmetry data. We collected adverse events in trial participants treated with open-label lateralized settings for ≥3 months. We explored associations between trial outcomes, location of stimulation and motor asymmetry. 14/17 participants tolerated unilateral amplitude reduction (left-sided = 10, right-sided = 4). Two hundred eighty-four left-sided and 1113 right-sided stimulated voxels were associated with faster gait velocity, 81 left-sided and 22 right-sided stimulated voxels were associated with slower gait velocity. Amplitude reduction contralateral to shorter step length was associated with 2.4-point reduction in axial MDS-UPDRS. Reduction contralateral to longer step length was associated with 10-point increase in MDS-UPDRS. Left-sided amplitude reduction is potentially more tolerable than right-sided amplitude reduction. Right-sided more than left-sided stimulation could be associated with faster gait velocity. Shortened step length might reflect contralateral overstimulation.

Seasonal Variations in Performance and Asymmetry Data for Jump and Change of Direction Abilities in Female Soccer Players.

Mainer-Pardos, E, Bishop, C, and Gonzalo-Skok, O. Seasonal variations in performance and asymmetry data for jump and change of direction abilities in female soccer players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-The study aimed to evaluate the progression of the percentage-based change of direction (COD) deficit (%CODD) over a competitive season, along with its correlation with performance tests and to examine the impact of the magnitude and direction of asymmetry at 4 stages of the season. Forty-seven (U-16, U-18, and U-20), highly trained, female soccer players performed unilateral vertical jumping (countermovement jump [CMJ]) and horizontal jumping (HJ), 10-m sprint, and 180° change of direction (COD180) tests. The %CODD was also calculated. Significant group and time effects (p < 0.05) were observed in CMJ, HJ, 10-m sprint, and COD180 tests, with U-20 players generally outperforming the U-18 and U-16 groups. Nonsignificant differences were reported in the %CODD between any time point or groups throughout the season. Moderate or large significant (r = 0.44-0.64; p < 0.05) relationships were found between %CODD and 10 m. The direction of asymmetry within and between tests at all time points was slight to moderate (k = -0.29 to 0.57). Notwithstanding, 51% of the players showed the best performance in the horizontal jump with the same leg throughout the season, whereas only 36% in %CODD. This study highlights the importance of developing strategies to improve %CODD depending on the player's position demands. Finally, individually monitoring the magnitude and direction of asymmetry can help practitioners monitor the effects of training and competition throughout the season.

Similarity measure method of near-infrared spectrum combined with multi-attribute information

Due to the high-dimensionality, redundancy, and non-linearity of the near-infrared (NIR) spectra data, as well as the influence of attributes such as producing area and grade of the sample, which can all affect the similarity measure between samples. This paper proposed a t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding algorithm based on Sinkhorn distance (St-SNE) combined with multi-attribute data information. Firstly, the Sinkhorn distance was introduced which can solve problems such as KL divergence asymmetry and sparse data distribution in high-dimensional space, thereby constructing probability distributions that make low-dimensional space similar to high-dimensional space. In addition, to address the impact of multi-attribute features of samples on similarity measure, a multi-attribute distance matrix was constructed using information entropy, and then combined with the numerical matrix of spectral data to obtain a mixed data matrix. In order to validate the effectiveness of the St-SNE algorithm, dimensionality reduction projection was performed on NIR spectral data and compared with PCA, LPP, and t-SNE algorithms. The results demonstrated that the St-SNE algorithm effectively distinguishes samples with different attribute information, and produced more distinct projection boundaries of sample category in low-dimensional space. Then we tested the classification performance of St-SNE for different attributes by using the tobacco and mango datasets, and compared it with LPP, t-SNE, UMAP, and Fisher t-SNE algorithms. The results showed that St-SNE algorithm had the highest classification accuracy for different attributes. Finally, we compared the results of searching the most similar sample with the target tobacco for cigarette formulas, and experiments showed that the St-SNE had the highest consistency with the recommendation of the experts than that of the other algorithms. It can provide strong support for the maintenance and design of the product formula.

Transverse momentum weighted Sivers asymmetries in SIDIS and Drell-Yan processes at COMPASS

We investigate the transverse momentum weighted Sivers asymmetries in the processes with transversely polarized proton target, including the PhTzMpsin⁡(ϕh−ϕS) weighted asymmetry in charged hadron production in semi-inclusive deeply inelastic scattering (SIDIS) and the qTMpsin⁡(ϕS) weighted asymmetry in π−p Drell-Yan process. These asymmetries can be expressed as the product of the transverse-moments of the transverse momentum dependent (TMD) parton distribution functions (PDFs) and fragmentation functions (FFs). Using the parametrization for the Sivers function of the proton, the unpolarized PDFs of proton and pion, and the unpolarized FF of charged hadron, we present the numerical calculation for weighted Sivers asymmetries in SIDIS and Drell-Yan processes at the kinematics of COMPASS. We find that our prediction for the SIDIS process is in agreement with the recent COMPASS measurement. Recent new high-statistics data of Sivers asymmetry measured in SIDIS process and Drell-Yan process from COMPASS favored the sign change of Sivers function. High-precision experimental data of weighted asymmetries are still needed to test the sign change property of the Sivers function between SIDIS and Drell-Yan processes and to constrain the sea quark Sivers function.

Estimation in shape mixtures of skew-normal linear regression models via ECM coupled with Gibbs sampling

Abstract In this paper, we study linear regression models in which the error term has shape mixtures of skew-normal distribution. This type of distribution belongs to the skew-normal (SN) distribution class that can be used for heavy tails and asymmetry data. For the first time, for the classical (non-Bayesian) estimation of the parameters of the SN family, we apply the Markov chains Monte Carlo ECM (MCMC-ECM) algorithm where the samples are generated by Gibbs sampling, denoted by Gibbs-ECM, and also, we extend two other types of the EM algorithm for the above model. Finally, the proposed method is evaluated through a simulation and compared with the Numerical Math-ECM algorithm and Monte Carlo ECM (MC-ECM) using a real data set.

Objective movement asymmetry in horses is comparable between markerless technology and sensor-based systems.

A markerless artificial intelligence (AI) system for lameness detection has recently become available but has not been extensively compared with commonly used inertial measurement unit (IMU) systems for detecting asymmetry under field conditions. Comparison of classification of asymmetric limbs under field conditions and comparison of normalised asymmetry data using a markerless AI system (SleipAI; recorded on a tripod mounted iPhone 14pro [SL]); the Equinosis Q Lameness Locator (LL); the EquiMoves (EM); and subjective evaluation (SE). Descriptive clinical study. Straight line trot data were collected from 52 client-owned horses in regular training. Limbs were categorised as symmetric or asymmetric. Number of analysed strides were compared with Wilcoxon's each pairs test. Inter-rater reliability in classification of asymmetric limbs was assessed with Light's Kappa. Bland Altman analysis of normalised asymmetry data was performed. Data from 41 horses were included. Most horses showed mild asymmetry. The EM analysed significantly more strides than the other systems, both for forelimbs and for hindlimbs (53 ± 11 strides for both, respectively; p < 0.006). The LL analysed significantly more hindlimbs strides (45 ± 13) than the SL (27 ± 6; p < 0.001). Moderate inter-rater agreement for asymmetry classification was found between systems (k = 0.59 forelimbs; 0.44 hindlimbs); agreement decreased when including the SE. For the normalised asymmetry data, the strongest agreement was found between the two IMU systems. Horses were assessed during straight-line trot only. The objective systems were comparable in classification of asymmetric limbs under field conditions when using defined asymmetry thresholds. Discrepancies stemmed largely from the imposed thresholds (i.e., systems largely identified same-side asymmetry). Overall, the strongest agreement was found between LL and EM. The SL analysed significantly fewer hindlimb strides than the LL and EM which could represent a limitation of the Sleip AI.

Karyotype asymmetry in some Scilloideae (Hyacinthaceae) members from Algeria

This cytogenetic study attempts to shed light on the karyomorphological and asymmetry data of species in the subfamily Scilloideae previously included in Scilla, namely Hyacinthoides lingulata (Poir.) Rothm., Prospero autumnale (L.) Speta, Prospero obtusifolium (Poir.) Speta, Barnardia numidica (Poir.) Speta, and Oncostema elongata (Parl.) Speta. These taxa are predominantly from the Skikda region (northeastern Algeria). H. lingulata had a somatic chromosome number 2n=2x=16, P. autumnale 2n=2x=14, P. obtusifolium 2n=2x= 8, B. numidica 2n=2x=18, and O. elongata 2n=2x=16. The indices of intrachromosomal (MCA, A1, and AsI) and interchromosomal (CVCL, CVCI, and A2) asymmetry revealed that H. lingulata has the most asymmetrical karyotype (1C), while P. autumnale has the most symmetrical karyotype (3A). P. obtusifolium has a relatively symmetrical karyotype (4A), while B. numidica and O. elongata have both an asymmetrical karyotype (1B). These findings differ from those previously reported for the same taxa in Algeria, hence indicating the substantial genetic variation that exists within the country.

Impact of the LHCb 8 [formula omitted], [formula omitted], and asymmetry data on the CT14HERA2 PDFs

First, we calculate the total cross-sections and differential cross-sections of the W and Z productions at next-to-leading order QCD using ResBos and CT14HERA2 PDFs, and compare with the measurements from the LHCb detector at a center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV and find good agreement between the experimental data and theoretical predictions. Then, we analyze the impact of LHCb 8 TeV W, Z, and asymmetry data on CT14HERA2 PDFs( g(x,Q), u(x,Q), d(x,Q), ū(x,Q), d̄(x,Q), d(x,Q)/u(x,Q) ) using the Error PDF Updating Method Package. Through this analysis, we find that the LHCb 8 TeV W and Z data prefer softer gloun and d(x,Q) at large x region, but have no significant impacts on u(x,Q) PDF.

Iatrogenic Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak in Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: Topographical Map and Influence of Skull Base Asymmetry.

Iatrogenic cerebrospinal fluid leak (iCSF-L) is a major complication of endonasal surgeries whose occurrence is always a potential adverse event due to anatomical variation/asymmetry of the skull base (SB). The aim of this manuscript is to provide a topographical map of iCSF-L and to investigate the role of SB asymmetry in iCSF-L occurrence. In this retrospective study, the location of iCSF-L dural defect was studied and compared to patients affected by spontaneous and post-traumatic CSF-L. Considering only iCSF-L, after having collected the SB asymmetry data, the Keros, Gera, distance of the anterior ethmoidal artery from the SB, frontal sinus pneumatization, and Thailand-Malaysia-Singapore score classifications were compared to a control group of patients. A total of 153 CSF-Ls (103 spontaneous, 37 iatrogenic, and 13 traumatic) were included. A significant association was noted (p < 0.001) between the nature of the CSF-L and the areas involved. Considering iCSF-Ls, only the Gera classification was significantly different (p < 0.05) and the most reliable in predicting the risk of dural transgression (AUC = 0.719). ICSF-Ls present peculiar regional SB involvement with the cribriform plate, with the ethmoidal roof being the most involved. After having assessed the asymmetry of the SB, the Gera classification was the most reliable one.

Relationship between body condition and vertical movement symmetry in 109 riding school horses

Abstract For riding schools, the health and function of their horses is paramount. Unfortunately, lameness and overweight are common problems in this population, and a causal relationship whereby increased body weight causes lameness is also possible. This observational field study investigated the relationship between body condition score (BCS) and motion movement asymmetries in riding school horses and also explored the relationships between BCS, movement asymmetry and subjectively scored willingness to work. Eight riding schools within 2.5 h by car from Uppsala, Sweden, were convenience-sampled and 3-24 horses from each were included in the study. Body condition was scored (scale 1-9) and vertical movement asymmetry data were collected in straight-line trot, using an inertial measurement unit system. Asymmetry parameters were calculated as the mean difference between local vertical displacement minima/maxima for the head/pelvis (HD/PD) between the two halves of the stride. A questionnaire was used to assess perceived willingness to work and energy level of the horses. The data were analysed with linear mixed models, t-tests and Mann-Whitney U-tests. A correlation was found between BCS and PDmin (), an asymmetry parameter related to hindlimb weight-bearing lameness, where PDmin increased by 0.96 mm for each unit increase in BCS. Horses with vertical movement classified as symmetric had lower BCS than horses with movement classified as asymmetric (5.4 ± 0.4 vs 5.7 ± 0.6, ). Horses classed as overweight (BCS ≥ 6) scored lower on willingness to work () and energy level (). These results indicate that the body condition of riding school horses may influence their function and the health of their locomotor apparatus. Further studies are required to identify the underlying mechanisms.

Examination of the Development and Asymmetry of the Cerebellum and Its Lobules in Individuals Aged 1-18 Years: A Retrospective MRI Study.

Developmental studies of cerebellar lobules were limited. To our knowledge, structural asymmetry has not been studied in immature cerebellar lobules in the 1-18 age group. This study investigated the effect of age and gender on the volumetric development and asymmetry of the global cerebellum and cerebellar lobules in children and adolescents. In this retrospective study, we included 670 individuals [376 (56.1%) males] aged 1-18years with normal brain MRIs between 2012 and 2021. volBrain CERES automatically segmented the right and left sides of the cerebellar lobules on three-dimensional T1-weighted MRIs. Volume and asymmetry data from individuals in 16 different age ranges were compared with SPSS (ver.28). The absolute volumetric development of the total cerebellum was consistent with the "S" development model in both sexes. The developmental trajectories of the cerebellar lobules were different from each other and showed sexual dimorphism. In the 1-18 age group, the absolute volumes of the total cerebellum and cerebellar lobules were significantly greater in males (p < 0.05). Absolute volumes of lobules IV, VIIB, VIIIA and VIIIB in the age groups had more gender differences. However, sexual dimorphism was insignificant in the cerebellum's total and lobular relative volume. Lobules IV, V, VI, VIIIA and VIIIB had left > right asymmetry and other lobules and total cerebellum had right > left asymmetry. This study confirmed the developmental heterogeneity and sexual dimorphism in the cerebellar lobules. It also provided volumetric data of the immature cerebellum to enable comparison in various neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases.

The visible body and the invisible organization: Information asymmetry and college athletics data

The visible body and the invisible organization: Information asymmetry and college athletics data

Impact of lattice strangeness asymmetry data in the CTEQ-TEA global analysis

We study the impact of lattice data on the determination of the strangeness asymmetry distribution ${s}_{\ensuremath{-}}(x)\ensuremath{\equiv}s(x)\ensuremath{-}\overline{s}(x)$ in the general CTEQ-TEA global analysis of parton distribution functions (PDFs) of the proton. Firstly, we find that allowing a nonvanishing ${s}_{\ensuremath{-}}(x)$, at the initial ${Q}_{0}=1.3\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$ scale, in a global PDF analysis leads to a CT18As fit with similar quality to CT18A. Secondly, including the lattice data in the CT18As_Lat fit greatly reduces the ${s}_{\ensuremath{-}}$-PDF error band size in the large-$x$ region. To further reduce its error would require more precise lattice data, extended to smaller $x$ values. We take ATLAS 7 TeV $W$ and $Z$ production data, SIDIS dimuon production data, ${F}_{3}$ structure function data, E866 NuSea data, and E906 SeaQuest data as examples to illustrate the implication of CT18As and CT18As_Lat fits. The parametrization dependence for PDF ratio $(s+\overline{s})/(\overline{u}+\overline{d})(x)$ is analyzed with CT18As2 and CT18As2_Lat fits as results.

Linear scaling of lepton charge asymmetry in W± production in ultra-relativistic nuclear collisions from PACIAE model

The lepton charge asymmetry in [Formula: see text] production in the nuclear collisions at [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]TeV is investigated with a parton and hadron cascade model PACIAE. Recently published ALICE and the ATLAS data of lepton charge asymmetry are well reproduced. An interesting linear scaling behavior is observed in the lepton charge asymmetry as a function of the collision system valence quark number asymmetry among different sizes of nuclear collision systems at [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]TeV. This linear scaling behavior may serve as an additional constraint on the PDF (nPDF) extractions.

Resonant contributions to polarized proton structure functions

Nucleon resonance contributions to the polarized proton ${g}_{1}$ and ${g}_{2}$ structure functions are computed from resonance electroexcitation amplitudes extracted from CLAS exclusive meson electroproduction data. Including resonances in the mass range up to 1.75 GeV, and taking into account the interference between excited states, we compare the resonant contributions with the polarized proton structure function and polarization asymmetry data from Jefferson Lab 6 GeV measurements. All resonance-like structure observed in the polarized structure functions and asymmetries can be attributed to the resonant contributions, confirming their essential role in the behavior of ${g}_{1}$ and ${g}_{2}$ in the resonant region over the entire range ${Q}^{2}&lt;7.5\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$ covered by the measurements. Comparing the resonance contributions with the ${g}_{1}$ and ${g}_{2}$ structure functions computed from parton distribution functions extrapolated from the deep-inelastic region, we also quantify the degree to which quark-hadron duality holds for ${g}_{1}$ and ${g}_{2}$ and their moments.

Pricing and sample set strategies of data providers under quality information asymmetry

Current data transactions are usually driven by data providers, and data buyers have little information about the data they will buy. In turn, this information asymmetry impacts the data providers’ sales decisions. In this paper, we consider a data provider with private quality information to sell a data set to multiple potential data buyers, and the data provider signals quality information to the potential buyers by setting the price and sample set size. We study how the data provider decides the optimal trading strategy in terms of price and sample set size based on different characteristics of data buyers through a signalling game. It is found that the degree of information asymmetry and the cost of providing a sample set affect the data provider’s choice of whether to signal data quality truthfully or to hide quality information. The joint signal of price and sample set is a better signalling option for data providers to achieve higher profits than the price signal alone. Tracing data trading back to the production process of datasets, the increased information asymmetry and inefficient data production make data providers more inclined to generate low-quality datasets, which adversely affects the data trading market.

The visible body and the invisible organization: Information asymmetry and college athletics data

Elite athletes are constantly tracked, measured, scored, and sorted to improve their performance. Privacy is sacrificed in the name of improvement. Athletes frequently do not know why particular personal data are collected or to what end. Our interview study of 23 elite US college athletes and 26 staff members reveals that their sports play is governed through information asymmetries. These asymmetries look different for different sports with different levels of investment, different racial and gender makeups, and different performance metrics. As large, data-intensive organizations with highly differentiated subgroups, university athletics are an excellent site for theory building in critical data studies, especially given the most consequential data collected from us, with the greatest effect on our lives, is frequently a product of collective engagement with specific organizational contexts like workplaces and schools. Empirical analysis reveals two key tensions in this data regime: Athletes in high-status sports, more likely to be Black men, have relatively less freedom to see or dispute their personal data, while athletes in general are more comfortable sharing personal data with people further away from them. We build from these findings to develop a theory of collective informational harm in bounded institutional settings such as the workplace. The quantified organization, as we term it, is concerned not with monitoring individuals but building data collectives through processes of category creation and managerial data relations of coercion and consent.