Asymmetrically Clipped Optical OFDM Research Articles

Computational Complexity Comparison between DC-biased Optical OFDM and Asymmetrically Clipped Optical OFDM in Visible Light Communication

Optical wireless systems are constrained to send real and positive values to the optical transmitter as only intensity of a signal is used to carry information. Therefore, conventional OFDM cannot be directly applied in optical systems. To combat multipath distortion, several modified OFDM systems have been studied, such as DC-biased optical OFDM (DCO-OFDM) and asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM (ACO-OFDM). In order to transmit real signal in optical environments, there is a Hermitian symmetric constraint with Discrete Fourier transform (DFT). This paper compares transceiver complexity of ACO-OFDM with that of DCO-OFDM which is used in Visible Light Communication (VLC), and it is found that for the same number of subcarriers, computational complexity is higher in ACO-OFDM.

Reverse polarity optical Orthogonal frequency Division Multiplexing for High-Speed visible light communications system

The radio frequency spectrum, which has been steadily getting smaller, is under pressure from growing cellular data traffic. A more dependable communication channel is required. To setup the communication medium, VLC uses LED illumination. In order to increase network throughput, the goal of this study is to analyze and model signal conditioning techniques in the visible spectrum. VLC technology offers synchronized illumination of LED lamps as well as wireless broadband connectivity. Using the real-valued O-OFDM baseband signal, optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (O-OFDM) offers a viable modulation option for very-low-bit-rate (VLC) systems to modulate the optical carrier's instantaneous power to attain gigabit data rates. However, one important design difficulty preventing VLC from being commercialized is how to combine industry-favored pulse width modulation (PWM) dimming technology while retaining a dependable, broadband connection. In this paper, Reverse Polarity optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (RPO-OFDM) is proposed as a new signal format for combining the fast O-OFDM contact signal with the comparatively slow PWM dimming signal, as both signals contribute to the illuminative brightness of the LED. The average SNR, additional testing demonstrates that the suggested method outperforms the Asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM (ACO), Optimized Flipped Optical (OFO) and DC biased optical OFDM (DCO), and algorithms in similar operating conditions.

On the Performance of SPAD-Based Optical Wireless Communication With ACO-OFDM

The nonlinear distortion introduced by the dead time strongly limits the throughput of the highly sensitive SPAD-based optical wireless communication (OWC) systems. Optical OFDM can be employed in the systems with SPAD arrays to improve the spectral efficiency. In this work, a theoretical performance analysis of SPAD-based OWC system with asymmetrically-clipped optical OFDM (ACO-OFDM) is presented. The impact of the SPAD nonlinearity on the system performance is investigated. In addition, the comparison of the considered scheme with DCO-OFDM is presented showing the distinct reliable operation regimes of the two schemes. In low optical power regimes, ACO-OFDM outperforms DCO-OFDM with around 4 dB power gain achieved by 16-QAM ACO-OFDM over 4-QAM DCO-OFDM. However, DCO-OFDM is in turn more preferable in high power regimes which extends the maximal tolerable received optical power by 7.4 dB.

A Novel µ-law Nonlinear Companding with Modified Recoverable Upper Clipping Method for PAPR Reduction in ACO-OFDM VLC Systems

The high Peak-to-Average-Power Ratio (PAPR) is the major challenge that causes signal distortion at the output of a Light-Emitting-Diode (LED) due to the narrow dynamic region of a LED in an Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (O-OFDM) based Visible Light Communication (VLC) systems. Although a μ-law Nonlinear Companding Transform (μ-NCT) in an Asymmetrically-Clipped O-OFDM (ACO-OFDM) architecture decreases the PAPR degree, generates undesired large signals that can enter the nonlinearity range of a LED. This paper proposes a novel PAPR reduction method referred to as μ-NCT with Modified Recoverable Upper-Clipping (μ-NCT+MoRoC) model. The μ-NCT+MoRoC model benefits from the PAPR reduction of μ-NCT, and later uses all the advantages of the newly designed MoRoC method to reduce the large signals’ amplitudes that rose after the μ-NCT. The MoRoC method stores the large signals without losing information at the transmitter within the existing bandwidth using the asymmetrical structure of ACO-OFDM. To recover the source signal at the receiver, the MoRoC method uses newly generated symbol-based threshold detection and recovery algorithms. Both MoRoC and proposed μ-NCT+MoRoC models provide PAPR reduction and 45% peak amplitude reduction for ACO-OFDM systems without additional bandwidth, loss of information, and extra IFFT/FFT.

Deep learning based channel estimation optimization in VLC systems

This paper aims to improve the channel estimation (CE) in the indoor visible light communication system. The proposal of this paper deals with a system that depends on a comparison between Deep Neural Network (DNN), Yolo v3, and Kalman filter (KF) algorithm, for two optical modulation techniques; asymmetrically clipped optical-orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (ACO-OFDM) and direct current optical-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DCO-OFDM). The CE can be evaluated by the error rates in the received bits, where increased error means a performance decrease of the system and vice versa. Receiving less errors at the receiver indicates improved CE and system performance. Hence, the main aim of our work is to decrease the error rate by using different estimators. Furthermore, we apply automatic hyper-parameter approach and Bayesian optimization, to Yolo v3 model to improve the system performance and reduce the positioning error. The metric parameter of bit error rate (BER) aims to determine the improvement ratio in different systems. The model in this paper is based on training with OFDM samples of signal with labels which are received and are corresponding to the signals of OFDM. At a BER = 10−3 with DCO-OFDM, the DNN outperforms KF with 1.7 dB (8.09%) at the bit energy per noise (E_{b} {/}N_{o} ) axis. Also, for ACO-OFDM at BER = 10−3, the DNN achieves better results than KF by about 1.9 dB (11.8%) at the (E_{b} {/}N_{o} ){ } axis. For different values of M in QAM, the DNN outperforms KF for ACO-OFDM by average improvement of ~ 1.2 dB (~ 13%).

Enhanced deep learning based channel estimation for indoor VLC systems

This paper aims to improve the channel estimation (CE) in the indoor visible light communication (VLC) system. We propose a system that depends on a comparison between Deep Neural Networks (DNN) and Kalman Filter (KF) algorithm for two optical modulation techniques; asymmetrically clipped optical-orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (ACO-OFDM) and direct current optical-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DCO-OFDM). The channel estimation can be evaluated by changing the rate of errors in the received bits, where increased error means a performance decrease of the system and vice versa. Receiving less errors at the receiver indicates improved channel estimation and system performance. Thus, the main aim of our proposal is decreasing the error rate by using different estimators. Using the simulation results with the metric parameter of bit error rate (BER) aims to determine the improvement ratio between different systems. The proposed model is trained with OFDM signal samples with labels, where the labels represent the received signal after applying OFDM travelling across the medium. At a BER = 10–3 with DCO-OFDM, the DNN outperforms KF with 1.6 dB (7.6%) at the bit energy per noise ({{varvec{E}}}_{{varvec{b}}}/{{varvec{N}}}_{{varvec{o}}}) axis. Also, for ACO-OFDM at BER = 10–3, the DNN achieves better results than KF by about 1.3 dB (8.12%) at the ({{varvec{E}}}_{{varvec{b}}}/{{varvec{N}}}_{{varvec{o}}}). At different values of M in QAM, the DNN outperforms KF for ACO-OFDM by average improvement of ~ 1 dB (~ 11.5%).

Performance analysis of ACO-OFDM NOMA for VLC communication

Visible light communication (VLC) has been seeking much attention in recent years due to its high bandwidth, low cost, and ease of implementation. VLC can be used for illumination as well as communication at the same time. Light emitting diode (LED) acts as a transmitter for data transmission, and photo detector is used on the receiver side. Intensity Modulation (IM) converts an electrical signal into an optical signal, where only real and positive signals need to be transmitted. Optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (O-OFDM) is used in the VLC to enhance the bandwidth limitation due to LED. Using O-OFDM for VLC does not provide massive connectivity in a multi-user environment. Nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is the further expansion where the user can use both the time and frequency resources but distinguished in the power domain with successive interference cancellation (SIC) at the receiver to decode the signal of each user. Also, Asymmetrically clipped optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (ACO-OFDM) for NOMA is used to get the positive signal with enhanced spectral efficiency. The proposed method was analyzed by considering simulations and analytical results for LOS and NLOS communication.

Improved Receivers for Optical Wireless OFDM: An Information Theoretic Perspective

We consider performance enhancement of asymmetrically-clipped optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (ACO-OFDM) and related optical OFDM schemes, which are variations of OFDM in intensity-modulated optical wireless communications. Unlike most existing studies on specific designs of improved receivers, this paper investigates information theoretic limits of all possible receivers. For independent and identically distributed (IID) complex Gaussian inputs, we obtain an exact characterization of information rate of ACO-OFDM with improved receivers for all SNRs. It is proved that the high-SNR gain of improved receivers asymptotically achieve 1/4 bits per channel use, which is equivalent to 3 dB in electrical SNR or 1.5 dB in optical SNR; as the SNR decreases, the maximum achievable SNR gain of improved receivers decreases monotonically to a non-zero low-SNR limit, corresponding to an information rate gain of 36.3%. For practically used constellations, we derive an upper bound on the gain of improved receivers. Numerical results demonstrate that the upper bound can be approached to within 1 dB in optical SNR by combining existing improved receivers and coded modulation. We also show that our information theoretic analyses can be extended to Flip-OFDM and PAM-DMT. Our results imply that, for the considered schemes, improved receivers may reduce the gap to channel capacity significantly at low-to-moderate SNR.

Throughput improvement and PAPR reduction for OFDM-based VLC systems using an integrated STC-IMADJS technique

Visible light communication (VLC) is a technology that is currently being employed to achieve high data rates. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a powerful scheme for intensity modulation and direct detection (IM-DD) that is becoming increasingly important. OFDM systems based on VLC are accomplished through the implementation of IM-DD constraints, including direct current biased optical OFDM (DCO-OFDM), asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM (ACO-OFDM), and asymmetrically clipped DC-biased (ADO-OFDM), among others. The OFDM technique based on VLC is inefficient in terms of spectral efficiency and has a high peak to average power ratio (PAPR). In this article, the symbol time compression-image adjust (STC-IMADJS) technique will be proposed for throughput maximization and PAPR reduction in the DCO-OFDM, ACO-OFDM, and ADO-OFDM systems. Furthermore, the STC technique enables the simultaneous transmission of two sub-carriers through Walsh spreading codes without inference between them. As a result, the OFDM symbol has been reduced by 50%. The IMADJS strategy reduces the high PAPR of transmitted signals by compressing large signals and expanding small signals, as long as the average power level remains constant after compression. Therefore, the proposed STC-IMADJS technique doubles the throughput as well as significantly reduces the PAPR for OFDM systems based on VLC. The simulation results are performed using Matlab-2021a for 1024 sub-carriers. As a result, the simulation results show that the proposed technique reduces the PAPR by 3.7 dB (86%), 8.16 dB (93%), and 1.81 dB (20%) for DCO-OFDM, ACO-OFDM, and ADO-OFDM systems respectively. Furthermore, the technique has a significantly lower computational complexity than conventional OFDM systems based on VLC. Finally, the measures of performance through this article are bit error rate and complementary cumulative distribution function.

PAPR reduction technique for FBMC based visible light communication systems

One of the critical challenges in multicarrier-based systems is peak to average power ratio (PAPR). Recently, Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC) is proved to be a promising candidate that can replace the traditional orthogonal multiplexing division (OFDM) scheme due to its better spectral efficiency, reducing both inter-channel interference (ICI) and PAPR. Due to their advantages in reducing the PAPR without impacting the BER, the Hadamard transform was used in the proposed FBMC based VLC system. Furthermore, here, the discreet cosine transform (DCT) precoding is also used to boost the potential for PAPR reduction and the BER efficiency. The negative signals are not clipped off as in traditional asymmetrically-clipped optical OFDM (ACO-OFDM) signals to reduce the impact of large-amplitude signal reduction nor add dc biasing for cancelling negative signals as in traditional DC-biased optical OFDM (DCO-OFDM) signals. Furthermore, a Clipping ratio is introduced to allow a trade-off between bit error rate (BER) and PAPR reduction, and the optimal PAPR reduction is investigated. The obtained results show that the proposed FBMC based VLC system with DCT and clipping technique can reduce the PAPR and achieve good BER efficiency compared to the OFDM based VLC system.

Efficient Timing Offset Estimation Method Tailored for ACO-OFDM VLC Systems

The asymmetrically clipped optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (ACO-OFDM)-based visible light communication (VLC) system has received widespread attention due to its capability to support high spectrum efficiency as well as high power efficiency. The accuracy of symbol timing offset estimation is a critical factor limiting the performance of ACO-OFDM. In order to cope with this challenge, a training symbol-aided symbol timing synchronization method tailored for ACO-OFDM is put forward. The influence of the design of training symbol structure and timing metric on the synchronization accuracy is investigated, and three timing metrics are presented to supply simple and efficient timing offset estimation by utilizing the structure of odd-even mirror-symmetric and complementary symmetric of the newly designed training symbol. In addition, the system bit error rate (BER) penalty induced by timing synchronization error is analyzed, and the approximate relationship between BER performance loss and timing estimation error probability and ideal BER performance is presented. Simulation is used to assess the performance of the three proposed timing metric methods in different channel environments, and they are compared with the two existing timing synchronization algorithms in ACO-OFDM, namely the modified Park method and the Tian method. The results show that the new synchronization method is superior to the comparison methods concerning achievable synchronization accuracy and system BER penalty.

Spectral and Energy Efficiency of ACO-OFDM in Visible Light Communication Systems

In this paper, we study the spectral efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE) of asymmetrically clipped optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (ACO-OFDM) for visible light communication (VLC). Firstly, we derive the achievable rates for Gaussian distributions inputs and practical finite-alphabet inputs. Then, we investigate the SE maximization problems subject to both the total transmit power constraint and the average optical power constraint with the above two inputs, respectively. By exploiting the relationship between the mutual information and the minimum mean-squared error, an optimal power allocation scheme is proposed to maximize the SE with finite-alphabet inputs. To reduce the computational complexity of the power allocation scheme, we derive a closed-form lower bound of the SE. Also, considering the quality of service, we further tackle the non-convex EE maximization problems of ACO-OFDM with the two inputs, respectively. The problems are solved by the proposed Dinkelbach-type iterative algorithm. In each iteration, the interior point algorithm is applied to obtain the optimal power allocation.The performance of the proposed power allocation schemes for the SE and EE maximization are validated through numerical analysis.

Low complexity hybrid SLM for PAPR mitigation for ACO OFDM

The high peak to average power ratio (PAPR) is the main challenge facing asymmetrically clipped optical (ACO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). We propose a new hybrid technique that incorporates a modified selective mapping (SLM) and companding called low complexity hybrid selective mapping (LCHSLM) for PAPR mitigation in ACO OFDM systems. It is demonstrated through computer simulations that our proposed system significantly reduces the PAPR compared with the conventional SLM or companding alone. In addition, LCHSLM achieves a significant reduction in complexity compared with conventional SLM without bit error rate (BER) degradation.

Proposed Different Signal Processing Tools for Efficient Optical Wireless Communications

Optical Wireless Communication (OWC) is a new trend in communication systems to achieve large bandwidth, high bit rate, high security, fast deployment, and low cost. The basic idea of the OWC is to transmit data on unguided media with light. This system requires multi-carrier modulation such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). This paper studies optical OFDM performance based on Intensity Modulation with Direct Detection (IM/DD) system. This system requires a non-negativity constraint. The paper presents a framework for wireless optical OFDM system that comprises (IM/DD) with different forms, Direct Current biased Optical OFDM (DCO-OFDM), Asymmetrically Clipped Optical OFDM (ACO-OFDM), Asymmetrically DC-biased Optical OFDM (ADO-OFDM), and Flip-OFDM. It also considers channel coding as a tool for error control, channel equalization for reducing deterioration due to channel effects, and investigation of the turbulence effects. The evaluation results of the proposed framework reveal enhancement of performance. The performance of the IM/DD-OFDM system is investigated over different channel models such as AWGN, log-normal turbulence channel model, and ceiling bounce channel model. The simulation results show that the BER performance of the IM/DD-OFDM communication system is enhanced while the fading strength is decreased. The results reveal also that Hamming codes, BCH codes, and convolutional codes achieve better BER performance. Also, two algorithms of channel estimation and equalization are considered and compared. These algorithms include the Least Squares (LS) and the Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE). The simulation results show that the MMSE algorithm gives better BER performance than the LS algorithm.

BER performance study for optical OFDM of optical camera communication

In this article, different forms of optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) were observed which were suitable for optical camera communication (OCC) systems. This research aims to establish the bit error rate (BER) versus signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the OCC system. This research will focus on OCC systems and the design that produces the noise of the clipping but will gain SNR as a whole if an optimum clipping factor is chosen. The BER versus SNR analysis was investigated for the different clipping factors 0.7, 1.4, and 2.6. The BER performance of the asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM (ACO-OFDM) was also compared with the direct current optical OFDM (DCO-OFDM) to show the suitable effectiveness of the proposed approach. ACO-OFDM was considered to be better due to lower bit loading, but DCO-OFDM was efficient for higher SNR values. This was because the DC bias used was inefficient in terms of optical capacity, while ACO-OFDM used only half of the subcarriers to transmit the information. Moreover, ACO-OFDM two-dimensional half-subcarriers of mapping rule would introduce the clipping noise to its unused 2D subcarriers, although further data can be provided by the 2D DCO-OFDM mapping rule.

Layered antisymmetry-constructed clipped optical OFDM for low-complexity VLC systems.

In this paper, antisymmetry-constructed clipped optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (AC-OFDM) is proposed for visible light communication (VLC) systems, in which an antisymmetry property is imposed directly in time domain. AC-OFDM has nearly the same spectral efficiency and peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) as traditional asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM (ACO-OFDM) but is less complex to implement. Layered AC-OFDM (LAC-OFDM) is then proposed as an extension to further improve spectral efficiency, where different layers of AC-OFDM signals are added in the time domain and transmitted simultaneously. Computational complexity analysis and numerical results show that LAC-OFDM has nearly the same spectral efficiency as layered asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM (LACO-OFDM) and enhanced unipolar OFDM (eU-OFDM) but is less complex. Specifically, LAC-OFDM requires less than half the multiplication and addition operations compared to the comparable LACO-OFDM scheme. Additionally, a pairwise iterative receiver for LAC-OFDM is proposed and its computational complexity is analysed. Monte Carlo simulation results show that LAC-OFDM requires nearly the same optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) to achieve the same BER performance as LACO- and eU-OFDM.

Iterative Pairwise Maximum Likelihood Receiver for ACO-OFDM in Visible Light Communications

An iterative pairwise maximum likelihood (ML) receiver is proposed for asymmetrically clipped optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (ACO-OFDM) in visible light communications (VLC). With the aid of the pairwise ML detection, half of the received ACO-OFDM samples are forced to zero in time domain. However, when the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is low, the pairwise ML detection may cause misjudgment. With the iterative pairwise ML detection, the ACO-OFDM symbols are detected in frequency domain and the SNR gain of 3 dB could be available. Simulation results show that the pairwise ML receiver without iteration provides the SNR improvement of 1.5~2.7 dB for 7% forward error correction (FEC) limit. The proposed iterative receiver gives a SNR gain of 2.6~2.9 dB with 7% FEC limit.

Optical phase conjugation with dual frame OFDM for dispersion and nonlinearity mitigation over multimode fiber

This paper presents a modification in conventional asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM (ACO-OFDM) frame for direct detection intensity modulation (DD-IM) system. The conventional ACO-OFDM for DD-IM utilizes only one-fourth of available subcarriers for information symbols and therefore the bandwidth efficiency is very low. Authors propose to retain the othwerwise discarded negative polarity symbols to increase the bandwidth efficiency and transmission power for given number of subcarriers in ACO-OFDM. Proposed dual frame OFDM consists of two similar subframes and one of them is transmitted with optical phase conjugation for dispersion and non-linearity mitigation in multimode optical fiber. Proposed system is compared with another scheme-phase conjugated sub-carrier coding (PCSC) in OFDM. At − 15 dBm received optical power, proposed dual frame shows bit error rate (BER) $$1.974*10^{-3}$$ when compared to PCSC that shows BER value of $$1.13*10^{-1}$$ . BER Performance for the proposed dual frame OFDM with QPSK and QAM-16 modulation schemes is also compared in this research work.

Analysis of the Perfect Nulling Technique in ACO-OFDM for DHT Hybrid PLC-VLC System in Impulsive Noise

In this paper, we investigate the performance of the discrete Hartley transform (DHT) hybrid Power Line Communication - Visible Light Communication (PLC-VLC) system based on asymmetrically clipped optical - orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (ACO-OFDM) in impulsive noise, when the Perfect Nulling technique is utilized to analyze the combating of impulsive noise in the system. ACO-OFDM is a multicarrier modulation technique used in communications systems to allow for high data rates while adding robustness to the system. In this work, we derive the theoretical bit error rate (BER) error floor expression which enables us to calculate the error floor introduced into the system due to the nulling of data samples affected by impulsive noise, which we then compare to the simulated BER error floor. Results from this work show that the simulated BER error floor values are approximately the same as the theoretical BER error floor values with insignificant differences. The simulated BER error floor values confirmed the theoretical expression for the BER error floor derived in this work.

The Evolution of Optical OFDM

Optical Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (O-OFDM) is eminently suitable for mitigating the multi-path and chromatic dispersion in both Visible Light Communications (VLC) and Optical Fiber Communications. We commence our discourse by surveying the conception and historic evolution of O-OFDM designed for both VLC and optical fiber, culminating in the birth of its most flexible design alternative, namely Layered Asymmetrically Clipped Optical OFDM (LACO-OFDM). We demonstrate that it is eminently suitable for intensity-modulation and direct-detection aided optical communication systems and characterize its design flexibility. It is also shown that given its flexibility, it subsumes a wide range of optical OFDM schemes conceived over the past two decades or so. The LACO-OFDM transmitter and receiver designs strike a compelling compromise between the features of the popular Asymmetrically Clipped Optical OFDM (ACO-OFDM) and Direct-Current-biased Optical OFDM (DCO-OFDM). The pivotal role of forward error correction designs is also surveyed with the objective of striking a coding gain versus complexity trade-off. We conclude by highlighting a suite of promising techniques capable of further improving the system performance, but require further research. The take-away message of the paper crystallized in the associated design guidelines.