Asymmetric Type Research Articles

Epidemiological and clinical analyses of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is an autosomal dominant disease characterised by the thickening of the left/right ventricle along with the interventricular septum. It is found in all races and ethnic groups occurring equally in both the sexes with a prevalence of 1 in 500. Incidence and prevalence of HCM appears to decline after adolescence and then increase in middle age, with the highest rates seen after the 4th decade and hence is considered to be a 4th decade disorder. The Indian population exhibits a great range of geographic and genetic diversity along with high levels of inbreeding in comparison to other populations; therefore the present article examined the epidemiological and clinical analyses based on the gender specific differences, age at onset, familial and non-familial status and subtypes of HCM which also contribute to the heterogeneity of the condition making genetic diagnosis and screening much more challenging. The study revealed male preponderance in the age group of 21-40 years exhibiting non-obstructive type of HCM while female preponderance was observed in the age group of 0-20 years and 40-60 years with high incidence of obstructive HCM cases associated with severe clinical manifestations and poor prognosis, based on the significant echocardiographic parameters. This was further substantiated with an early age at onset in females with asymmetric septal type of hypertrophy and in males with mid-cavity concentric hypertrophy enlightening on a strong genetic predisposition. Keywords: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; sarcomere and cytoskeletal gene mutations; genetic diagnosis

0325 極低温環境下におけるボイド率測定技術の開発

Capacitance type void fraction sensors for cryogenic fluid has been developed by our research group. The sensors are roughly categorized into three types; arc type, small-sized arc type, and asymmetric type. In this paper, the three type sensors are compared, and each sensor's merits and demerits are indicated. The arc type sensor was first developed. The sensor is simple, but S/N ration is low and influence of "temperature drift" is large. The small-sized arc type sensor was developed for the sounding rocket S310 test No.43, so the sensor was needed to make as small as possible. The sensor succeeded to measure the void fraction of the liquid nitrogen flow even under microgravity. The asymmetric type sensor was deviced to improve the measurement accuracy. Inaccuracy of the sensor between true void fraction and measured void fraction was only 3% for stratified flow, whereas that of the arc type sensor 30%.

A speed estimation of sensorless control for asymmetrical parameter type two-phase induction motor drives

This paper presents the concept of a speed estimation of sensorless control for asymmetrical parameter type two-phase induction motor drive, by using the adaptive observer system. The motor speed is estimated on the rotor-flux reference frame to simplicity for application. The design guideline of the gain of speed estimate system for a motor has speed change. The experimental results for all test conditions show that the responses of current, torque and speed are stable for the entire operating region.

Cobalt(ii) and copper(ii) supramolecular networks with a 1-iminoisoindoline asymmetric pincer

The first synthesis and characterization of cobalt(ii) and copper(ii) complexes with an in situ prepared novel asymmetric trinitrogen isoindoline-based pincer type ligand, N-(2-picolyl)isoindoline-1-(2-picolyl)imine (pap), are reported.

A Data-Dependent Approach to Modeling Volatility in Financial Time Series

In the last twenty years, following the introduction of the ARCH and GARCH models, there has been wide-ranging research that extends the models to capture various nuances of financial data. One key area of research generalizes the models to capture the asymmetry related to the so called leverage effect. Although many different asymmetric GARCH type models have been developed, it still remains a challenge to capture the local nature of the leverage effect along with the corresponding interplay between the sign and magnitude of returns. In this paper we propose a new data-dependent approach to modeling financial time series volatility. This method allows self-detection of the presence of leverage effect. The proposed model also automatically adjusts the time-dependent random coefficients in an efficient manner. The examples show the flexibility and general superiority of the proposed model compared to some of the well-known asymmetric GARCH models.

Ring-polymer molecular dynamics: rate coefficient calculations for energetically symmetric (near thermoneutral) insertion reactions (X + H2) → HX + H(X = C(1D), S(1D)).

Following our previous study of prototypical insertion reactions of energetically asymmetric type with the RPMD (Ring-Polymer Molecular Dynamics) method [Y. Li, Y. Suleimanov, and H. Guo, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5, 700 (2014)], we extend it to two other prototypical insertion reactions with much less exothermicity (near thermoneutral), namely, X + H2 → HX + H where X = C((1)D), S((1)D), in order to assess the accuracy of this method for calculating thermal rate coefficients for this class of reactions. For both chemical reactions, RPMD displays remarkable accuracy and agreement with the previous quantum dynamic results that make it encouraging for the future application of the RPMD to other barrier-less, complex-forming reactions involving polyatomic reactants with any exothermicity.

Quartz c-axis fabric development associated with shear deformation along an extensional detachment shear zone: Chapedony Metamorphic Core Complex, Central-East Iranian Microcontinent

Lattice preferred orientations (LPOs) of quartz were used to establish differences in deformation geometry, finite strain and temperature across an extensional detachment shear zone within the Chapedony Metamorphic Core Complex in the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent along the northern flank of Gondwana. Quartz c-axis data show a continuous evolution across the core complex from asymmetric Type I crossed girdles at the southwest margin, to broken, asymmetric Type I crossed girdle and single girdle with a large concentration of axes plotted in the center of the stereoplot at the central parts of the core complex and small circle girdle pattern at the northeast margin. These variations in quartz c-axis patterns imply change in strain geometry during deformation from plane strain to general flattening and pure flattening. Integrating analyses of quartz c-axis opening angles, quartz c-axis patterns and recrystalization regimes of quartz and feldspar suggests deformation temperatures range between less than 400 °C and 650 °C, which yield greenschist to amphibolite facies conditions. Mean kinematic vorticity number (Wm) measured in the mylonite samples ranges between 0.67 and 0.71, which indicates that exhumation of the metamorphic rocks of the CMCC was facilitated by a significant component of pure shear strain within a general shear regime.

Synthesis, structure and magnetic properties of homotrinuclear Ni(II) complexes with asymmetric Schiff-base ligands

By using 1,3-propanediamine, 2-hydroxyacetophenone and salicylaldehyde an asymmetric ONNO type Schiff base, N(hydroxyphenylidene)-N′(2-hydroxyacetophenylidene)-1,3-propanediamine (H2metsalpn), has been prepared and isolated. This Schiff base has been reduced yielding N(2-hydroxybenzyl)-N′[1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]-1,3-diaminopropane (H2metsalpnH) These two ligands were used in preparing three trinuclear Ni(II) complexes with catena-[Ni3] structural motif, where DMF and carboxylato (formato, acetato, benzoato) ligands occur. These complexes were characterized by EA, IR, TG, DTA and MS data. The X-ray diffraction confirms that the Ni(II) central atoms are in a distorted octahedral coordination environment: the terminal centers possess {NiN2O4} octahedral coordination sphere whereas the very central atom possesses {NiO6} chromophore. The coordinated DMF groups are liberated between 140–240°C. The SQUID magnetometry confirms presence of weak exchange coupling of the antiferromagnetic nature, J/hc=−2 to −7cm−1, with a moderate single-ion anisotropy reflected by the zero-field splitting D/hc=+4 to +7cm−1.

Silibinin strongly inhibits the growth kinetics of colon cancer stem cell-enriched spheroids by modulating interleukin 4/6-mediated survival signals.

Involvement of cancer stem cells (CSC) in initiation, progression, relapse, and therapy-resistance of colorectal cancer (CRC) warrants search for small molecules as 'adjunct-therapy' to target both colon CSC and bulk tumor population. Herein, we assessed the potential of silibinin to eradicate colon CSC together with associated molecular mechanisms. In studies examining how silibinin modulates dynamics of CSC spheroids in terms of its effect on kinetics of CSC spheroids generated in presence of mitogenic and interleukin (IL)-mediated signaling which provides an autocrine/paracrine amplification loop in CRC, silibinin strongly decreased colon CSC pool together with cell survival of bulk tumor cells. Silibinin effect on colon CSC was mediated via blocking of pro-tumorigenic signaling, notably IL-4/-6 signaling that affects CSC population. These silibinin effects were associated with decreased mRNA and protein levels of various CSC-associated transcription factors, signaling molecules and markers. Furthermore, 2D and 3D differentiation assays indicated formation of more differentiated clones by silibinin. These results highlight silibinin potential to interfere with kinetics of CSC pool by shifting CSC cell division to asymmetric type via targeting various signals associated with the survival and multiplication of colon CSC pool. Together, our findings further support clinical usefulness of silibinin in CRC intervention and therapy.

Genetically targeted binary labeling of retinal neurons.

A major stumbling block to understanding neural circuits is the extreme anatomical and functional diversity of interneurons. Subsets of interneurons can be targeted for manipulation using Cre mouse lines, but Cre expression is rarely confined to a single interneuron type. It is essential to have a strategy that further restricts labeling in Cre driver lines. We now describe an approach that combines Cre driver mice, recombinant adeno-associated virus, and rabies virus to produce sparse but binary labeling of select interneurons--frequently only a single cell in a large region. We used this approach to characterize the retinal amacrine and ganglion cell types in five GABAergic Cre mouse (Mus musculus) lines, and identified two new amacrine cell types: an asymmetric medium-field type and a wide-field type. We also labeled several wide-field amacrine cell types that have been previously identified based on morphology but whose connectivity and function had not been systematically studied due to lack of genetic markers. All Cre-expressing amacrine cells labeled with an antibody to GABA. Cre-expressing RGCs lacked GABA labeling and included classically defined as well as recently identified types. In addition to the retina, our technique leads to sparse labeling of neurons in the cortex, lateral geniculate nucleus, and superior colliculus, and can be used to express optogenetic tools such as channelrhodopsin and protein sensors such as GCaMP. The Cre drivers identified in this study provide genetic access to otherwise hard to access cell types for systematic analysis including anatomical characterization, physiological recording, optogenetic and/or chemical manipulation, and circuit mapping.

Characteristics of the Wooden Structures and Elevation of Central Halls in Korean Buddhist Temples with a Side Location Altar

When Buddhism was introduced into Korea, the altar was located in the center of the Buddhist hall, and stayed there for a long time. However, the location of the altar eventually moved to the back of the hall as time went on. As for the planar structure of the hall, there are 5 exceptions where altars were situated on the far side of the hall, so that an asymmetrical space was created while wooden structures had an influence. The 5 halls investigated here can be classified into types in terms of whether their wooden structure and the elevation are symmetrical or asymmetrical. In the asymmetrical type, a part of the upper structure, floor structure, column arrangement, and window arrangement show asymmetrical features.In conclusion, first, as the location of the altar was moved to the side of the hall, it induced alterations such as a planar plan, structure, window arrangement and type of roof. Second, as the construction plan of the hall was initiated, asymmetrical structural features were considered. Third, asymmetrical features were used as a method to achieve effective spatial use of part of the altar and worshippers.

Decay Modes of Anode Surface Temperature After Current Zero in Vacuum Arcs-Part I: Experimental Study

Anode surface temperature has a significant impact on the interruption capacity of a vacuum circuit breaker. The objective of this paper is to experimentally understand the decay process of anode surface temperature after extinguishing a high-vacuum arc with a large contact gap. The anode surface temperature after current zero was measured by a two-color pyrometer and arc modes observation was recorded by a highspeed charge-coupled device. A pair of asymmetric butt type contacts (contact materials: CuCr25 and CuCr50) was subjected to an axial magnetic field in a demountable vacuum chamber. The experimental result shows that there are two modes in decay processes of anode surface temperature: Mode I and Mode II. Mode I describes the anode surface decay process after diffuse low-current extinction and Mode II corresponds to high current extinction. In addition, the decay time of anode surface temperature will last longer, if the proportion of chromium rises from 25% to 50% in anode material.

Disease Activity and Related Variables in Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the disease activity and related variables in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Patients and methods: Fifty patients with PsA, who were diagnosed based on the Classification Criteria for Psoriatic Arthritis (CASPAR), were included. The patients were divided into five groups according to the Moll and Wright criteria. The disease was assessed using the Disease Activity Score for Reactive Arthritis (DAREA) index, the Disease Activity Score including 28 joints (DAS28), the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) and the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI). In the laboratory tests, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were determined, and a functional assessment was performed using the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ). Pain was evaluated via the Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS-Pain), and the Patient Global Assessment (PaGA) and Physician Global Assessment (PhGA) results were recorded. Results: The asymmetrical oligoarticular type of PsA was seen most often (n=28, 56%), with the distal interphalangeal predominant type of PsA (n=2, 4%) and arthritis mutilans (n=2) being the least frequent. There were statistically significant correlations between the DAREA score and the CRP and ESR levels as well as the VAS, PaGA, DAS28, and HAQ scores. The BASDAI scores had statistically significant relationships with the PaGA and PhGA in the group with spondylitis. Conclusion: We determined that the DAREA, as a disease activity index, was well correlated with both the laboratory and clinical assessment findings in patients with PsA. Furthermore, the DAS28 is a helpful adjunctive measurement instrument for assessing PsA activity, and the BASDAI may prove to be more valuable for patients with spondylitis.

Influence of dynamic obstruction and hypertrophy location on diastolic function in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a disease with marked genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity. It is well known that obstructive septal forms of this disease entail worse clinical outcome compared with nonobstructive septal and apical forms. The objective of this study was to analyze the differences in left ventricular diastolic function in different subgroups of HCMs and to assess the influence of the location of myocardial hypertrophy and the presence of dynamic obstruction on impairment of diastolic function and its correlation with the clinical status. We studied 86 patients with HCM; 27 with the obstructive asymmetric septal type (OAS), 37 with the nonobstructive asymmetric septal type (NOAS) and 22 with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (ApHCM). Patients underwent conventional and tissue Doppler echocardiography and were assessed applying the latest recommendations regarding diastolic dysfunction. Cardiac magnetic resonance was used to study the various morphologic subtypes and quantify left ventricular mass (LVM). The early diastolic annular velocity (e') was significantly lower in OAS with a median of 5 cm/s compared with NOAS with 7 cm/s and ApHCM with 7.5 cm/s (P = 0.0002), and the E/e' ratio was 8.5 in ApHCM, 10 in NOAS and 14 in OAS (P = 0.0001); no significant differences were found in LVM or maximal wall thickness. In HCM, the location of left ventricular hypertrophy and the presence of dynamic obstruction affect the degree of diastolic dysfunction; impairment is greater in patients with the OAS type, and markedly less in patients with apical involvement.

Large deflection of a non-linear, elastic, asymmetric Ludwick cantilever beam subjected to horizontal force, vertical force and bending torque at the free end

The investigated cantilever beam is characterized by a constant rectangular cross-section and is subjected to a concentrated constant vertical load, to a concentrated constant horizontal load and to a concentrated constant bending torque at the free end. The same beam is made by an elastic non-linear asymmetric Ludwick type material with different behavior in tension and compression. Namely the constitutive law of the proposed material is characterized by two different elastic moduli and two different strain exponential coefficients. The aim of this study is to describe the deformation of the beam neutral surface and particularly the horizontal and vertical displacements of the free end cross-section. The analysis of large deflection is based on the Euler–Bernoulli bending beam theory, for which cross-sections, after the deformation, remain plain and perpendicular to the neutral surface; furthermore their shape and area do not change. On the stress viewpoint, the shear stress effect and the axial force effect are considered negligible in comparison with the bending effect. The mechanical model deduced from the identified hypotheses includes two kind of non-linearity: the first due to the material and the latter due to large deformations. The mathematical problem associated with the mechanical model, i.e. to compute the bending deformations, consists in solving a non-linear algebraic system and a non-liner second order ordinary differential equation. Thus a numerical algorithm is developed and some examples of specific results are shown in this paper.

Mode selection in an S-band relativistic backward wave oscillator based on a coaxial waveguide

The competition of oscillations in a relativistic backward wave oscillator (RBWO) based on a coaxial waveguide has been studied by theoretical and experimental methods. It is established that the starting current for asymmetric magnetic TEm1 type waves is lower than that for the TEM wave. Predominant excita� tion of the former waves is confirmed by numerical simulations using the PICcode KARAT. In an experi� mental RBWO prototype, the excitation of asymmetric oscillations was suppressed by longitudinal cuts in the central conductor of the coaxial waveguide. As a result, stable generation of the TEM wave has been achieved at a frequency of 1.23 GHz, a peak power of 260 MW, and a 28% efficiency of electronbeampower conver� sion into radiation power for a microwavepulse duration of 33 ns.

Evaluating the X Chromosome-Specific Diversity of Colombian Populations Using Insertion/Deletion Polymorphisms

The European and African contribution to the pre-existing Native American background has influenced the complex genetic pool of Colombia. Because colonisation was not homogeneous in this country, current populations are, therefore, expected to have different proportions of Native American, European and African ancestral contributions. The aim of this work was to examine 11 urban admixed populations and a Native American group, called Pastos, for 32 X chromosome indel markers to expand the current knowledge concerning the genetic background of Colombia. The results revealed a highly diverse genetic background comprising all admixed populations, harbouring important X chromosome contributions from all continental source populations. In addition, Colombia is genetically sub-structured, with different proportions of European and African influxes depending on the regions. The samples from the North Pacific and Caribbean coasts have a high African ancestry, showing the highest levels of diversity. The sample from the South Andean region showed the lowest diversity and significantly higher proportion of Native American ancestry than the other samples from the North Pacific and Caribbean coasts, Central-West and Central-East Andean regions, and the Orinoquian region. The results of admixture analysis using X-chromosomal markers suggest that the high proportion of African ancestry in the North Pacific coast was primarily male driven. These men have joined to females with higher Native American and European ancestry (likely resulting from a classic colonial asymmetric mating type: European male x Amerindian female). This high proportion of male-mediated African contributions is atypical of colonial settings, suggesting that the admixture occurred during a period when African people were no longer enslaved. In the remaining regions, the African contribution was primarily female-mediated, whereas the European counterpart was primarily male driven and the Native American ancestry contribution was not gender biased.

An alternative choice: Obtaining space for a canine with asymmetric fan type expansion appliance

A 12-year old female patient presented with her unesthetic appearance while smiling. The patient had a vestibule positioned upper-left canine, beside mesofacial face type, flat profile, Class II molar and canine relationships clinically. Dental crowding was 7.8 mm in the upper arch and 4.1 mm in the lower. Treatment plan included to obtain space for the upper-left canine using a modified fan type expansion appliance, followed by comprehensive fixed orthodontic treatment. The aim of this case report is to present a non-extraction treatment of a patient using asymmetric fan type expansion appliance.

Foot type symmetry and change of foot structures from sitting to standing conditions

Method Based on standing AHI, 68.1%, 24.5%, and 7.5% of the study subjects’ left foot was categorized into planus, neutral, and cavus foot types, respectively. An asymmetrical foot type was observed in 28.6% of subjects in sitting and 23.6% standing conditions. Foot length increased from sitting to standing conditions; this change was significantly greater in cavus and neutral foot type groups than the planus group. In contrast, arch height flexibility (AHF) was significantly greater in the planus group than both cavus and neutral foot type groups. Results Results of this study suggest the importance of controlling for weight bearing status when assessing foot structure or fitting footwear. Given that about a quarter of participants demonstrated an asymmetrical foot type, findings also suggest the importance of assessing both feet independently. Table 1.

アサリの非対称殻模様出現頻度における地域差

アサリの非対称殻模様出現頻度における地域差