Astrocaryum Aculeatum Research Articles

Is the Peltogyne gracilipes monodominant forest characterised by distinct soils?

Various explanations have been put forward for monodominance in otherwise diverse tropical forests. This study assesses if the monodominance of Peltogyne gracilipes on Maraca Island in the northern Amazon can be related to edaphic factors. The basal area of P. gracilipes and the five other most common tree species on Maraca Island (Astrocaryum aculeatum, Attalea maripa, Ecclinusa guianensis, Licania kunthiana and Pradosia surinamensis) were recorded in 30 regularly-spaced 0.5 ha plots distributed over an area of 25 km2, for which data on topography and concentration of mineral elements in the soil were also obtained. Stems of P. gracilipes accounted for ≥50% of the basal area in five of the plots, which we consider indicative of monodominance, whilst the highest relative basal area that any of the other species achieved in any plot was 31%. The soils data explained more of the variation in the basal area of P. gracilipes than it did for the other five species. The presence vs. absence and basal area of P. gracilipes was positively related to concentrations of magnesium (Mg), aluminium (Al), iron (Fe), phosphorus (P) and silt in the soil and to Mg:Ca ratios. These soils were found in the plots at the lowest elevations, which suggests that drainage factors may also be important. Overall, our results suggest that edaphic factors may explain, at least partially, monodominance in this Amazonian forest.

Structural diversity of alkali-soluble polysaccharides from the fruit cell walls of tucumã (Astrocaryum aculeatum), a commelinid monocotyledon from the family Arecaceae

The polysaccharide compositions of primary and secondary cell walls of members of the family Arecaceae in the commelinid clade of monocotyledonous plants have previously been found to be distinguishable from other commelinid families, and to be more similar to those of non-commelinids. However, few studies have been conducted. We aimed to extract and characterize the main cell-wall polysaccharides in the fruit pulp of tucumã (Astrocaryum aculeatum), a member of Arecaceae family. Hemicellulosic polysaccharides extracted by alkali from the fruit pulp were present in greater proportions (6.4% yield) than water-extracted ones (3.0% yield). Thus, the former was analyzed using monosaccharide composition, methylation, molecular weight determination and 13C-NMR data. The tucumã alkaline extract presented a highly ramified acidic galactoarabinoxylan (53.7%), a linear (1 → 5)-linked α-L-arabinan (27.8%), a low branched glucuronoxylan (14.1%) and small portions of a xyloglucan (4.4%). The major polysaccharide found in A. aculeatum (acidic galactoarabinoxylan) is similar to those found in other commelinid plants such as grasses and cereals.

Manufactured composition of Tucumã (Astrocaryum Aculeatum) endocarbus with thermoplastic polymer

Manufactured composition of Tucumã (Astrocaryum Aculeatum) endocarbus with thermoplastic polymer

Microwave-activated carbons from tucumã (Astrocaryum aculeatum) seed for efficient removal of 2-nitrophenol from aqueous solutions

ABSTRACTActivated carbons (ACs) prepared from tucumã seed (Astrocaryum aculeatum) were used for 2-nitrophenol removal from aqueous solutions. The ACs were characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms, TGA, hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity balance, and total of acidic and basic groups. The ACs showed to have hydrophilic surfaces and they presented high specific surface areas (up to 1318 m2 g−1). In batch optimization studies, maximum removal was obtained at pH 7, contact time of 30 min, adsorbent dosage 1.5 gL−1 and temperature of 50°C. The general-order kinetic model and Liu isotherm model best fit the kinetic and equilibrium adsorption data with a maximum adsorption capacity of 1382 mg g−1 at 50°C. Effect of temperature and thermodynamic studies revealed that the adsorption processes of 2-nitrophenol onto ACs are dependent on temperature and are exothermic and spontaneous, respectively. About the applicability of the ACs for treating simulated effluents, the tucumã seed-activated carbon showed an excellent outcome in the treatment of simulated effluents, evidencing its high efficiency for phenolic compound adsorption. Tucumã seed-ACs showed to be cost effective and highly efficient adsorbents for efficient removal of 2-nitrophenol from aqueous solutions.

New approach for extraction of cellulose from tucumã's endocarp and its structural characterization

The recycling of plant wasted materials into useful products represents a green alternative to prevent environmental problems. Tucumã palm fruit (Astrocaryum aculeatum Meyer) is widely used in Amazon region for food and crafts. Due to the large amount of wasted Tucumã’s endocarp, this work proposes a new approach for extraction of cellulose and its structural characterization. X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Rietveld Refinement, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Infrared-transform Fourier Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Thermal Analysis (TG/DSC) have been used for characterization of the extracted cellulose. XRD patterns of the in natura tucumã’s endocarp has showed a natural crystalline content embedded in a non-crystalline matrix. Nanocrystals of cellulose have been observed in the XRD pattern of the extracted cellulose, showing a good agreement with type II. Rietveld refinement allowed the cell parameters obtainment (a = 8.43(1) Å, b = 9.50(1) Å, c = 9.39(3) Å and γ = 118.43(4)°). Apparent average crystallite size and microstrain were, respectively, 20.0 Å and 0.1%. Two different methods were applied for estimative of crystallinity percentage. In the first method the height ratio between the intensity of the crystalline peak and the total intensity after the subtraction of the non-crystalline content was applied, leading to 48.5%. The second approach was performed using the amorphous area and the total area of the (1 1 0) peak from the experimental diffractogram, leading to 31.5%. The difference in crystallinity percentage concerning these two used approaches may be explained due to the first method does not consider the broad peaks resulted from nanocrystals diffraction. FTIR spectroscopy has evidenced a cellulose type II structure. SEM images showed micrometric sized fibers with ranged thicknesses. However, a new morphology of spherical nanostructures was observed on the type II matrix fibers. Thermal analysis suggests that the extracted cellulose have low thermal stability, which resulted from poor ordered, packed chains. A large exothermic band was found in DSC curve and associated to the release of energy from the amorphous phase degradation. Thus, this work successfully extracted cellulose from tucumã’s endocarp and allowed its structural, morphological and thermal characterization.

Hosts of Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) Native to the Brazilian Amazon

The expansion of red palm mite (RPM), Raoiella indica (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) in Brazil could impact negatively the native plant species, especially of the family Arecaceae. To determine which species could be at risk, we investigated the development and reproductive potential of R. indica on 19 plant species including 13 native species to the Brazilian Amazon (12 Arecaceae and one Heliconiaceae), and six exotic species, four Arecaceae, a Musaceae and a Zingiberaceae. Values of the instantaneous rate of increase (ri) were initially estimated at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after infestation of each species. Higher values of ri (> 0.05) were determined on the Arecaceae Adonidia merrillii, Astrocaryum jauari, Cocos nucifera, Bactris simplicifrons, Mauritia flexuosa, Phoenix dactylifera and Socratea exorrhiza, and on the Heliconiaceae Heliconia psittacorum Sassy; these were classified as “potential primary hosts”. Lower, but still positive values of ri (0-0.05) were determined on the Arecaceae Bactris maraja, Oenocarpus bacaba, Oenocarpus bataua and on the Musaceae Musa × paradisiaca (Prata variety); these were classified as “potential secondary hosts”. Negative values of ri were determined for the remaining plants, i.e., the Arecaceae Astrocaryum aculeatum, Attalea maripa, Bactris gasipaes, Elaeis guineensis, Euterpe oleracea, Euterpe precatoria, and the Zingiberaceae Alpinia rosea; these were considered “non-hosts”. Species with ri < 0.05 were considered not to be threatened by the RPM. Biological parameters of RPM were evaluated on the plant species with positive ri (except B. maraja) and two native species with negative ri (E. oleracea and E. precatoria). Mean developmental time ranged from 14.7 days on C. nucifera to 21.4 days on Musa × paradisiaca, showing a significant influence of the plant substrate. Immature viability, oviposition rate, net reproductive rate (R0) and intrinsic rate of increase (rm) were affected by the plant species.

Larvicidal Activities against <i>Aedes aegypti</i> and <i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i> of Some Extracts from Amazon Edible Fruits

The Amazon Forest encompasses a vast diversity of edible fruits, which are very appreciated by the local population. There are few studies describing the chemical composition or the biological activities for most of the Amazonian edible fruits. On the other hand, the Brazilian Amazon region is also endemic area for most of the tropical diseases in the country. One of the most effective control is the vector control at larval stage, especially with botanicals. The larvicidal activities against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus have been determined for the extracts and fractions of five Amazonian edible fruits: pataua ( Oenocarpus bataua ), bacaba ( Oenocarpus bacaba ), uxi ( Endopleura uchi ), tucuma ( Astrocaryum aculeatum ) and piassava ( Leopoldinia piassaba ). Lethality assay of extracts and fractions against third-instar Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus larvae revealed that at higher concentrations (500 μg.mL -1 ), all the extracts caused 100% mortality after 48 h of exposure to larvae Culex quinquefasciatus . The tested extracts and fractions exhibited larvicidal effects against Culex quinquefasciatus with LC 50 values between 29.7 and 157.2 μg.mL -1 . The results obtained should be of value in search for new natural larvicidal compounds.

Research Article Population genetic structure of three species in the genus Astrocaryum G. Mey. (Arecaceae).

We assessed the level and distribution of genetic diversity in three species of the economically important palm genus Astrocaryum located in Pará State, in northern Brazil. Samples were collected in three municipalities for Astrocaryum aculeatum: Belterra, Santarém, and Terra Santa; and in two municipalities for both A. murumuru: Belém and Santo Antônio do Tauá and A. paramaca: Belém and Ananindeua. Eight microsatellite loci amplified well and were used for genetic analysis. The mean number of alleles per locus for A. aculeatum, A. murumuru, and A. paramaca were 2.33, 2.38, and 2.06, respectively. Genetic diversity was similar for the three species, ranging from HE = 0.222 in A. aculeatum to HE = 0.254 in A. murumuru. Both FST and AMOVA showed that most of the genetic variation was found within populations for all three species, but high genetic differentiation among populations was found for A. aculeatum. Three loci were not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, with populations of A. paramaca showing a tendency for the excess of heterozygotes (FIS = -0.144). Gene flow was high for populations of A. paramaca (Nm = 19.35). Our results suggest that the genetic diversity within populations followed the genetic differentiation among populations due to high gene flow among the population. Greater geographic distances among the three collection sites for A. aculeatum likely hampered gene flow for this species.

Estudo da conservação das propriedades nutricionais da polpa de tucumã (Astrocaryum aculeatum) in natura em embalagens a vácuo

Resumo O tucumã, também conhecido como tucumã-do-amazonas, é o fruto oriundo da palmeira Astrocaryum aculeatum e possui significativo potencial econômico local. Caracteriza-se como um fruto pouco ácido, com baixos teores de açúcar, alto teor de β-caroteno e alto valor energético. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a conservação das propriedades nutricionais da polpa de tucumã in natura, a partir da utilização de embalagem a vácuo, uma vez que o armazenamento da polpa é realizado de forma inadequada, na maioria dos estabelecimentos comerciais. O potencial antioxidante da polpa durante o armazenamento também foi avaliado. Executaram-se, ao longo de 150 dias, análises de umidade, cinzas, pH, acidez, extrato etéreo, conteúdo energético, crescimento microbiológico, além da atividade antioxidante, pelo método do sequestro do radical DPPH•. As embalagens foram armazenadas sob temperatura de congelamento e resfriamento. Foi constatado que os valores de umidade, cinzas e pH são conservados pela utilização de embalagem a vácuo, em temperatura de congelamento ou resfriamento, durante cinco meses de armazenamento; a acidez foi conservada somente em embalagens a vácuo sob congelamento, por apenas dez dias; os valores de extrato etéreo foram conservados durante três meses de congelamento e um mês de resfriamento, e o valor energético contido na polpa foi conservado por dois meses sob congelamento e dez dias sob resfriamento. Não foi detectada a presença de coliformes e de Salmonella durante cinco meses de armazenamento a vácuo, em amostras congeladas e resfriadas; a atividade antioxidante foi preservada durante dois meses em amostras congeladas, mas não foi mantida em amostras resfriadas. Portanto, a partir deste estudo, foi possível verificar que a utilização de embalagens a vácuo, associada ao congelamento, permite a conservação da maioria das principais características nutricionais da polpa de tucumã in natura, por 30 dias de armazenamento. Ressalta-se, ainda, que esse é um procedimento simples, que pode ser empregado no comércio alimentício local.

Comparative study on the quality of oil extracted from two tucumã varieties using supercritical carbon dioxide

The vast Amazon region has considerable territorial peculiarities and plant species diversity, sometimes from the same botanical family, which can exhibit significant differences in physicochemical properties. From this diversity, two species stand out – Amazonas tucuma (Astrocaryum aculeatum Meyer) and Para tucuma (Astrocaryum vulgare Mart.). The research focus is to analyze, comparatively, these oleaginous fruits, their similarities, particularities and potentials regarding the oil quality extracted from two tucuma varieties from the states of Amazonas and Para, obtained using supercritical carbon dioxide, under different extraction parameters. The results demonstrate the biometric particularities of each species, highlighting the Amazon fruit, which also showed higher oil yield using supercritical CO2 extraction. The fatty acid quality and profile aspects of the oils show their unsaturated predominance, considering carotenoid content and how the extraction temperature can influence the nutritional quality of the oils. The statistical analyses indicated that the Amazon tucuma oil is superior to the Para tucuma oil. However, in terms of added value both oils have potential applications in various industrial segments.

Spatial genetic structure, genetic diversity and pollen dispersal in a harvested population of Astrocaryum aculeatum in the Brazilian Amazon.

BackgroundAstrocaryum aculeatum is a palm tree species native to the tropical regions of South America, exploited commercially by local farmers for the pulp extracted from its fruits. The objective of this research was to compare the genetic diversity between adult plants and seedlings from open-pollinated seeds, quantify the pollen flow and dispersal, the spatial genetic structure, and the effective size of a population that has been continuously harvested for its fruits. The study was carried out in a natural population of A. aculeatum distributed over approximately 8 ha in the State of Amazonas (Brazil), separated by 400 m from the closest neighboring population. In total, 112 potential pollen donors, 12 mother plants and 120 offspring were mapped and genotyped.ResultsGenetic diversity was high for parents and the offspring. The fixation indexes for adults (F = -0.035) and offspring (F = -0.060) were negative and not significant. A significant spatial genetic structure was detected for the adult plants (up to the distance of 45 m) indicating short-distance seed dispersal. Paternity analysis detected 9.2 % of pollen immigration and the average distance of pollination within the population was 81 m. The average effective pollination neighborhood area between plants was 1.51 ha.ConclusionsOur results indicate that substantial introduction of new alleles has occurred in the population through pollen immigration, contributing to the maintenance of genetic diversity. Conservation efforts aimed at maintaining the gene pool of the current population or establishing new populations should utilize offspring from mother plants selected to be spaced by at least 50 m to prevent collecting seeds from relatives.

Assessment and Physico-Chemical Characterization of Fruits from Different Tucuma Palm Tree Accesses for Keeping Their Preservation in Central Amazonia

<p>The Fruit from the Amazonian tucuma tree (<em>Astrocaryum aculeatum</em> Meyer) is almost entirely randomly extracted and thus, it holds a wide genetic variability, which diminishes its evenness besides several characteristics like pleasant flavor and thick pulp so appreciated when it comes to be consumed by humans. This fact is associated to the reproductive system, since it is a cross-pollinating plant. The present work assessed nine tucuma fruit accesses in Manaus, BR-174, Rio Preto da Eva and Vila do Equador, Rorainópolis Township, following the producers’ fruit preference indication. Simple correlation analysis indicates lipid content to be independent from the assessed characters, since it correlated to none of them. Therefore, the population formed from the selected accesses (BR 174, Jundiá 1, Manaus 1, Manaus 2), based on flavor, pulp thickness, yield and lipid content, will have a great chance of obtaining more uniform fruits that will please the consumers’ taste.</p>

Use of plant oils from the southwestern Amazon for the control of maize weevil

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the insecticidal potential of oils obtained from plant species endemic to the southwestern Amazon region against the maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky). We evaluated the mortality of insects treated with 11 plant oils. After the discriminant assays, concentration–mortality bioassays were conducted to evaluate the toxicity of each oil. The insects were treated with the oils, and mortality was assessed after 24 h. Each assay was performed in four replicates. The LC50 of the oils against S. zeamais ranged between 53.35% and 65.22% for the oils obtained from Astrocaryum aculeatum Meyer, Copaifera spp., Carapa guianensis Aublet, Oenocarpus bataua Mart., Mauritia flexuosa L,. and Orbignya phalerata Mart. These oils exhibited consistency in their toxic activity and emerged as potential alternatives to be implemented in integrated pest management programs for stored product pests. The results of this investigation identified several plant species in the Amazonian flora with potential insecticidal properties.

Palm community transitions along a topographic gradient from floodplain to terra firme in the eastern Amazon

Palms show clear niche segregation patterns along topographic gradients in tropical forests, with some species associated to terra firme and others to seasonally flooded areas. The aim of this study was to quantitatively describe the fine-scale spatial variation within a palm community, tracking the changes in species' abundance along environmental gradients associated with a perennial stream the eastern Amazon. The study of palm communities was based on 60 forest plots in which all adult palms were counted. We found a total of 566 palms in a community containing 11 species. Furthermore, we found a significant separation in the palm community between seasonally-flooded and terra firme forests. We found a gradient with various densities of the three most abundant palm species within the first 100 m away from the flooded area. Other species were located exclusively in the terra firme forest. The abundance of the six most common species were distributed in relation to humidity gradients from floodplains to terra firme, with palm distribution from the most flood-tolerant to the least flood-tolerant palm species as follows: Euterpe oleracea, Attalea phalerata and Socratea exorrhiza (species with floodplain affinity), Astrocaryum gynacanthum, Astrocaryum aculeatum, Attalea maripa (species with terra firme affinity)

Nutritional Value and Sensorial Attributes of Tucum Paste

Aims: The objective was to evaluate different formulations of tucum ( Astrocaryum aculeatum ) paste about the nutritional value, sensory characteristics and acceptability. Study Design: Physicochemical analysis; sensorial evaluation; analysis of variance and Tukey test ( p≤0.05 ). Place and Duration of Study: The ripe fruits of tucum (under the condition of mixed progeny) were purchased in markets in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. The experiment was carried out in the Department of Food Technology of the National Institute of Amazonian Research - INPA between Original Research Article

Tucumã fruit extracts (Astrocaryum aculeatum Meyer) decrease cytotoxic effects of hydrogen peroxide on human lymphocytes

This study quantifies the bioactive molecules in and determines the in vitro protective effect of ethanolic extracts isolated from the peel and pulp of tucumã (Astrocaryum aculeatum, Mart.), an Amazonian fruit rich in carotenoids. The cytoprotective effect of tucumã was evaluated in lymphocyte cultures exposed to H2O2 using spectrophotometric, fluorimetric, and immunoassay assays. The results confirmed that tucumã pulp extract is rich in β-carotene and quercetin, as previously described in the literature. However, high levels of these compounds were also found in tucumã peel extract. The extracts also contained significant amounts rutin, gallic acid, caffeic acid, and chlorogenic acid. Despite quantitative differences in the concentration of these bioactive molecules, both extracts increased the viability of cells exposed to H2O2 in concentrations ranging from 300 to 900μg/mL. Caspases 1, 3, and 8 decreased significantly in cells concomitantly exposed to H2O2 and these extracts, indicating that tucumã cryoprotection involves apoptosis modulation.

Effects of Astrocaryum aculeatum Meyer (Tucumã) on Diet-Induced Dyslipidemic Rats.

An in vivo study was conducted to assess the effects of the consumption of Astrocaryum aculeatum Amazon Meyer (tucumã) in the treatment of diet-induced dyslipidemia in sedentary and exercised Wistar rats. With an average weight of 350 grams, 40 male rats were divided into 4 subgroups of 10. The sedentary control group (SCG) was fed with commercial feed, while the sedentary treatment group (STG) was fed with a ration of tucumã. In addition to the sedentary groups, two exercise groups were formed. The Exercised control group (ECG) was fed with commercial food and the exercised treatment group (ETG) was fed with a ration of tucumã. Body weight gain and food intake were monitored during the experiment. Plasma was analyzed for cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C, LDL-C, VLDL, total protein, glucose, insulin, and leptin concentrations. Our results show that the ECG group tended to consume more food, while the groups that were fed with tucumã pulp (STG and ETG) presented a greater tendency to gain body mass. ECG group showed a tendency towards a higher concentration of cholesterol in plasma, while STG and ETG presented higher absolute values for triglycerides and VLDL. No hypolipiemic effect was observed related to tucuma ingestion.

TheIn VitroGenotoxic Effect of Tucuma (Astrocaryum aculeatum), an Amazonian Fruit Rich in Carotenoids

Tucuma (Astrocaryum aculeatum) is an Amazonian fruit that presents high levels of carotenoids and other bioactive compounds such as quercetin. The extracts of tucuma peel and pulp present strong antioxidant activity which illustrate an elevated concentration that causes cytotoxic effects in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). This study performed additional investigations to analyze the potential genotoxic effects of the tucuma extracts on PBMCs. The genotoxicity was evaluated by DNA fragmentation, Comet assay, and chromosomal instability G-band assays. The acute tucuma extract treatment showed genoprotective effects against DNA denaturation when compared with untreated PBMC cells. However, in the experiments with 24 and 72 h treatments to tucuma treatments, we observed low genotoxicity through a concentration of 100 μg/mL, some genotoxic effects related to intermediary concentrations (100-500 μg/mL), and more pronounced genotoxic effects on higher tucuma extract concentrations. After 24 h of treatment, the reactive oxygen species were similar among treatments and PBMC control groups. However, the caspase-1 activity related to the apoptosis and pyroptosis process increased significantly in higher tucuma concentrations. In summary, tucuma extracts, despite their higher antioxidant content and antioxidant activity, would present PBMCs genotoxic effects that are dependent on concentration and time exposition. These results need to be considered in future in vitro and in vivo studies of tucuma effects.

Antimicrobial activity of Amazon Astrocaryum aculeatum extracts and its association to oxidative metabolism

Several compounds present in fruits as polyphenols are able to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. These proprieties are relevant mainly in tropical areas, as Amazonian region where infectious are highly prevalent. Therefore, this study investigated the antimicrobial activity of tucumã Amazonian fruit against 37 microorganisms. The potential role of oxidative metabolism imbalance was also studied as causal mechanism of antimicrobial activity. The results showed antibacterial effect of pulp and peel tucumã hydro-alcoholic extracts on three Gram-positive bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes) and antifungal effect against Candida albicans. The antimicrobial contribution of main chemical compounds (quercetin, rutin, β-carotene and gallic, caffeic and chlorogenic acids) found in tucumã extracts was also investigated showing an inhibitory effect depending of the organism mainly by quercetin in bacteria and rutin in C. albicans. Analysis of kinetic of DNA releasing in extracellular medium by fluorescence using DNA Pico Green assay® and reactive oxygen species production (ROS) showed potential oxidative imbalance contribution on tucumã inhibitory effect. In B. cereus and C. albicans this effect was clear since after 24h the ROS levels were higher when compared to negative control group. In conclusion, tucumã extracts present antimicrobial activity to four microorganisms that have large problems of drug resistance, and the possible mechanism of action of this Amazon fruit is related to REDOX imbalance.

Microsatellite loci for tucumã of Amazonas (Astrocaryum aculeatum) and amplification in other Arecaceae

Microsatellite loci were developed for tucumã of Amazonas (Astrocaryum aculeatum), and cross-species amplification was performed in six other Arecaceae, to investigate genetic diversity and population structure and to provide support for natural populations management. • Fourteen microsatellite loci were isolated from a microsatellite-enriched genomic library and used to characterize two wild populations of tucumã of Amazonas (Manaus and Manicoré cities). The investigated loci displayed high polymorphism for both A. aculeatum populations, with a mean observed heterozygosity of 0.498. Amplification rates ranging from 50% to 93% were found for four Astrocaryum species and two additional species of Arecaceae. • The information derived from the microsatellite markers developed here provides significant gains in conserved allelic richness and supports the implementation of several molecular breeding strategies for the Amazonian tucumã.