ASTM A Research Articles

Investigating the effects of partitioning temperature fluctuations on the mechanical properties of ASTM A36 carbon steel using Q-P-T heat treatment: an experimental study

In the continuum of time and technological advancement, the use of metals, specifically carbon steel, has significantly increased as primary materials in various operational and industrial domains, including tool fabrication and automotive components. To meet the evolving demands of industries, precise heat treatment processes have been developed to enhance the metallic properties. This study specifically focused on the application of the Quenching-Partitioning-Tempering (Q-P-T) method to ASTM A36 steel. The study investigated different partitioning temperatures, namely 300℃, 350℃, and 400℃, with 15-minute intervals. A comprehensive set of mechanical tests, including hardness, tensile, and microstructural analyses, were conducted to assess the response of the material to the treatment. The results reveal significant findings: a partitioning temperature of 300℃ yields the highest hardness value of 164 Vickers Hardness Number (VHN). Furthermore, the tensile tests demonstrate that a partitioning temperature of 300℃ is optimal, achieving a maximum stress value of 515.73 MPa. Conversely, a partitioning temperature of 400℃ exhibits the highest strain value at 21.08% and the highest elastic modulus value at 11.47 GPa. Microstructural evaluations highlighted the presence of pearlite and ferrite phases, with the partitioning temperature of 300°C displaying the highest proportion of pearlite phase at 38.5%. This meticulous investigation expands our understanding of metallurgy and underscores the intricate relationship between partitioning temperatures and the mechanical properties of ASTM A36 steel. It provides valuable insights for material design and application methodologies and facilitates advancements in industrial practices

Analysis the Effect of Different Surface Preparation Methods on Corrosion Resistance and Adhesion Strength of ASTM A36 Steel Substrate with Surface Tolerant Epoxy Paint as Coating Material

In the industrial world, to extend the service life of materials, protection methods are carried out to slow down the material's corrosion rate. The protection method that is often used is the coating method. The coating method is a protection method by coating the substrate material using a coating material to prevent contact between the substrate material and the environment. In this research, the substrate material used is ASTM A36 steel and the coating material used is Surface Tolerant Epoxy paint. The independent variable used in this study lies in the surface preparation method which consists of: solvent cleaning, hand tool cleaning, power tool cleaning, power tool to bare metal cleaning, and abrasive blast cleaning. Different preparation methods result in different roughness and cleanliness of the surface. This can affect changes in the mechanical properties of the coating material, such as corrosion resistance and adhesion strength. Based on the corrosion resistance test, it is found that the abrasive blast cleaning and power tool to bare metal cleaning methods produce the highest corrosion resistance properties because both have a rating number of 8 in the salt spray test results. Based on the adhesion strength test, it is found that the abrasive blast cleaning method also produces the highest adhesion strength. This conclusion refers to the results of the tape x-cut test where the sample produces a rating number 5A where the sample does not experience peeling after testing. In addition, the abrasive blast cleaning method produced the highest adhesion strength in the pull-off test, which was 7.16 Mpa. Thus, the abrasive blast cleaning method is the most effective surface preparation method for ASTM A36 steel before being coated with the coating material. In addition, it can also be concluded that the higher the surface roughness of the sample, the better the corrosion resistance and adhesion strength.

Dissimilar Welding of Thick Ferritic/Austenitic Steels Plates Using Two Simultaneous Laser Beams in a Single Pass

Dissimilar welds between ferritic and austenitic stainless steels are widely used in industrial applications. Taking into account the issues inherent to arc welding, such as the high heat input and the need to carry out multiple passes in the case of thick plates, a procedure with two simultaneous laser beams (working in a single pass) and consumable inserts as filler metal has been considered. Particular attention was paid to the choice of the filler metal (composition and amount), as well as welding parameters, which are crucial to obtain the right dilution necessary for a correct chemical composition in the weld zone. The first experimental investigations confirmed the achievement of a good weldability of the dissimilar pair ASTM A387 ferritic/AISI 304L austenitic steel, having ascertained that the microstructure of the weld zone is austenitic with a little amount of residual primary ferrite, which is the best condition to minimize the risk of hot cracking.

Identification of the Mechanism Resulting in Regions of Degraded Toughness in A508 Grade 4N Manufactured Using Powder Metallurgy–Hot Isostatic Pressing

Powder metallurgy–hot isostatic pressing (PM-HIP) is a form of advanced manufacturing that offers the ability to produce near-net shape components that are otherwise not achievable via conventional forging or wrought manufacturing. Accessing the design space of PM-HIP is dependent upon the ability to achieve uniform or known properties in finalized components, which has resulted in a number of programs aimed at identifying properties achievable via PM-HIP manufacturing. One result of these programs has been the consistent observation of a variation in toughness observed for the low-alloy steel ASTM A508 Grades 3 and 4N. While observed, the degree of variability and the mechanism resulting in the variability have not yet been fully defined. Thus, a systematic approach to evaluate the variation observed in impact toughness in PM-HIP ASTM A508 Grade 4N was proposed to elucidate the responsible metallurgical mechanism. Four unique billets manufactured from two heats of powder with different particle size distributions (PSDs) were fabricated and tested for impact toughness and tensile properties. The degradation in impact toughness was confirmed to be location-specific where the near-can region of all billets had reduced impact toughness relative to the interior of each billet. The mechanism driving the location-specific property development was identified to be mobile oxygen that follows the thermal gradient that develops during the HIP cycle and leads to a redistribution of mobile oxygen where oxygen is concentrated ~1” inboard of the original canister/billet interface. Redistributed oxygen then forms stable oxides along coincident prior particle and prior austenite grain boundaries, effectively reducing the impact toughness. With the mechanism now addressed, necessary actions can be taken to mitigate the effect of the oxygen redistribution, allowing for use in PM-HIP A508 Grade 4N in commercial industry.

Inspection of Semi-Elliptical Defects in a Steel Pipe Using the Metal Magnetic Memory Method

Ferromagnetic pipes are widely used for fluid transportation in various industries. The failure of these ferromagnetic pipes due to surface defects can generate industrial accidents, economic losses, and environmental pollution. Non-destructive testing techniques are required to detect these surface defects. An alternative is the metal magnetic memory (MMM) method, which can be employed to detect surface flaws in ferromagnetic structures. Based on this method, we present an analysis of experimental results of the magnetic field variations around five different surface semi-elliptical defects of an ASTM A36 steel pipe. A measurement system of MMM signals is implemented with a rotatory mechanism, a magnetoresistive sensor, a data processing unit, and a control digital unit. The MMM method does not require expensive equipment or special treatment of the ferromagnetic structures. In order to research a potential relationship between the defect sample size and the measured MMM signals, variable defect dimensions are experimentally considered. According to these results, the shape and magnitude of the normal and tangential MMM signals are altered by the superficial semi-elliptical defects. In particular, the maximum and mean tangential components and the maximum and minimum normal components are related to the defect dimensions. The proposed measurement system can be used to study the behavior of magnetic field variations around surface defects of ferromagnetic pipes. This system can be adapted to measure the position and damage level of small defects on the surface of ferromagnetic pipes.

Static Loading Simulation on Temporary Platform and Ladder Absorbent Chamber Design

This study utilizes SolidWorks software to thoroughly examine the structural layout and static load simulation of a temporary platform and ladder in an adsorbent chamber. SolidWorks, a computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided engineering (CAE) software, offers robust tools for 3D modeling, simulation, and analysis, making it ideal for this type of structural assessment. Finite element analysis (FEA), a simulation model within SolidWorks, is employed to determine stress distribution and safety factors. The results demonstrate the platform's maximum stress at 198.65 MPa, below the yield strength of ASTM A36 Steel, leading to a safety factor of 1.3. These findings validate the design's safety and reliability for industrial use.

Improving anti-corrosion and mechanical properties of mild steel pipelines by using polyurea with nanoparticles

ASTM A106 B grade is used to manufacture seamless steel pipe, which can be used at high temperature, pressure, and hard environmental conditions for oil and gas supplies but suffers from corrosion. Polyurea is an organic coating that is resistant to moisture, UV light, and chemicals and has a high range of service temperatures. In this study, the effect of polyurea coating with the addition of copper nanoparticles was investigated for improvement of anti-corrosion and mechanical behavior in 3.5 % NaCl solution for A106 steel. Potentiodynamic Polarization (PDP) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) tests were performed to examine anticorrosion properties, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to examine quality coating, thickness, and distribution of copper nanoparticles. Wear, hardness, and tensile tests were performed to check mechanical properties. The corrosion rate decreases from 0.16264 mpy to 0.01376 mpy while coating resistance increases from 2.95 × 104 Ω cm2 to 2.474 × 105 Ω cm2. An increasing trend was observed during the tensile test for pure polyurea and pure polyurea with 2 % copper nanoparticles. i.e., 501 MPa and 536 MPa, respectively. Results showed pure polyurea and polyurea with copper nanoparticles on steel improve its anti-corrosion and mechanical properties significantly.

Electrodeposition of organic corrosion inhibitor prepared from eucalyptus robusta leaves

Eucalyptus Robusta leaves were used as raw material to develop a steel corrosion inhibitor. A straightforward approach was employed to extract organic molecules from Eucalyptus Robusta leaves, which were applied as a protective coating on steel surfaces to inhibit corrosion. The solution containing the organic inhibitor was electrodeposited onto the surfaces of ASTM A36 steel samples, and an investigation into the parameters of charge (positive or negative), voltage (5 or 20 V), and time (5 and 30 min) was conducted through a 23 factorial experiment. Electrodeposited wet and dry samples had their open circuit voltage (OCP) measured in an acid solution and compared with the OCP of samples in which the inhibitor was deposited by simple immersion (deposited samples) and samples without inhibitor (blank samples). All the samples that had contact with the inhibitor increased their OCP values, showing the effectiveness of the deposition of the inhibitor. Nevertheless, the electrodeposition process carried out for 30 min and with a positive charge (anodic) proved to be the most effective in increasing the OCP value. Optical and scanning electron microscopy analyses revealed that the inhibitor solution effectively formed a thin, uniform, compact film on the metal surface. However, occasional deposition anomalies resulted in the formation of protrusions with organic material accumulation. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Tafel curves were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the organic inhibitors. Accelerated corrosion tests in an HCl solution indicated reduced corrosion and the formation of distinct corrosion products for samples with an inhibitor compared to a sample without an inhibitor.

Overstrength and Rotation Capacity of Short and Very Short Links Made of ASTM A992 Steel and Subjected to AISC 341-22 Loading Protocol

Overstrength and Rotation Capacity of Short and Very Short Links Made of ASTM A992 Steel and Subjected to AISC 341-22 Loading Protocol

Analysis of the Effect of Different Surface Preparation Methods on Corrosion Resistance and Adhesion Strength of ASTM A36 Steel Substrate with Surface Tolerant Epoxy Paint as Coating Material

Analysis of the Effect of Different Surface Preparation Methods on Corrosion Resistance and Adhesion Strength of ASTM A36 Steel Substrate with Surface Tolerant Epoxy Paint as Coating Material

Stainless steels as a solution for corrosion and erosion problems involving grains in agribusiness sector applications

Agricultural activities such as grain processing play a crucial role in Brazil's economy, contributing significantly to its gross domestic product (27.4% in 2021). The use of carbon steel equipment leads to considerable environmental and economic losses in agribusiness due to corrosion. This study explores the erosion-corrosion behavior of a dual-phase 11Cr and an 18Cr8Ni stainless steel (SS), compared to a mild (ASTM A36) and a high-strength carbon (AHSS) steel under conditions close to the agribusiness reality. The impact of corn particles as erosive component associated to pure water and chloride-containing environments was studied using a fog chamber, a topic until now unexplored in the literature. The methodology adopted is novel and explores the erosion-corrosion synergy in cumulative steps, aiming to shed light on the mechanisms of corrosion and wear that affect the materials in the agribusiness industry. The findings reveal that corn particles, despite their soft nature, can easily remove non-adherent corrosion products from the steel surface. In the deionized water medium, the impact of the soft particles can also shift the corrosion pattern of advanced high-strength steels from general corrosion to localized pitting damage reduzing the corrosion rates. The carbon and 11Cr steels showed the highest corrosion rates under the pure corrosion condition in both media. The erosion-corrosion process considerably reduced the corrosion rate, mainly in the deionized water medium for the carbon steels. An exception to this behavior was 18Cr8Ni steel, whose corrosion rates, however, were the lowest among the materials. Low-chromium stainless steel emerges as a cost-effective solution to erosion-corrosion challenges in the agribusiness segment.

Corrosion Behaviour of a Cr2O3 Coating on Mild Steel in Synthetic Mine Water

The Cr2O3 coating on the surface of ASTM A516 Grade 70 mild steel substrates was developed using the thermal plasma spraying process for protection against corrosion and wear. The microstructural behaviours for both coating and substrate were analysed using SEM and XRD techniques. The corrosion behaviours of the coatings and substrate in synthetic mine water with varying pH values (6, 3, and 1) were evaluated according to ASTM standards for potentiodynamic polarisation measurements. Tafel plots were drawn to determine the corrosion rates. Vickers hardness of the coatings and substrate were measured. The Cr2O3 coating exhibited cracks due to the solidification and cooling process, as well as some pores between the top and bonding layers caused by unmelted or partially melted particles. The corrosion tests revealed that a decrease in pH levels led to increased corrosion rates in both samples. The Cr2O3 coating demonstrated superior corrosion resistance, ranging from 0.036±0.003 mm/year to 0.110±0.004 mm/year, compared to the mild steel substrate, which ranged from 0.262±0.021 mm/year to 0.336±0.026 mm/year, across all pH values. Moreover, it exhibited significantly greater hardness (1260±77 HV3) than the mild steel substrate (180±14 HV3). The lower corrosion rates and higher hardness of Cr2O3 coating than the mild steel substrate make it a suitable coating in applications where corrosion resistance and high hardness properties are essential.

Design and Analysis of Heavy-Duty Vehicle Chassis

Automotive Chassis is the main body of a vehicle which act as a frame work for supporting the other part of vehicle. It should work on various parameter like shock, twist, vibration etc. it should have adequate bending stiffness for better handling characteristics. Stress and equilateral stress are basic characteristics for designing of a firm chassis. There are many industrialized sectors using truck as means of transportation for logistics, agricultures, factories and other industries. In this paper, three different material was adopted on the C-section truck frame design. ASTM A302, HSS 550 and ASTM A710 were structurally analysed on the heavy truck frame through finite element analysis. The results were compared and the best truck chassis material was identified with lower stress and deflection.

Optimizing the Design Structure of Recycled Aluminum Pressing Machine using the Finite Element Method

Optimizing the Design Structure of Recycled Aluminum Pressing Machine using the Finite Element Method

Pengaruh Interpass-temperature pada Pengelasan SMAW Terhadap Deformasi dan Kekuatan Impak Baja ASTM A36

Currently, welding is still very necessary for the increasingly advanced development of technology in the construction sector because it plays an important role in metal engineering and maintenance. This research aims to determine the effect of interpass temperature on deformation of weld results in ASTM A36 steel material. The method used in this research is an experimental method by measuring the deformation of the welded specimen. There are 9 specimens, the welding process uses shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), direct current reverse polarity (DCRP) with interpass temperature variations of 75 °C, 100 °C and 150 °C. The measurement results show deformation values ​​of 2.2°, 3.5° and 4° for each of the interpass temperatures of 75 °C, 100 °C and 150 °C. From the results of impact testing on specimens with interpass temperatures of 75 °C and 100 °C, it shows mixed fracture, namely brittle fracture and ductile fracture. The results of impact testing on specimens with an interpass temperature of 150 °C showed brittle fracture. The highest strength was at interpass temperature specimen of 100 °C, that is 211.79 Joules. And the lowest impact strength occurred in the interpass temperature specimen at 150 °C, that is 183.16 Joules.

Design and Fabrication of an Automated Organic Matter Slurry Mixer for Bio Digester

Biodigesters are designed to optimize biogas production using organic wastes, thereby attaining clean, low-cost renewable energy. In thisstudy, an automated mixer with electronically controlledstirring system was designed, fabricated and tested using local available materials for a biogas production small digester. Cow dung obtained from an abattoir in Effurun-Sapele road was used as the feedstock. The mixer is designed to mix a calculated amount of cow dung in a tank using anaerobic digestion application, resulting ina homogeneous mixture. The mixer comprises of fourmain parts:The conicalsewage tank,stirrer, hopper and electric motor. The tank (about 250L) wasmade of Mild steel (ASTM A36) of 830mm high and 600 diameters wide. The length of the stirrerof galvanizedsteel (ASTM A653) wassame asthe height of the tank.While the hopper and electricmotor were 220mm high and 2Hp (approximately 2800rpm). Experimental conditions results revealed relationship between vital parameters wherein a direct proportionate relationship was established for the operation time, feed content mass rate, volume of mixing requirements and output slurry. From the experimental results obtained, mixing 50kg of biowaste (cow dung) with 50litres of water, produced 74litres of slurry matter while increasing the mixture to 150kg of organic matter with a corresponding volume of 150litres of water, produced 221litres of slurry matter. The total cost for the design and fabrication of the automated mixer was estimated at ₦281,000. The results also showed that the designed mixer was environmentally sustainable. Finally in order to improve on the quality and performance of this design, additional features andcomponents like: flushing system, tires for easy mobility and a mechanical pump for transferringthe slurry to a biodigester should be incorporated.

Electrochemical Behavior of Carbon Steel ASTM A36 in Diluted Pregnant Leach Solutions from Electrowinning of Copper

Electrochemical Behavior of Carbon Steel ASTM A36 in Diluted Pregnant Leach Solutions from Electrowinning of Copper

PENGARUH QUENCHING SETELAH PENGELASAN TERHADAP KOROSI DI BAWAH INSULASI MEDIA AIR LAUT PADA BAJA A36

Corrosion in low-carbon steel is a significant issue in the industrial world, particularly in the oil, gas, refining, and chemical industries, as it leads to substantial financial losses. The total losses experienced by companies in Indonesia are estimated to reach 2-5% of the country's GDP. Corrosion arising from insulation damage, known as Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI), is challenging to detect but has a profound impact on industrial processes. Welding quality and corrosion resistance can be improved through post-weld heat treatment (PWHT). This research aims to investigate the influence of rapid cooling after welding low-carbon ASTM A36 steel on corrosion events under insulation using the "Water Immersion" method with seawater from the Muntok area, Bangka Belitung Islands Province, for 7 and 14 days. The welding process is performed using shielded metal arc welding (SMAW). Heat treatment is applied at 880°C for 60 minutes, as determined by the carbon equivalent calculation, followed by rapid cooling in seawater. Testing includes chemical composition analysis, non-destructive testing with dye penetrant on the welds, Brinell hardness testing, corrosion rate calculations, charpy impact testing, and metallography observations. The research results indicate that quenching enhances hardness and toughness while affecting the corrosion rate of the material after corrosion immersion, both with and without insulation. Material immersion exhibits a corrosion rate inhibition on the 14th day due to the formation of an oxide layer that hinders further degradation. Metallography observations reveal that after welding, phases formed include pearlite, acicular ferrite, and widmanstatten structures.

Behavior of high strength reinforcing steel rebars after high temperature exposure: Tensile properties and bond behavior using pull-out and end beam tests

High strength reinforcing steel (HSRS) is increasingly being adopted in the construction industry in North America due to its high load-carrying capacity, yet their behavior relative to normal grade rebars under external hazard events such as fire exposure still need further research. In current work, the first goal is to investigate the residual tensile properties of different types of HSRS and normal rebars including ASTM A706, A615, A1035CS, and A1035CM with grades of 420, 550, and 690 before and after high temperatures (350 °C and 700 °C), that simulates residual capacity after different levels of fire exposure. The second goal is to explore the residual bond strength of these rebars using both pull-out and end-beam tests after heat exposure, facilitating a comparison among test methods and evaluating their reliability under fire hazard conditions. The tensile test results indicated insignificant changes in the mechanical properties of all rebars after 350 ℃ heat exposure. However, there was a significant reduction of more than 30% in both yield and ultimate strength after 700 ℃ heat exposure for high grades like grade 690 of ASTM A1035. Among all rebar types and grades, only grade 420 of ASTM A706 retained most of its ductility and strength, making it the most reliable rebar among those tested against fire hazards. In the bond tests, splitting failure was observed at both ambient and after 500 °C heat exposure. Heat exposure resulted in a 73% reduction in bond strength across all rebars for the pull-out tests, with no significant variations between rebar types. On the other hand, end-beam tests indicated a 12.6% average reduction in bond strength with a 9% improvement in bond behavior for ASTM A706 grade 420. However, for ASTM A1035 CS grade 690 and ASTM A706 grade 550 there were slight reductions in bond behavior, with decreases of 9% and 14%, respectively. Compared to the end-beam test, the pull-out test results in a significant reduction in bond strength due to its high dependency on excessive compressive strength reduction resulting in brittle splitting failure. Based on comparison with empirical models, it is recommended not to use models derived from pull-out tests to estimate bond strength, as they tend to overestimate it. Instead, empirical models based on end-beam tests are recommended, since they show consistency with test results. It should be noted that although the bond strength based on splitting failure is primarily dependent on concrete properties, changes were observed in the bond behavior among different rebars, which can be attributed to changes in friction at the interface due to morphological changes in the rebar surface after heat exposure, as well as potential variations in thermal expansion properties, which need further research.

Evolution of Residual Stress, Crystal Orientation, and Texture on Preheating Weld Treatment of Low Carbon Steel ASTM A572 Grade 42

Preheating is one type of heat treatment on the material prior to starting the welding process by increasing the temperature of the material. It is used to reduce the cooling rate during the welding processes to minimize the risk of residual stress and cracking during welding. Besides the benefits of welding, it also has a negative impact, especially on the integrity of the material, because the heating process at high temperatures will cause residual stress, which will affect the mechanical properties, chemical composition, and microstructure of the material, especially on Heat Affected Zone (HAZ). This study aims to analyze the effect of preheating at a temperature of 200 ºC on the welding for ASTM A572 Grade 42 steel with a thickness of 40mm using the SMAW (Shielded Metal-Arch welding) method. ASTM A572 Grade 42 was used in this study with carbon content of less than 0.25%. Based on the results of measurements and analysis using the XRD method, it was found that preheating resulted in reducing the residual stress on both weld metal and HAZ areas. Preheating treatment also moved the peak diffraction to the right side, which means the heat treatment affected compressive residual stress rather than tensile residual stress. For crystal orientation, area [110] has the highest peak diffraction and highest intensity. This area also was found with smaller size crystal size and higher dislocation and microstrain. While bigger crystal size with lower dislocation and microstrain were found in the area [200]. For texture, the highest density was found in the area [200], while the weaker texture was found in the areas [110] and [211]. The texture was influenced by plastic deformation due to atomic structure and its dislocation.