ASTM A Research Articles

Weldability Test of Aws A5.9 ER385 Filler Metal Deposited Through MIG-VP on Astm A36 Substrate

Objective: The objective of this investigation is to validate the MIG-PV process using AWS A5.9 ER385 filler metal on ASTM A36 steel through solidification cracking and hydrogen-induced cracking tests, as well as to evaluate the surface and deposition quality of the process. Theoretical framework: Issues related to hydrogen-induced cracking and solidification cracking are reported by various authors, typically exhibiting higher sensitivity with an increased amount of alloying elements in the matrix and greater dissimilarity between the materials involved. Method: For these reasons, solidification and hydrogen-induced cracking tests are routinely performed, incorporating a variety of restraint types to simulate real-world conditions of the component's operational environment. To this end, the Houldcroft test, Controlled Thermal Severity (CTS) test, and H-plate test were conducted, the latter employing weaving techniques. Results and discussion: The results validated the process and materials, as they demonstrated excellent surface finish and process stability, with no cracking issues related to the imposed test conditions or respective restraints, even after 72 hours in the hydrogen-induced cracking tests. Research implications: Given the high potential of the filler metal and its significant dissimilarity with the tested carbon steel, the tests proved appropriate, positioning the process and materials as suitable candidates for diverse applications, particularly in corrosion-resistant cladding. Originality/Value: The study of the pair of evaluated materials linked to the process has been little researched and presents great potential for application.

Evaluation of microstructure, crystallographic texture, crystal orientation, grain boundary characteristics, and mechanical characteristics of dissimilar joints of ASTM A240 and alloy 625 in different welding techniques for high temperature applications

Evaluation of microstructure, crystallographic texture, crystal orientation, grain boundary characteristics, and mechanical characteristics of dissimilar joints of ASTM A240 and alloy 625 in different welding techniques for high temperature applications

PENGARUH JENIS WELDING GROOVE TERHADAP KEKUATAN IMPACT PLAT BAJA ASTM A36 MENGGUNAKAN MESIN LAS SMAW

Currently, metal joining with welding process is increasingly used, both in building construction, piping, and machine construction. This is due to the many advantages obtained from joining by welding. The use of the right welding groove will also affect the welding results. The purpose of using welding groove is for the place to fill the welding material and can also strengthen the design of the metal joint. Welding groove plays an important role in improving the design and properties of the joint in the welding process. ASTM A36 welding using SMAW welding current 110 A is carried out with Groove variations, namely VGroove, Square Groove, and Bevel Groove and using E6013 electrodes with a diameter of 2.6 mm. The purpose of this study was to determine the strength of SMAW welding joints on ASTM A36 against the Charphy impact test. the required impact charphy effort results (W) are on V Groove of 73.519 J, Square Groove of 67.43 J, and Bevel Groove of 70.485 J. And produces an impact charphy value (K) on V Groove of 0.918 J / ????????2, on Square Groove of 0.842 J / ????????2 and on Bevel Groove of 0.881 J / ????????2. The impact charphy value on V Groove with SMAW welding current of 110 A on ASTM A36 carbon steel is the best with the required impact charphy results (W) namely on V Groove of 73.519 J and the impact charphy value (K) on V Groove of 0.918 J / ????????2

On the effect of heat treatment schedules on the structure-property behaviour of heat-affected zones of ASTM A335 steel: Gleeble thermal-mechanical simulation

On the effect of heat treatment schedules on the structure-property behaviour of heat-affected zones of ASTM A335 steel: Gleeble thermal-mechanical simulation

Optimizing Process Parameters for ASTM A36 Steel Welding with a Locally Manufactured Arc Welding Machine

In many different industries, welding is a common joining technique. However, due to a lack of finance, tiny fabrication businesses in Nigeria frequently use simple manual arc welding equipment. Although these systems enable necessary joining activities, their erratic performance over time degrades output and quality. Welds are unreliable and may need to be redone if the process parameters are not systematically understood. This also restricts the thickness of materials that may be employed. Through experiment design, this study sought to optimize the characteristics of a manually operated shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) machine. Current, voltage, electrode diameter, and travel speed were found to be important adjustable parameters. To examine how changes in these variables affect the results of weld quality, an experimental design was created. The manual SMAW machine's ideal parameters were determined to be 46.498 amps of current, 28.662 volts of voltage, 2.920 mm of electrode diameter, and 100 mm/min of travel speed. The anticipated tensile shear strength at these levels was 502.362 MPa, the micro hardness was 437.736 kgf/mm2, and the weld bead width was 6.124 mm. When compared to the machine's initial capabilities, performance under optimal conditions demonstrated increases in productivity, dependability, and defect reduction. To assist Nigeria's industrialization objectives, local technical skills can be sustainably developed through the methodical improvement of current resources.

COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF PROPERTIES OF STEELS USED IN NIGERIA TO FORESTALL BUILDING COLLAPSES

This research analyzed the mechanical properties of reinforcing steel bars used in Nigeria and compared them to four different standards (AISI 1018, ASTM A706, BS4449, and NST-65-Mn). This was done as a result of frequent building collapses in Nigeria, which has revealed the knowledge gap between what the designers expect and the true mechanical properties of the products they typically receive from manufacturers. Related literature from published articles was collected and analyzed based on the mechanical properties of locally produced and imported steels. Results showed that the tensile strength, yield strength, hardness, percentage elongation, and percentage carbon composition of most products met and exceeded the requirements of AISI 1018, ASTM A706, BS4449, and Nst-65-Mn when compared, while some fell below what these standards required. Federated Steel Mills Limited, Ogun State, has the highest tensile stress value at 799.49 MPa, followed by Real Steel Reinforcing Pty Limited, Auckland, New Zealand, at 726.34 MPa, and Landcraft Industries Limited, Ikorudu, Lagos, at 708.3 MPa, according to a yield and tensile strengths analysis of 16 mm steel bars produced locally and imported. The lowest tensile strengths ever reported are 410 MPa for African Steel Nig. Limited, Ikorodu, Lagos, and 538.51 MPa for steel imported from Brazil. It is hoped that the data from this study will bridge the knowledge gap between the team players in this field, thus preventing catastrophe.

Corrosion Rate of ASTM A53 Steel in Seawater Influenced by Variation in Concentration of Mangifera Indica L. Peel Extract

This study investigates the effectiveness of mango peel extract as a corrosion inhibitor for ASTM A53 steel, which is widely used in the oil and gas industry. The research aims to evaluate how different concentrations of mango peel extract can mitigate corrosion in seawater from Pangandaran, thereby extending the lifespan of steel components in marine environments. Corrosion tests were conducted through immersion experiments over durations of 1, 4, 9, 16, and 25 days with mango peel extract concentrations of 0 ppm, 20 ppm, 40 ppm, 60 ppm, and 80 ppm. Analytical methods including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Optical Microscopy (OM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to examine the steel's surface morphology and chemical composition. The results demonstrate that mango peel extract significantly reduces the corrosion rate of ASTM A53 steel, with the highest efficiency achieved at 40 ppm (58.15%) and a notable reduction at 60 ppm (56.4%). The inhibition is attributed to chemical absorption, which lowers the steel's corrosion potential. These findings suggest that mango peel extract is an effective, eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor, offering practical and theoretical benefits for corrosion management. This research supports the use of bio-based inhibitors and may inform future industrial corrosion protection strategies.

Morphology of Secondary Phase Particles and Stability of Subgrain Structure in Martensitic Steel 10Cr9Co3W2MoVNbB (ASTM A335 P92) Under Creep Conditions

Morphology of Secondary Phase Particles and Stability of Subgrain Structure in Martensitic Steel 10Cr9Co3W2MoVNbB (ASTM A335 P92) Under Creep Conditions

Application of Submerged arc Welding at Different Amperages in the Manufacture of Storage Tanks and Examination of the Weld Zone

In the study, ASTM A36 steel materials were combined with submerged arc welding using different amperages. Non-destructive magnetic particle (MT), liquid penetrant (SP), radiographic (RT), and ultrasonic (UT) examinations were performed on the joints. In addition, optical microscope, microhardness, bending, tensile, and notch impact tests were carried out on the welds. As a result of the RT and UT examinations, a lack of root penetration was found in the welds made at 450 A and 475 A. In the optical microscope examinations, the areas formed by the HAZ-weld metal transition were found to have a similar appearance for each amperage. In the microhardness studies, the hardness values are listed as weld metal, HAZ, and base material from high to low. From the notch impact tests, it was found that increasing the temperature increased the toughness value. From the bending tests performed on the joints where 450A and 475A were used, it was found that cracks and tears occurred. In addition, a rupture occurred in the weld metal during the tensile tests conducted on the joints made at 450 A and 475 A. For the joints made at other amperage values, it occurred in the base material.

Effects of drilling parameters on drill bit wear of ASTM A36 steel

Drilling is a crucial process in metal manufacturing, with drill bits being key tools for creating holes in workpieces. During drilling, wear of the drill bits occurs inevitably. Several factors affect the wear of drill bits, such as materials, workpieces, and drilling parameters. The impact of these parameters on wear is investigated to understand the effects of drilling parameters on drill bit wear. This study used a diameter of 6 mm of uncoated high-speed steel drill bits to create the hole with 30 mm depth on ASTM A36 steel. The drilling was performed utilizing the DMG Mori DMU-50 5-axis drilling machine at three different levels of spindle speed (800, 1100, and 1400 rev/min) and feed rate (120, 135, and 150 mm/min). The sensor force dynamometer measured the thrust force and the cutting torque during drilling. However, many types of wear occur on drill bits during drilling. This research investigates only flank wear on the cutting edge of drill bits. The flank wear on the drill bits was measured with the overlap image technique using an Olympus SZ61 stereo microscope with a C-P3 OPTIKA digital camera. The results showed that adjusting drill parameters to increase the feed per revolution may result in a higher drill bit flank wear rate. Additionally, to quantify the wear of the drill bit based on the number of holes drilled, both the feed per revolution and the cutting distance per hole must be considered.

Design Analysis of the Welding Fume Blower Bracket in the Welding Laboratory at Politeknik Sinar Mas Berau Coal

Sinar Mas Berau Coal Polytechnic has equipped a welding laboratory with blower installation according to welding standards. Installing the blower requires a bracket as a holder. For the design, the type of material used is ASTM A36 material and analyzes the simulation of fume blow welding brackets with angle iron measuring 5x5 cm. In implementing the working steps for a sturdy and strong bracket within the tolerance limits explained as follows, namely planning and modeling the frame, simulating and calculating theoretically. Based on the design and testing of the welding fume blower bracket using the Autodesk Inventor 2018 application with a given load of 186,778 N. This test tests the maximum and minimum von Mises stress, displacement, safety factor, which is calculated using the Autodesk Inventor 2018 simulation. The results compare the theory and simulation. ASTM A36 material has a yield stress value of 248.225 Mpa, obtained by von Misese stress simulation calculations of 51.64 Mpa and theoretical calculations of 45.88 Mpa. The results of the von Mises stress deviation between simulation and theory are 11.29%. For displacement, theoretical calculations get a figure of 0.02247 and simulation results get a value of 0.09468. The results of the displacement deviation between simulation and theory are 3.21%. For the safety factor obtained in the analysis using software and theoretical calculations, the welding fume blower bracket obtained a safety factor value of 4.80 with theoretical calculations and 5.41. The results of the safety factor deviation between simulation and theory are 12.56%.

Experimental Investigation For Process Parameter Optimization Of Rotating Arc Welding Of A106 Pipe

Rotating Arc Welding (RAW) is a solid-state welding technology that uses a high-speed rotating arc to provide heating effect to form a weld. When compared to other standard welding procedures for pipe welding, this method takes less time and consumes less electricity. This study was conducted to investigate the joining of ASTM A106 grade B steel pipes using RAW method. The experiments were carried out by using a custom-designed and developed RAW welding setup. The trials involved changing the process parameters and understanding their impact on the joint strength and hardness in order to determine their optimal range. The key parameters considered in this study were welding current, upsetting pressure, and welding time. It is observed that the welding current has a considerable influence on the mechanical properties of the welds. A higher welding current of 220A resulted in a lower tensile strength but higher hardness when compared to welding current of 190A. The optimal tensile strength was obtained with a welding current of 190 A, at an arc rotation time of 30 s and an upsetting pressure of 6 MPa.

Influence of Carburizing Chromization Process on Mechanical Properties of ASTM A36 Steel

Research on changes in microstructure and hardness properties of ASTM A36 steel caused by carburizing-chromization process has been conducted. Carburizing-chromization treatment process was conducted at various temperatures: 850 ℃, 900 ℃ and 950 ℃ and holding time: 6 hours, 9 hours and 12 hours. Carburizing media in a mixture of solid powder charcoal/BaCO3 and ferrochromium/alumina/NH4Cl, with heating carried out in an electric furnace. The obtained layers were investigated using X-ray and electron diffraction, optical and scanning electron microscopy, and hardness measurements were carried out with micro Vickers, and potentiodynamic measurements. The thickness of the carburizing layers ranged between 50 and 500 µm. In addition to the host c-phase, the layers were mostly composed of carbides (Fe7C3, Cr23C6, Cr7C3, and Fe3C) and traces of a¢-martensite. The average hardness value decreases smoothly from 680 HV at the surface of the sample to 200 HV in the center of the sample. Potentiodynamic tests revealed that the chromized samples have lower corrosion resistance compared to the untreated material. For the strong chromization regime, the corrosion rate increases fourfold compared to the untreated material, while the microhardness of the coating is threefold greater. These materials are suitable for use in environments requiring good corrosion resistance and wear properties.

Room Temperature Synthesis of Hydrogen Permeation Barrier for Storage and Transportation Application

Distribution of hydrogen in future hydrogen-based economy requires a dense pipeline network for its safe delivery. Natural take is to consider the existing networks of natural gas (NG) infrastructure. However, the main issue is that hydrogen-embrittlement on NG pipes’ steels significantly reduces their fracture toughness and threatens their structural integrity1. Besides developing a new grade of steels less susceptible to the embrittlement, effective hydrogen permeation barriers (HPBs) remain important solution for re-purposing of the existing NG infrastructure for hydrogen transport. Besides a few specific metals, candidates are some oxides,carbides, and nitrides. These coatings require extreme conditions for their synthesis, which renders their application impractical.We employed strategy for HPB synthesis based on electroless Cu-deposition process2. We have employ solution chemistries exploring a wide range of reducing agents. These include formaldehyde, glyoxylic acid, Na2HPO2 ... and others. Variety of complexing agents were considered as well; EDTA, sodium citrate, sodium potassium tartarate and others. Our optimum solution design favored a large driving force for Cu reduction providing high nucleation rates and films with fewer defects and dense grain boundaries. The comparative analysis between hydrogen permeation rates through bare steel samples and steel samples coated with Cu HPB films is performed using Devanathan - Stachurski permeation technique3. The Cu-HPB thickness varied from experiment to experiment. More than 30 samples have been evaluated. An integral example of these measurements is shown in Figure 1. Permeation reduction factor (PRF) for Cu-HPB as a function of the ratio between steel and Cu-HPB thickness is shown against theoretical calculations. Our results exceed theoretical predictions by factor of 2-5. Figure 1: Calculations for PRF of Cu/(AISI 4340 steel) as a function of ds/df ratio. Square, circular, and triangular dots represent PRF measurements for Cu-HPB/(ASTM A36 steel) samples produced from tartaric acid (TA) and EDTA solutions. Insets show optical images of steel and Cu/steel samples (left) and SEM of Cu surface morphology (right).

Electrochemical Conditions to Evalute the Corrosion Fatigue Behavior of Friction-Welded Stainless and Carbon Steel

The aggressive environment significantly influences fatigue-corrosion behavior, reducing material resistance. Welding materials with different electrochemical nobilities proves even more critical due to their particular geometry and the establishment of galvanic couplings. However, the use of joining of dissimilar steels is increasingly necessary to satisfy both corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. The behavior of components and structures working under fatigue in an aggressive environment such as the marine one can be critical.This study characterized the friction junction between a stainless steel 304L and a carbon steel ASTM A105. A specially designed and constructed electrochemical cell allowed evaluating the fatigue-corrosion behavior of the junction in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution, simulating the marine environment, at different electrochemical potentials. To simulate and verify the influence of cathodic protection and overprotection, fatigue-corrosion tests were conducted both in free immersion conditions and at two cathodic potentials equal to -850 mV and -1300 mV Ag/AgCl. The negative role of the aggressive environment and the positive role of cathodic protection were highlighted. The effect of hydrogen developed by the cathodic reduction reaction in overprotection was also evaluated. Failure analyses allowed identifying different degradation mechanisms depending on the different testing conditions.

Strength Analysis of Crusher Construction in Nyamplung Seed Peeling Machine Using the Finite Element Method

The nyamplung seed peeling machine uses a single roll crusher as its operating principle to automatically separate the nyamplung fruit's shell. One of the crucial parts of this apparatus that breaks down the nyamplung fruit shells is the crusher. The issue arises from the fact that the strength of the material utilized to construct the crusher is still unknown. This raises questions regarding how well the Nyamplung bean peeling machine crusher will function if it is used constantly. The purpose of this study is to identify the kind of material that works well for a nyamplung seed peeling machine crusher. An analysis will be conducted to ascertain the strength of the Nyamplung seed peeling machine crusher to follow up on this issue. The finite element method was used to conduct the testing. ASTM A36 and AISI 304 are the two materials that are compared in this analysis. In addition, it can be used to compare two different types of materials in terms of their strength, cost, and degree of safety. Following analysis for manual shaft calculations utilizing AISI 304 and ASTM A36 materials. With a yield strength of 250 N/mm², a safety factor of 9, a displacement of 0.022 mm, and von Mises stress readings of 29.044 N/mm² were achieved from the crusher simulation utilizing ASTM A36 material. Von Mises stress for the AISI 304 material was 28.471 N/mm², displacement was 0.023 mm, safety factor was 7, and yield strength was 206.804 N/mm².

Study on Welding Characteristics and Parameters of Gas Metal Arc Welding for A516 Grade 70 Steel with ER70S-6 and ER308LSi Filler Materials.

Welding is a crucial process in joining metals, especially in the fabrication industry. Thisresearch aimed to investigate the effects of using two different filler materials, ER70S-6 and ER308LSi, with nine combinations of wire feeder speed (WFS) and shielding gas flow rate (GFR), on weld joints. The study focused on the weld quality and material properties of Gas Metal Arc Welded (GMAW) butt joints of ASTM A516 G70 plates, characterized through visual inspection, liquid penetrant testing, tensile testing, hardness testing, and optical microscopy. Results indicated that the highest ultimate tensile strength and hardness were achieved at 4 m/min WFS and 15 L/min GFR with ER70S-6, and 5 m/min WFS and 20 L/min GFR with ER308LSi. The specimens welded with ER308LSi demonstrated superior mechanical properties compared to those welded with ER70S-6. Additionally, the study revealed the influence of microstructural changes from the base metal (BM) to the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and fusion zone (FZ), with finer and more compact grain structures contributing to higher hardness values. These findings underscore the importance of selecting appropriate filler materials, WFS, and GFR to achieve the desired weld quality and material properties for A516 G70 low-carbon steel welded joints.

Application of the VDI 2221 method in the design of an air-to-water converter device

Indonesia's drought and water crisis problems have grown significantly in importance in recent years, especially in light of the country's fast population expansion, urbanization, and growing awareness of the effects of climate change. By 2040, there may be a clean water crisis in every region along Java's north coast, from Banten to Surabaya, according to projections made by the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI). The water crisis could be a major worldwide concern and will be a highly complicated issue. One approach to resolving the water shortage is to design an air-to-water converter device. The purpose of this research is to design a device that can efficiently and effectively convert air into water through condensation processes. The design will be based on the VDI 2221 Method. The rationale behind selecting the VDI 2221 Method is that it is a methodical approach to design that can help a designer generate and guide multiple design options. The primary mechanism of this apparatus is condensation, which turns air into dew points. The author utilized Solidworks 2020 to create the air-to-water conversion device. Through the stages of VDI 2221, the finest design outcomes were obtained from this design. The air-to-water converter mechanism in this design is constructed by version 2, which was chosen as the best option. Based on ASTM A36 material, theoretical calculations on the frame produced a safety factor of 1.45 and a maximum stress of 1.72414 × 108 N/m2. Based on the turbine shaft calculation, the maximum stress of 1.07235 × 108 N/m2 and the safety factor of 2.57379 were obtained using Aluminum 6061 material

Analysis of air-to-water converter frame using ANSYS simulation

According to projections made by the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), by 2040 every region along Java's northern coast—from Banten to Surabaya and Iswara—will be an urban area vulnerable to water scarcity. As a result, more careful consideration is required. Since air is an endless supply, turning it into water is one way to address the clean water shortage. A good design's structure is one of its essential components. This is because the device's structure must sustain both the renewable energy source and the complete system. By utilizing ANSYS Workbench and theoretical calculations to analyze the maximum stress results, the research aims to ascertain whether the machine frame is safe for usage. In this investigation, the ANSYS 2021 R1 software was used to apply the finite element method to ASTM A36 material under vertical loading. The air-to-water converter mechanism is still safe after simulations were run on its shaft and frame. This is demonstrated by the biggest maximum stress on the shaft (6.2194 MPa) from the ANSYS numerical simulation and the largest maximum stress (0.349 MPa) on the frame, both of which are still below the allowable stress. Furthermore, a 0.9694 difference in safety factor was found between theoretical calculations and shaft simulation, and a 0.1573 difference was found for the frame. The safety factor acquired from the shaft was 1.6043, while the safety factor gained from the frame was 1.6073

Impact of Heat Input on the Cladding of Super Austenitic Stainless Steel Through the Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Process on ASTM A516 Grade 70 Steel

The cladding process reduces manufacturing costs by depositing super austenitic stainless steel onto low-carbon steel. Arc welding techniques, especially gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), are commonly used for this purpose. This study evaluates the influence of heat input on cladding performance. Macroscopic analysis showed good fusion of the weld beads to the base metal with no defects. Higher heat input resulted in a lower dilution rate due to increased reinforcement. A microstructural analysis of the heat-affected zones revealed similar characteristics, with martensite formation attributed to cooling conditions. Increased microhardness was observed at the interface between the cladding and base metal, corroborating the microstructural findings. Additionally, a significant enhancement in corrosion resistance was noted in the deposited layers. This research contributes to optimizing cladding processes, ensuring better material performance in industrial applications.