Extraction Of Astaxanthin Research Articles

A Preliminary Investigation of the Enzymatic Inhibition of 5α-Reductase and Growth of Prostatic Carcinoma Cell Line LNCap-FGC by Natural Astaxanthin and Saw Palmetto Lipid Extract In Vitro

Inhibition of 5alpha-reductase has been reported to decrease the symptoms of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and possibly inhibit or help treat prostate cancer. Saw Palmetto berry lipid extract (SPLE) is reported to inhibit 5alpha-reductase and decrease the clinical symptoms of BPH. Epidemiologic studies report that carotenoids such as lycopene may inhibit prostate cancer. In this investigation the effect of the carotenoid astaxanthin, and SPLE were examined for their effect on 5alpha-reductase inhibition as well as the growth of prostatic carcinoma cells in vitro. These studies support patent #6,277,417 B1. The results show astaxanthin demonstrated 98% inhibition of 5alpha-reductase at 300 microg/mL in vitro. Alphastat, the combination of astaxanthin and SPLE, showed a 20% greater inhibition of 5alpha-reductase than SPLE alone n vitro. A nine day treatment of prostatic carcinoma cells with astaxanthin in vitro produced a 24% decrease in growth at 0.1 mcg/mL and a 38% decrease at 0.01 mcg/mL. SPLE showed a 34% decrease at 0.1 mcg/mL. Low levels of carotenoid astaxanthin inhibit 5alpha-reductase and decrease the growth of human prostatic cancer cells in vitro. Astaxanthin added to SPLE shows greater inhibition of 5alpha-reductase than SPLE alone in vitro.

The West Coast rock lobster Jasus lalandii as a valuable source for chitin and astaxanthin

Estimates are made of the maximal amount of chitin and astaxanthin that can potentially be retrieved from material of the South African West Coast rock lobster Jasus lalandii. Three different sources were investigated: (a) industrial waste from lobster processing factories, i.e. the cephalothorax plus legs, (b) whole lobsters, to represent material available on the beaches after mass strandings caused by red/black tides, and (c) exuvia, i.e. the entire exoskeleton that is shed during moulting (exuvia will be available regularly once industrial mariculture of J. lalandii is established). Industrial lobster waste contains 36g chitin kg−1 wet weight and 18mg astaxanthin kg−1 wet weight; whole lobsters have 43g chitin kg−1 and 13mg astaxanthin kg−1; and exuvia yield 159g chitin kg−1 and 63mg astaxanthin kg−1. The total theoretical amounts available from source (a) is 3.6 tons chitin and 1.8kg astaxanthin, from (b) 86 tons chitin and 27kg astaxanthin, whereas the amount available from (c) depends, of course, on the exact extent of lobster in mariculture; once this industry is established, material from this source will form a substantial part of the available amount of chitin and astaxanthin. Each of these sources is too small to support a permanent industry but, if astaxanthin and chitin are extracted, and other crustacean sources (e.g. shrimp waste, South Coast rock lobster waste) are also utilised, temporary harvesting could increase profitability of existing lobster processing, alleviate the need for imports of these compounds and create much-needed jobs in remote areas. Currently, established chemical methods are used to extract chitin from the exoskeleton; astaxanthin is destroyed in this process. Therefore, to extract both chitin and astaxanthin from the same source, the established method must be replaced by biochemical methods that do not destroy astaxanthin. Preliminary data with the protease papain, show that treatment with this enzyme allows the extraction of intact astaxanthin at a 22% higher yield than untreated material. The stability of astaxanthin that was extracted in organic solvents can be increased by antioxidants, such as butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene; the loss of astaxanthin was reduced to 6–7% during 6 months of storage with the antioxidants.

A Preliminary Investigation of the Enzymatic Inhibition of 5α-Reductase and Growth of Prostatic Carcinoma Cell Line LNCap-FGC by Natural Astaxanthin and Saw Palmetto Lipid ExtractIn Vitro

A Preliminary Investigation of the Enzymatic Inhibition of 5α-Reductase and Growth of Prostatic Carcinoma Cell Line LNCap-FGC by Natural Astaxanthin and Saw Palmetto Lipid Extract<i>In Vitro</i>

Selective extraction of astaxanthin from crustaceans by use of supercritical carbon dioxide

An on-line supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) system coupled to a continuous flow manifold including a UV detector was used as a screening system to extract astaxanthin from crayfish, which was found to be the major carotenoid present in the samples. This compound constitutes the principal additive used to dye salmon flesh. The flow manifold was used to confirm the presence of astaxanthin in the crustacean samples. Also, an HPLC/UV–vis method was used to ascertain that this compound was the major carotenoid extracted under the optimum SFE conditions employed. The influence of SFE operating variables such as pressure, temperature, equilibration time, extraction time, trap temperature, and volume of CO2 modifier was examined in order to maximize the efficiency of analyte extraction. The use of supercritical CO2 enables the expeditious, selective, quantitative extraction of astaxanthin from crustaceans.

Selective extraction of astaxanthin from crustaceans by use of supercritical carbon dioxide

An on-line supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) system coupled to a continuous flow manifold including a UV detector was used as a screening system to extract astaxanthin from crayfish, which was found to be the major carotenoid present in the samples. This compound constitutes the principal additive used to dye salmon flesh. The flow manifold was used to confirm the presence of astaxanthin in the crustacean samples. Also, an HPLC/UV–vis method was used to ascertain that this compound was the major carotenoid extracted under the optimum SFE conditions employed. The influence of SFE operating variables such as pressure, temperature, equilibration time, extraction time, trap temperature, and volume of CO2 modifier was examined in order to maximize the efficiency of analyte extraction. The use of supercritical CO2 enables the expeditious, selective, quantitative extraction of astaxanthin from crustaceans.

배합사료에 색소원료 첨가가 참전복 치패의 성장 및 패각 색깔에 미치는 영향

This study investigated the effect of dietary pigment sources on growth and shell color of juvenile abalone(Haliotis discus hannai). Three replicate groups of the abalone (average weight 173 mg) were fed diets containing various pigment sources such as Porphyra powder, Spirulina, yeast astaxanthin, and paprika extract for 16 weeks. Survival and weight gain were not affected by dietary pigment sources (P>0.05). Shell color of abalone fed diets containing Porphyra powder and Spirulina approached the yellow-red and orange, colors similar to wild abalone. However, shell color of abalone fed the diets containing yeast astaxanthin and paprika extract were similar to the bright green control group. These results should be useful for changing the shell color of abalone in aquaculture.

Extractabilities of astaxanthin and protein from muscle tissue of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) as affected by brine concentration and pH

Carotenoids are associated with proteins in muscle tissues of salmonid fishes. The extractabilities of astaxanthin (3,3′-dihydroxy-β,β-carotene-4,4′-dione) and protein from minced muscle of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) were investigated using different brine concentrations (0–6 M) and different pHs (4–8) to discover whether they contribute to poor colouration of salmonid fish muscle. The salmon had been fed a diet, containing 55 mg kg −1 astaxanthin from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, for 12 weeks, and contained 3.9±0.03 mg carotenoids kg −1 muscle. The plot of ratios between extracted astaxanthin and protein was bell-shaped with a maximum at pH 7, and was considerably lower in brine (1–6 M NaCl) than in distilled water. Regardless of the NaCl-concentration, the highest extractabilities of protein and astaxanthin were found at pH 6–7. Extractabilities of protein and astaxanthin were highest for NaCl concentrations of 1–4 M. The total amount of proteins extracted with brine correlated well with extracted astaxanthin ( R 2=0.82). The amounts of astaxanthin extractable from the mince were in the range 1.6–7.4 and 5.9–21.3% of total carotenoid content, in distilled deionised water and 1.0 M brine, respectively. In conclusion, the use of excess water during dry salting, may dilute salt at the surface and partly contribute to discoloration of salmon products, whereas protein–astaxanthin extraction is expected to be less during injection and brine salting due to the high salt concentration.

Astaxanthin Extraction From Shrimp Waste by Lactic Fermentation and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of the Carotenoprotein Complex

ABSTRACT: Natural carotenoids are an alternative to synthetic orange‐red pigments. They are present in crustaceans as a protein‐pigment complex. In order to extract this highly unstable pigment, crustacean waste must be stabilized; lactic fermentation is a simple and environmentally friendly method to achieve this goal. Shrimp wastes were inoculated with Lactobacillus bacterial cultures. Carotenoids were then extracted with an organic solvent system. Protein‐pigment splitting was carried out using a mixture of 4 commercial enzymes; and the protein was separated from the pigment by ultrafiltration. Electrophoretograms showed that the pigment was attached to a 265‐kDa protein. Splitting the protein‐pigment complex allows studies on pigment absorption, stability and application.

Separation of astaxanthin from red yeast Phaffia rhodozyma by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction

The supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) behavior was investigated to extract astaxanthin from the red yeast Phaffia rhodozyma, which was disrupted and dried by bead mill and spray dryer, respectively. The effects of extraction pressure (102–500 bar), temperature (40, 60 and 80 °C), CO 2 flow rate (superficial velocities of 0.27 and 0.54 cm/min) and the use of ethyl alcohol as a modifier (1, 5, 10, 15 vol.%) on the extraction efficiency were determined. The highest yield of carotenoids and astaxanthin with equal amounts of CO 2 (50 g) was 84 and 90%, respectively, at 40 °C and 500 bar. Using a two-step pressure gradient operation, on changing the pressure from 300 to 500 bar, the concentration of astaxanthin in the second fraction at 500 bar increased by about 4 and 10 times at 40 and 60 °C, respectively, and the concentration of carotenoids increased by about 3.6 times at 40 °C and 13 times at 60 °C with the yield decreasing by about 40–50%.

Astaxanthin Extraction from Crawfish Shells by Supercritical CO2 with Ethanol as Cosolvent

Astaxanthin is an important pigment in fish and shellfish aquaculture and increases the market value of fish such as salmon and trout. Commercially synthesized astaxanthin costs about $1,000/kg. Carotenoids have been extracted from crustacean wastes with organic solvents, but in many of the methods the pigments are degraded. Astaxanthin extraction yield from crawfish tail shells by supercritical CO2 was optimized for temperature, pressure, and moisture. The cosolvent ethanol (10% w) increased yield significantly. Temperature, pressure, and moisture content were other important independent variables. These were studied using an incomplete 33factorial (Box-Behnken) design. The equation of the model fitted to the data was extracted astaxanthin (mg/kg dry shell) = -169.3 + 5.36 T + 0.061 P + 7.32 M -0.0003 T P -0.10 T M + 0.0003 M P -0.02 T2 -0.000006 P2 -0.033M2, where T = temperature; P = pressure (psi); M = moisture. The maxima for moisture, pressure, and temperature were 13, 24 MPa, and 75, respectively.

SUPERCRITICAL CO2/ETHANOL EXTRACTION OF ASTAXANTHIN FROM BLUE CRAB (CALLINECTES SAPIDUS) SHELL WASTE

ABSTRACTAstaxanthin (AX) is the major naturally occurring carotenoid pigment in marine crustaceans and the flesh of salmonids. These organisms are unable to synthesize AX de novo and when farmed commercially, require it in their feed. The high cost of synthetic AX has promoted research into new natural sources of ihe pigment, such as crustacean wastes. In this work, AX from demineralized crab (Callinectes sapidusj shell waste was extracted with a mixture of supercritical C2 and ethanol as a cosolvent. The effect of total solids load, pressure and temperature was assessed by response surface methodology (RSM). Extracted AX was determined by HPLC. The experimental data were fined to a second order model whereby the conditions for maximum extraction yield were defined (≥ 34 MPa, 45C and solids load of 25 g). Pressure and solids load were the most important factors affecting AX extraction yields.

Effective extraction of astaxanthin pigment from shrimp using proteolytic enzymes

The present study was to investigate efficient extraction conditions of astaxanthin from shrimp wastes for utilizing it as a functional food additive. In order to enhance the stability of pigments, proteolytic enzymes were applied to extract astaxanthin as carotenoprotein. Also, various conditions such as acid ensilaging of samples, using EDTA solution and adding various enzymes were examined to optimize extraction processing. After extraction, all of the extracts were partitioned in a separate funnel and each astaxanthin content was analyzed by using UV/VIS spectrophotometer. Carotenoprotein was effectively extracted from non-acid ensilaged shrimp wastes by using EDTA medium and a proteolytic enzyme. In that case, the reddish top layer showed 91.9% of recovery and the blackish bottom layer did 2.3% and its separation ratio was about 0.2 (v/v); therefore concentration and purification of reddish top layer were more desirable than those of whole extract.

Breeding of a constitutive-producing strain of streptomyces rochei PHA-34 that produces the lytic enzyme for phaffia rhodozyma and extraction of astaxanthin using the enzyme : Akiko Nishi, Kazuhiko Ohbuchi, Masaaki Hamachi, and Chieko Kumagai ( General Research Laboratory, Ozeki Corp., 4-9 Imazu Dezaike-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8227) Seibutsu-kogaku 77: 60–65. 1999

Breeding of a constitutive-producing strain of streptomyces rochei PHA-34 that produces the lytic enzyme for phaffia rhodozyma and extraction of astaxanthin using the enzyme : Akiko Nishi, Kazuhiko Ohbuchi, Masaaki Hamachi, and Chieko Kumagai ( General Research Laboratory, Ozeki Corp., 4-9 Imazu Dezaike-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8227) Seibutsu-kogaku 77: 60–65. 1999

Screening of the lytic enzyme for the red yeast Phaffia rhodozyma cell wall and extraction of astaxanthin : Mihoko Yoshida, Akiko Nishi, Kazuhiko Ohbuchi∗, Tomoko Hojo, Akihito Matsuzawa, Masaaki Hamachi, and Chieko Kumagai ( General Research Laboratory, Ozeki Corp., Nishinomiya, 663) Seibutsu-kogaku 75: 229–238. 1997

Screening of the lytic enzyme for the red yeast Phaffia rhodozyma cell wall and extraction of astaxanthin : Mihoko Yoshida, Akiko Nishi, Kazuhiko Ohbuchi∗, Tomoko Hojo, Akihito Matsuzawa, Masaaki Hamachi, and Chieko Kumagai ( General Research Laboratory, Ozeki Corp., Nishinomiya, 663) Seibutsu-kogaku 75: 229–238. 1997

Selective extraction of astaxanthin and chlorophyll from the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis

As astaxanthin could not be extracted with various organic solvents from intact thick-walled cyst cells of Haematococcus pluvialis, cells were held in 40% (v/v) acetone for 2 min at 80°C, followed by lyophilization or treatment of cells with specific lytic enzymes. By these treatments, 70% of the astaxanthin was extracted from the cells. Furthermore, the heat-acetone treatment was useful to remove chlorophyll specifically from the cells, contrary to saponification.

Extraction and quantitation of astaxanthin from Phaffia rhodozyma

The rapid, quantitative release of astaxanthin and other carotenoids from the yeast Phaffiarhodozyma is described. Hashed cells are ruptured with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and carotenoids extracted into an organic solvent. Extraction and spectrophotometric quantitation of total carotenoids is rapid, reproducible and only small volumes (0.1–2 ml) of culture are required. HPLC analysis in normal phase silica gel column indicates that astaxanthin comprises 65–95% of the total pigmented carotenoids of P.rhodozyma.

Autolysis of the red yeast Phaffia rhodozyma: A potential tool to facilitate extraction of astaxanthin

Distilled water and 0.02 molar citrate buffer pH 7.0, are suitable autolysing systems for the red yeast P. rhodozyma. Autolysis renders astaxanthin extractable from the yeast. Of six strains of the yeast tested, 67–484 was most susceptible to autolysis.

Simple method for the isolation of astaxanthin from the basidiomycetous yeast Phaffia rhodozyma.

A method is described for the quantitative and, possibly, large-scale extraction of astaxanthin from the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma. The method utilizes extracellular enzymes produced by the bacterium Bacillus circulans WL-12, which partially digests the yeast cell wall and renders the carotenoid pigments extractable by acetone or ethanol. Complete recovery of astaxanthin from heat-killed P. rhodozyma cells was obtained after growing B. circulans WL-12 on these yeast cells for 26 h and then extracting the yeast-bacterium mixture with acetone. A bacteria-free lytic system, which gave quantitative extraction of astaxanthin from P. rhodozyma, was obtained by concentrating the culture broth from the growth of B. circulans WL-12 on P. rhodozyma cells. Hydrolytic enzyme activities detected in this concentrate included beta-(1 leads to 3)-glucanase, beta-(1 leads to 6)-glucanase, alpha-(1 leads to 3)-glucanase, xylanase, and chitinase. The lytic system was found to work most efficiently at pH 6.5 and with low concentrations of yeast.