Association Of Oral Lichen Planus Research Articles

Association of oral lichen planus and psoriasis: a case-control study.

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether psoriasis disease constitutes a risk factor for OLP, by assessing the prevalance of psoriasis in a test group with OLP and the control group without. A cohort of consecutive patients diagnosed clinically and histologically with OLP between 2014 and 2022 was analyzed. The results were contrasted with those obtained in control series matched for age and sex. The correlations between OLP and sex, age, tobacco, alcohol consumption, and psoriasis were assessed using Pearson chi-square test. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between psoriasis and OLP. For the assessment of the quality of the statistical models, the Akaike information criterion was used. The study involved 1,016 patients; 738 women (72.6%) and 278 men (27.4%). The average age was 59.38 ± 12.55 years. Of 508 patients with OLP, 16 (3.15%) had comorbid psoriasis, and this was 5 (0.98%) in the control group. Age, sex, smoking, and alcohol habits were not predictive variables in the relationship between psoriasis and OLP in these patients. There were statistically significant differences in relation to the number of locations, with greater extension in patients with OLP and psoriasis (P = .002). According to the multivariate analysis, the odds ratio of OLP for psoriasis was 3.13 (95% CI 1.20-9.68). This is the first study showing the potential association between psoriasis and OLP, and the results should be considered to improve knowledge of comorbidity of OLP. Based on the results, it is recommended that clinicians collect data regarding history of psoriasis in patients with OLP, and consider possible multiple intraoral locations.

Oral candidiasis as a risk factor for oral lichen planus exacerbation: a literature review

Radvilė Raubaitė1, Arūnas Rimkevičius1, Jūratė Žekonienė1, Modesta Domeikaitė1 1Vilnius University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Odontology, Vilnius, Lithuania Abstract Background. In 2005, the World Health Organization (WHO) recognized oral lichen planus (OLP) as a premalignant condition. The characteristics of exacerbation of OLP and contributing risk factors are understudied. Oral candidiasis (OC) is prevalent in oral lichen planus (OLP) lesions and may be contributing to the course of neoplastic OLP development. Aim: to investigate the link between oral candidiasis and exacerbation of oral lichen planus lesions where Candida species were present. Methods. Google Scholar, PubMed and ScienceDirect databases were used to search for articles from 2010. The literature sources were selected on the basis of the following criteria: 1) articles describing the association of oral lichen planus with oral candidiasis, 2) articles examining the impact of oral candidiasis on the malignancy of oral mucosal lesions, and 3) articles describing the pathophysiology and aetiology of both oral lichen planus and oral candidiasis. 18 articles were selected for the literature review, including scientific publications of experimental studies and literature reviews in relation to oral lichen planus and oral candidiasis, and their clinical manifestation, diagnostic procedures, treatment. Results. After thorough literature analysis, findings of the relationship between oral candidiasis and the exacerbation of oral lichen planus lesions are presented in this literature review. Oral candidiasis can complicate the course of oral lichen planus and may increase the risk of malignant transformation of OLP lesions. Conclusions. A correct and timely diagnosis of oral candidiasis in OLP lesions is crucial to prevent the potential malignant transformation of OLP lesions and to apply an effective treatment. Keywords: oral Candidiasis, oral Lichen Planus, malignant lesions. Full article https://doi.org/10.53453/ms.2023.2.7

Association of oral lichen planus with hepatic disorders and hepatocellular carcinoma: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a prevalent autoimmune chronic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology. The importance of the association between hepatic disease and OLP lies in the fact that many of these disorders (HC, HB, cirrhosis, hepatic steatosis) behave as risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus for studies published before January 2022. We evaluated the quality of studies (Joanna Briggs Institute tool). We performed meta-analyses, investigated the heterogeneity between studies, and we also carried out subgroups, meta-regression, and small-study effects analyses. 146 studies (21,187 patients) were included in this study. Our study aims to evaluate current evidence on the prevalence and magnitude of association between hepatic diseases (especially those with risk of malignancy), hepatocellular carcinoma and OLP. Our results suggest that patients with OLP present a significant tendency to the development of hepatitis B (OR=1.62, 95%CI=1.01-2.40, p=0.02), hepatitis C (OR=4.09, 95%CI=2.77-6.03, p<0.001), cirrhosis (OR=5.58, 95%CI=1.83-16.96, p=0.002), hepatic steatosis (OR=5.71, 95%CI=0.97-33.60, p=0.05) and hepatocellular carcinoma (OR=3.10,95%CI=1.14-8.43, p=0.03). Patients with OLP should be investigated to rule out the presence of hepatic disease, which can lead to hepatocellular carcinoma, allowing an early diagnosis that would help to a better approach to liver disease and a notable improvement in prognosis in terms of both progression and severity.

Lipid Profiles and Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Oral Lichen Planus.

Background: It has been reported that dyslipidemia prevalence and cardiovascular disease risk were increased in subjects with oral lichen planus diagnose. On the other hand, so far, there is no available data on the topic of cardiovascular risk (CVR) in subjects with oral lichen planus (OLP). The main aim of this study, due to lack of any other study covering this topic, was to investigate lipid profile and assess CVR in patients with OLP. Materials and Methods: To create a routine lipid profile, we collected triglyceride serum levels, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol from 63 OLP patients and 63 healthy people representing control subjects. For every patient their individual cardiovascular risk was measured. Results: In comparison with the tested control subjects, patients with OLP had all parameters of the lipid profile elevated, with no differences of statistical importance. Furthermore, the experimental (OLP) and control groups shared similar mean values of the lipid profile parameters. Conclusions: The association of OLP with cardiovascular risk was not established and further studies with more subjects involved are required to validate this connection.

Does oral lichen planus aggravate the state of periodontal disease? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis (SRM) was to assess the evidence between the association of oral lichen planus and periodontal disease, evaluating the periodontal clinical parameters and biomarkers levels. This systematic review and meta-analysis followed PRISMA and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020181513). Searches were accomplished in databases for articles published until June 2021. The meta-analysis was performed with the variables: plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL). The mean difference was applied with a 95% confidence interval. Six articles were included. Qualitative analysis showed the levels of biomarkers (matrix metalloproteinases, interleukins, and periodontal microbiological profile) are increased in subjects with periodontal disease and oral lichen planus. In the meta-analysis, these subjects also presented increases in all periodontal clinical parameters evaluated: GI-gingivitis 0.22 [0.14, 0.31] p < 0.0001 and periodontitis 0.12 [0.06, 0.19]p = 0.0003; PI-gingivitis 0.22 [0.12, 0.31] p < 0.0001 and periodontitis 0.15 [0.08, 0.23] p < 0.0001; PD-gingivitis 0.27 [0.06; 0.48] p = 0.0107 and periodontitis 0.11 [0.01; 0.21] p = 0.0299; and CA-periodontitis 0.06 [0.01, 0.12] p = 0.0176. Evidence suggests a significant relationship between the severity of periodontal disease and the presence of oral lichen planus. Although the association is biologically plausible, further studies are needed using populations and well-defined biochemical and clinical outcomes with consideration of potential confounding factors. This SRM provides information on the interaction between OLP and periodontal disease and guides clinicians to make evidence-based decisions and suggests recommendations for further high-quality studies.

Association of Oral Lichen Planus with Dyslipidemia in Patients Of Rahim Yar Khan

Introduction: Oral lichen planus (LP) is a chronic inflammatory condition and this inflammation leads to alteration in lipid metabolism and increase the cardiovascular risk factors. Objective: To determine the prevalance of dyslipidemias in patient with oral lichen planus coming in dermatology outdoor of Sheikh Zayed Hoapital Rahim Yar Khan. Methods: It was a case control study that was conducted at Department of Dermatology, Sheikh Zayed Hospital Rahim Yar Khan during October 2016 to April 2017. In this study there were total 50 cases of oral LP and 50 controls of both genders with age range of 15 to 60 years. The cases of both the groups underwent fasting lipid profile in terms to look for serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol. Results: In this study there were total 100 cases out of which 50 were cases of oral LP and 50 were controls. In cases groups there were 27 (54%) males and 23 (46%) females while in control group there were same number of males and females were taken with p= 0.85. The mean age in case group was 37.22±8.15 years while in control group was 35.66± 7.78 years while the mean BMI was 24.42±2.21 and 25.11±3.01 respectively. The mean difference in cases and controls in terms of serum total cholesterol, TG, HDL Cholesterol and LDL cholesterol was found statistically significant. Conclusion: Dyslipidemias are common in cases with oral lichen planus and all its parameters have significant association with it especially TG. Keywords; LP, Dyslipidemia, LDL, HDL, TG

Association of Oral Lichen Planus and Its Treatment on Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha: A Review Literature and Meta-analysis

: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a relatively common chronic inflammatory disease. The tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is considered as a major mediator in inflammation reactions. No review articles have been done on evaluating TNF-α levels before and after performing standard treatments of OLP so far. This study aimed to provide a complete review on the association between this cytokine and OLP as well as determining the role of therapeutic agents in improving the OLP lesions by measuring the level of this cytokine. Some databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Embase (Ovid) with keywords of oral lichen planus, Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB), OLP, TNF-α, and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha without time limit (2017 - 1900) were searched to collect the needed data from the related articles. For this purpose, 14 completely related articles were included in this study. Of them, 3 studies that assessed the effect of the standard treatment of oral lichen planus, were included in this meta-analysis. As a result, a significant effect of standard treatment on TNF-α levels in OLP patients has been shown (P-value = 0.02). TNF-α level in OLP patients was higher than in normal subjects, so it can be suggested that the TNF-α levels may be useful in determining prognosis and effectiveness of the treatment performed.

Prevalence and risk of chronic kidney disease in oral lichen planus: a large cross-sectional study from eastern China.

BackgroundOral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory mucocutaneous disease which is frequently associated with comorbidities such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. However, little is known about the association of OLP with impaired kidney function. To elucidate the possible association of chronic kidney disease (CKD) with OLP and its severity, this study investigated the prevalence of CKD as well as its risk factors in patients with OLP.MethodsA large prospective cross-sectional study of 1,021 patients with OLP was carried out using questionnaires and laboratory tests available from an oral medicine clinic at a university in eastern China. According to the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) diagnostic guideline, CKD was classified based on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, <60 mL/min/1.73 m2) or urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR, >30 mg/g).ResultsThe prevalence of CKD in the patients with OLP in this study was 14.3% (95% CI, 12.3–16.6%), which was higher than that in the general Chinese population (10.8%; 95% CI, 10.2–11.3%). The mean values of serum creatinine, eGFR, UACR, and urine N-acetyl-β-D-glucosidase in patients with CKD were significantly higher than those in patients without CKD (all P<0.01). Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed that CKD stage and UACR were positively correlated with the severity of OLP (both P<0.001). Importantly, multivariate regression analysis revealed that age ≥58 years old, female sex, and hypertension were independent risk factors for incident CKD and abnormal UACR (>30 mg/g) in patients with OLP (all P<0.01).ConclusionsThis study has reported for the first time that CKD is a comorbidity in patients with OLP. The occurrence and staging of incident CKD are associated with OLP and its severity.

Diabetes mellitus and oral lichen planus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

To undertake a meta-analysis of the association of Oral Lichen Planus (OLP) with diabetes, two diseases with an important impact on public health and the economy, but the evidence of which about their association is inconsistent. Relevant studies were localized by searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, Conference Proceedings, and other databases from inception to October 2020, without restrictions. The reference lists of included studies and of related reviews were also inspected. Global pooled odds ratios were calculated, and predefined subgroup analyses were performed. The heterogeneity between studies and publication bias was assessed and sensitivity analysis was carried out. Thirty-two studies were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled ORs showed a moderate association between diabetes and OLP [OR: 1.87 (95%CI: 1.57, 2.34)]. The association is limited to studies carried out on adults only [OR: 2.12 (95%CI: 1.75, 2.57)] and is observed in all study designs. Globally, the heterogeneity was low to moderate. Studies carried out in European populations show a stronger association of diabetes and OLP than Asiatic studies [OR: 2.49 (95%CI: 1.87, 3.32) and 1.60 (95%CI: 1.25, 2.03), respectively]. Diabetes and OLP are moderately associated. Systematic diagnosis of diabetes in OLP patients could prove useful.

GRINSPAN SYNDROME: THE TRIAD

Lichen Planus is a chronic immunologically mediated mucocutaneous disorder with varied clinical manifestations. The condition might be associated with multiple causative or exacerbation factors. An interesting association of Oral Lichen Planus with Diabetes Mellitus and vascular hypertension is called as Grinspan's syndrome. Since its inception has been an arena of interest. It has appeared very lucrative to many researchers as it lacks clarity and enhanced ambiguity. A 65 year female patient came with a complaint of burning mouth and difficulty in swallowing since 1 year with H/O Diabetes Mellitus since 8years and hypertension since 2 years. Malignant transformation is the most significant complication of long standing and non healing Lichen Planus. Repeated follow up and biopsies are mandatory for prevention and early detection of malignant transformation.&#x0D; Keywords: Grinspan Syndrome, Hypertrophic Lichen Planus, Esophageal Lichen Planus

Lichen planus- A case control study on association of lichen planus with hepaitits C virus infection

- The etiology of lichen planus is predominantly autoimmune, with various associations. A variable association of oral lichen planus with hepatitis- C infection has been reported extensively in the literature. The same association has not been studied in this geographical region. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the association of all clinical types of lichen planus with hepatitis-C virus infection in subjects hailing from this region. To evaluate the association of lichen planus with hepatitis-C infection. The study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital. This was an observational, case control study The study comprised of 100 cases and an equal number of age and sex matched healthy controls. The serum of both the groups was subjected to 4 generation HCV tridot test to detect anti HCV antibodies. The data was subjected to descriptive and inferential statistical analysis using mean, percentage, frequency and Chi square test. The seropositivity of HCV antibody could not be demonstrated in any of the cases or control subjects. The association of lichen planus with hepatitis C virus infection could not be demonstrated in our study.

Lichen Planus and Hepatitis C Virus Infection: A clinical Evaluation of 168 Cases

Abstract Introduction. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the factors which can lead to a chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. There have been several reports on the association of oral lichen planus with hepatic disorders, i.e. hepatitis C infection in particular. Considering the controversies about the association of lichen planus with HCV infection on one hand and considerable impact of hepatitis C on the occurrence of chronic liver disease on the other hand, we investigated the association between lichen planus and HCV infection in Sanandaj City. Methods. This cross sectional study included 168 patients with lichen planus, who were referred to the Dermatology Clinic of Besat Hospital between 2014 and 2016. The diagnosis of lichen planus was made by our dermatologist and HCV antibody titer was determined for every patient. Results. Mean age of the patients was 39.7±13.3 years and mean duration of the disease was 14.8 months. 107 (63.7%) patients were men. The highest frequency of lichen planus was recorded in the housewives (30.4%). In 52 (31%) patients the genital area was involved and it was the most common site. In 6 (3.6%) patients the oral mucosa was involved and it was the least common site in our study. Only 4 (2.7%) patients had family history of lichen planus. None of 168 patients included in this study was found to have HCV infection. Conclusion. In this study, we found no relationship between lichen planus and HCV infection. Yet, the exact mechanism underlying the occurrence of lichen planus in the patients with HCV infection has not been determined. Therefore more studies on this subject are recommended.

Oral lichen planus and malignant transformation: The role of p16, Ki-67, Bub-3 and SOX4 in assessing precancerous potential.

The association of oral lichen planus (OLP) lesions with malignant transformation risk has remained a controversial topic and is of clinical importance. Therefore, the present study evaluated the expression levels of p16, Ki-67, budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles 3 (Bub-3) and sex-determining region Y-related high mobility group box 4 (SOX4), and their roles as precancerous biomarkers in OLP. A retrospective study was performed, in which tissue blocks of OLP, oral dysplasia (OD), cutaneous lichen planus (CLP) and oral fibrous hyperplasia (OFH) were used (n=120). A positivity index (PI) for p16, BUB3, Ki-67 and SOX4 expression was calculated in each group. The PI for p16 was 20.65% for OLP, 7.85% for OD, 86.59% for CLP and 11.8% for OFH, and the difference between these groups was statistically significant (P<0.001). PIs of Ki-67 were indicated as 11.6% for OLP, 14.4% for OD, 8.24% for CLP and 5.5% for OFH, and a statistically significant difference was observed between the groups (P<0.001). Notably, the expression levels of BUB3 were not statistically different among groups. The highest expression levels of SOX4 were identified in CLP (P<0.001 vs. OLP/CLP; P=0,001 vs. CLP/OD). The determined expression levels of p16 and Ki-67 suggest that specific OLP lesions may have an intermediate malignant potential and should be carefully followed up. The intense SOX4 staining in CLP indicated a different proliferation pattern of epithelium compared with oral mucosa cells. These findings suggest that SOX4 expression may also be associated with the different clinical courses of OLP and CLP.

Alterations of Serum Lipid Profile Patterns in Oral Lichen Planus Patients: A Case-Control Study.

Background:Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic disease of established immune-mediated pathogenesis. It most commonly, protractedly, and persistently involves the mucosa of the oral cavity. Antigen-specific and nonspecific mechanisms play a role in its pathogenesis, leading to T-cell accumulation in superficial lamina propria, intraepithelial T-cell migration, and keratinocyte apoptosis in OLP. Previous studies have indicated the possibility of serum lipid derangement in chronic inflammatory diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and psoriasis, which in turn results in elevated cardiovascular disease risk. Inflammation causes disturbances in lipid metabolism such as decrease in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and increase in very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-cholesterol and hypertriglyceridemia due to direct effect on T-cell responses. Prolonged dyslipidemia, due to chronic inflammatory condition, enhances the formation of atherosclerotic plaques and thereby augments the risk of cardiovascular disease in such patients. With this background, a possible correlation between OLP and serum lipid level derangement can be anticipated. Hence, this study was taken up to probe into an association between the two.Aims:To determine and compare the serum lipid levels in OLP patients and healthy controls, to inquire into the possible association of OLP with alterations in serum lipid profile patterns, and to determine if the clinical characteristics of OLP differed with alterations in serum lipid profile patterns.Subjects and Methods:Sixty patients comprising 30 cases and 30 controls were enrolled for the study. Thirty cases of clinically and pathologically diagnosed OLP and 30 age- and sex-matched controls were subjected to blood examination for the assessment of serum lipid level, i.e., HDL, LDL, VLDL, and triglyceride. The obtained data were compared with standard values to assess any alterations of the serum lipid levels.Statistical Analysis Used:Cramer's V-test was performed for all the tests to measure association between two nominal variables. A P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results:Dyslipidemia was observed in 13 (46.67%) cases as against 7 (23.33%) controls. Thus, a significant number of cases were found to have an associated serum dyslipidemia. However, pertaining to individual serum lipid levels in cases and controls, the association was found to be statistically insignificant.Conclusions:The current study suggested an evident association between dyslipidemia and OLP. We recommend imminent studies on a larger population to additionally substantiate a positive association between the two.

Association of Oral Lichen Planus and Electrocardiographic P-Wave Dispersion - An Original Research.

Lichen planus (LP) is considered to be a T-cell-mediated inflammatory disorder. Inflammation is considered to produce disturbances of lipid metabolism which may affect the myocardium. Increased P-Wave Dispersion (PWD) is demonstrated as an independent risk factor for developing atrial fibrillation (AF). Hence the present study has been conducted to explore the possible relationship of oral lichen planus (OLP) with AF by the evaluation of PWD. Twelve-lead electrocardiographs (ECG) were obtained from 45 OLP patients and 45 age and gender-matched healthy controls. The P-wave durations (Pmax and Pmin) were calculated in all 12 leads. The difference between Pmax and Pmin was defined as P-Wave Dispersion (PWD). After the PWD was recorded, the results were statistically analyzed. The study showed that PWD increased on surface ECG measurements in OLP patients who were otherwise asymptomatic in relation to cardiac conditions. The p value obtained was <0.001 which was highly significant. The present study suggests a highly statistically significant association of OLP with increased P-wave dispersion. Hence the patients with OLP should undergo cardiac evaluation and follow up for early detection of atrial fibrillation.

Morphological Aspect of Oral Lichen Planus Lesions Depending on Infection with Hepatitis C Virus and Functional Hepatic Tests

Introduction: Due to its spread and implications, oral lichen planus has attracted particular attention from the medical world. Despite efforts, the etiology of oral lichen planus is currently incompletely understood. Establishing significant associations between oral lichen planus and hepatitis viruses helps to identify the population that requires screening for the markers of these viruses and implicitly, to diagnose these hepatitis cases. Aims: To determine the frequency of association of oral lichen planus with HCV infection and to establish a correlation between the severity of hepatic involvement and that of lichen planus lesions. Material and methods: Included 80 patients with oral lichen planus. All patients included in the study underwent biochemical liver function tests. Statistical analysis of clinical and para-clinical parameters was performed. Results: The group of HCV-positive patients with oral lichen planus represented 42.5% of the study group. It was found that oral lichen planus with reticular lesions was the predominant clinical form. Regarding the relationship between the severity of oral lichen planus lesions and that of hepatic involvement, no correlation could be established between the degree of alteration of liver function tests and the severity of oral lesions. Thus, patients with high transaminase values had non-extensive lesions and mild, non-painful reticular forms, while other patients with normal or slightly changed liver function test values had extensive, particularly painful erosive lesions, with an altered general status. Conclusions: There is no significant correlation between the degree of alteration of liver function tests and the severity of oral lesions. Oral erosive lesions had a significantly higher incidence in patients with at least one changed liver function test.

Association of Oral Lichen Planus with Autoimmune Diseases in A Northern Serbia Population: Matched Case-Control Study and Literature Review

Association of Oral Lichen Planus with Autoimmune Diseases in A Northern Serbia Population: Matched Case-Control Study and Literature Review

Association of oral lichen planus with hepatitis C virus, surface antigen of hepatitis B virus, and diabetes: A clinical and biochemical study

Background: Oral lichen planus is an inflammatory mucocutaneous disease commonly encountered in the dental clinic. The etiology of oral lichen planus is still unknown. The probable factors associated with oral lichen planus include anxiety, trauma, malnutrition, infection, and autoimmunity. Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the serum levels of fasting and postprandial blood sugar levels, surface antigen of hepatitis B virus (HBsAg), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) autoantibodies in oral lichen planus patients and controls, and to assess the association of oral lichen planus with diabetes, HCV, and HBsAg. Study Design: The study included a total of 25 oral lichen planus patients. Twenty-five individuals who did not have the above clinical conditions were also included in the study and comprised the control group. Both the study and control groups consisted of both sexes in the age group of 20–70 years. Patients were clinically diagnosed as oral lichen planus after obtaining a detailed history and was later confirmed by histopathologic examination. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collected from both the oral lichen planus patients and controls. Biochemical analysis of blood glucose levels, i.e., fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels, HBsAg, hepatitis C autoantibodies were done by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Blood glucose levels, i.e., fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels, were found to be statistically increased in oral lichen planus patients when compared with controls. There was no significant change in HCV autoantibodies and HBsAg. The results of the present study also showed a significant association of oral lichen planus with diabetes. However, there was no significant association of oral lichen planus with HCV and HBsAg in patients when compared with controls. Conclusion: There was a direct relation of oral lichen planus with diabetes whereas there was no significant association with HCV and HBsAg. However, there was a slight increase in the incidence of HCV in oral lichen planus when compared with controls. Therefore, oral lichen planus patients should be evaluated for the presence of these diseases and vice versa so that it can be diagnosed in early stages and treated accurately.

No association of oral lichen planus and hepatitis C virus infection in central Germany.

Co-occurrence of oral lichen planus (OLP) and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection suggests a strong association, but the relation between mucocutaneus, autoimmune lichen planus and HCV infection remains unclear. In areas with higher prevalence of HCV infection in general population, like Japan and southern Europe, 20 to 40 % of patients with OLP test positive for anti-HCV antibodies, whereas in German populations, a co-occurrence of 4.2 to 16 % was reported. We screened 143 patients with histopathologically proven OLP for prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies. Additionally, we examined 51 anti-HCV-positive subjects with current or past HCV infection for clinical symptoms of OLP. In all patients, confirmatory diagnosis was made by the detection of HCV RNA via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A randomized control group comprised 109 blood sera samples of patients without any characteristics of OLP. The results of all patients showed no co-occurrence in either cohort. In conclusion, no association between oral lichen planus and chronic HCV infection in our study population was found. Anti-HCV antibody screening in patients with confirmed oral lichen planus is not indicated routinely in central Germany.

Oral verrucous carcinoma arising from lichen planus and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a patient with hepatitis C virus-related liver cirrhosis-hyperinsulinemia and malignant transformation: A case report

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a potentially malignant disorder associated with an increased risk of oral cancer. In Japan, the association of OLP with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is well documented. In the present study, a case of oral verrucous carcinoma arising from OLP coexisting vulvo-vaginal-gingival syndrome and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in a patient with HCV-related liver cirrhosis is reported. A 71-year old, non-smoking Japanese woman presented with lesions of OLP affecting the bilateral buccal mucosa, tongue, gingival, palate, oral floor and lower lip. Ten years later, an exophytic mass developed in the mandibular alveolar mucosa, the right buccal mucosa and the right lower lip. Pathological diagnosis confirmed the presence of verrucous carcinoma. However, she developed esophageal rather than oral cancer. The oral cancer was resected surgically three times and the patients underwent radiotherapy. The esophageal cancer was removed by endoscopic submucosal dissection. The risk of carcinogenesis increased as hyperinsulinemia continued. The results suggested that it is necessary to monitor for malignant changes in patients with OLP lesions and HCV infection. In addition, treatment requires the cooperation of various medical specialists, as well as an oral surgeon.