Association Of Canada Research Articles

Survey-based analysis of risk factors for injury among dogs participating in agility training and competition events

To identify potential risk factors for agility-related injuries among dogs. Internet-based, retrospective, cross-sectional survey. 3,801 privately owned dogs participating in agility training or trials. A retrospective electronic survey was used to investigate potential risk factors for injury among dogs participating in agility-related activities. Respondents were handlers recruited through member lists of large canine agility associations in Canada and the United Kingdom and through promotion on an agility blog site. Variables evaluated included demographic information for handlers and dogs, exposure variables (eg, frequency of agility practice and competition in the past year), and use of preventive measures intended to keep dogs fit for agility (warmup, cooldown, or conditioning exercises; alternative therapeutic treatments [eg, acupuncture, massage, or chiropractic care]; or dietary supplement products). Data were collected from 1,669 handlers of 3,801 agility dogs internationally; 1,209 (32%) dogs incurred ≥ 1 injury. Previous injury (OR, 100.5), ≤ 4 years of agility experience for dogs (OR, 1.5), use of alternative therapeutic treatments (OR, 1.5), and Border Collie breed (OR, 1.7) were associated with increased odds of injury. Handlers having 5 to 10 or > 10 years of experience (OR, 0.8 and 0.6, respectively) and dogs having > 4 years of experience in the sport (OR, 0.6) were associated with decreased odds of injury. Specific factors were associated with agility-related injuries in dogs. Educational prevention strategies should target at-risk populations in an effort to reduce potential injuries. Future research should focus on the biomechanical factors associated with agility-related injuries.

Comparison of Fair Dealing and Fair Use in Education Post-Pentalogy

While traditionally American fair use has been thought of as broader in scope than Canadian fair dealing, I claim that in 2013 this is no longer the case. I further argue that educational administrators and academic and library associations in Canada have yet to take full advantage of this expansion of users’ rights.In Part I I give a brief and general overview of copyright in Canada and the United States. In Part II I compare the legislation and jurisprudence specifically with respect to fair dealing and fair use, using the fairness factors as a guide. Specifically, this part will examine differences with respect to the fairness factors in general, transformativity, amount and substantiality, market harm and licences, and institutional practice and policy. Part III is a discussion of the advocacy efforts of Canadian and American educational and library professional associations and the development of best practices and guidelines. I conclude that colleges and universities in Canada may now confidently develop copyright policies that reflect the rights of users, but educational administrators and associations in Canada are lagging behind their American counterparts in leveraging this opportunity.This paper was presented as a work-in-progress at the IP Scholars Conference, Cardozo Law School, New York (9 August 2013).

MIS in the management of colon and rectal cancer: consensus meeting of the Colorectal Cancer Association of Canada

A consensus conference on the role of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) in the management of colon and rectal cancer was convened by the Colorectal Cancer Association of Canada in Toronto on April 18, 2012. This is a report of the consensus of an invited group of Canadian experts in MIS and surgery of the colon and rectum that addresses the role this technology should play in treatment and also considers advocacy and resources.

P207 Toolkit: Implementation Of Best Practice Guidelines – A Framework For Success!

A signature programme lead by a professional nursing association in Canada has a mandate to develop, disseminate, implement, evaluate and support the uptake of clinical guidelines. This programme’s success has...

ATLAS OF NON-SILICATE MINERALS IN THIN SECTION

By Joan Carles Melgarejo, Robert F. Martin. ( 2011) The Canadian Mineralogist Special Publication 7, 522 p. hardcover, DVD-ROM, Mineralogical Association of Canada, Quebec. US$125.00 (outside Canada), CDN$125.00 (in Canada) (member price US$100.00/CDN$100.00) Price for students US$100.00 (outside Canada), CDN$100.00 (in Canada) (member price US$80.00/CDN$80.00). ISBN: 978-0-921294-51-1. The atlas is an impressive large format (11.5 × 8.5″) volume and is No. 7 of The Canadian Mineralogist ’s series of Special Publications. It builds on an existing atlas written in both Spanish and Catalan languages. On its more than 500 pages, the atlas presents chemical, structural, optical, and paragenetical information plus thin-section micrographs for 408 different mineral species, all of which are non-opaque non-silicates. The atlas includes a DVD-ROM with all micrographs. The authors, Joan Carles Melgarejo (Barcelona, Spain) and Robert F. Martin (Montreal, Canada), are recognized and experienced mineralogists, who revised this book in cooperation with several other authors, mostly affiliated to the University of Barcelona. The introductory chapter presents the motivation for this atlas. Its initial edition was funded by the Folch Foundation, Barcelona (Spain). This foundation traces back to Dr. Joaquim Folch I. Girona, an import mineral collector and private researcher of the 20th century. Within this first chapter, symbols and abbreviations used throughout the atlas are given. It took me a while to find these—a more eye-catching table or list of abbreviations might have been a better choice. Readers who are inexperienced in mineral optics and its terminology are referred to relevant textbooks at this point. Many individuals and institutions are credited for sample contributions that were used to complement the large collection of rock samples and thin sections available at the Department of Crystallography, Mineralogy, and Ore Deposits at the University of Barcelona. Minerals are grouped into 16 chapters according to “Dana’s New Mineralogy” classification from 1997. Each chapter is preceded by some general considerations concerning the respective Dana class and the list of minerals selected. Chapters comprise “Native Elements” (2 minerals), “Sulfides and Sulfosalts” (6), “Oxides and Hydroxides” (56), “Halides” (19), “Carbonates” (56), “Nitrates” (4), “Iodates” (2), “Borates” (26), “Sulfates” (51), …

‘We must maintain a balance between propaganda and serious athletics’ – the workers' Sport Movement in Canada, 1924–1936†

In its heyday, the international socialist movement sought to create a completely alternative way of life for its members and potential recruits, with its own political organizations, rituals and traditions, solidarity networks for health and welfare, and cultural organizations for the arts and sports. Some of the most ambitious European socialist or workers' sports organizations had their own facilities, their own system of training coaches and instructors, their own newspapers and their own calendar of events. In 1913, the European associations banded together to form the Socialist Workers' Sport International. When the socialist movement split into social democratic and communist camps in the aftermath of the Russian Revolution and World War I, the newly formed communist parties sought to turn sport into a weapon of recruitment and struggle. One such effort was the Workers' Sports Association of Canada (WSAC). Initiated by a top-down directive from the Communist International in Moscow, it nonetheless resonated with the sporting activities of hundreds of left-wing and working-class people and clubs in both urban and hinterland Canada, especially among immigrants who brought the socialist tradition from Europe and felt shut out of mainstream Canadian sport. For a time, despite the tensions between the Community Party of Canada organizers who demanded strict adherence to the political line of the day, and the coaches and athletes on the ground who wanted to focus on their sport, the WSAC provided both a pan-Canadian network of opportunities and a public face for these activities. This article was my first attempt to document this history. It was a ‘recovery project’ because despite extensive historical literature on Canadian parties of the left, no one else had ever mentioned sport.

The Canadian hotel industry: a roundtable discussion on challenges and trends

PurposeThis paper aims to provide a relevant backdrop for the Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes (WHATT) theme issue on the hotel industry of Canada, and to describe how the 2012 WHATT roundtable in Canada was organised.Design/methodology/approachThe foundation for this paper was laid during a well attended Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes (WHATT) roundtable discussion between industry leaders and hospitality educators in May 2012. The paper is written in the context of the theme and strategic question for the 2012 Canadian WHATT roundtable: “What innovations are needed in the Canadian hotel industry and how might they be implemented to secure the industry's future?”.FindingsThis paper provides key information on Canada, its economic conditions, the tourism industry and the hotel industry. It also explains the origins of WHATT and its scholarly journey over the last 19 years. In capturing the essence of the 2012 WHATT roundtable discussion in Canada, the paper provides a strong foundation for the other seven papers that follow in this WHATT theme issue.Practical implicationsThe paper looks at key challenges of the hotel industry in Canada and provides thought‐provoking viewpoints from experts.Originality/valueReaders who are interested in the Canadian hotel industry would benefit from this paper. Authors include the president of the umbrella trade association for the hotel industry, the Hotel Association of Canada, and the editor and publisher of the leading trade magazine for the hotel industry of Canada, Hotelier.

Canada’s Mainstream Media Workforce Diversity as an Indicator of Canadian Society’s Acceptance and Inclusion of Ethno-cultural Communities: A Case Study of Promising Practices Developed by the United Nations Association in Canada

Canada’s Mainstream Media Workforce Diversity as an Indicator of Canadian Society’s Acceptance and Inclusion of Ethno-cultural Communities: A Case Study of Promising Practices Developed by the United Nations Association in Canada

Development of Canadian National Pedestrian Crossing Control Guide

In 2010 the Transportation Association of Canada began the 2-year process of updating the 1998 pedestrian crossing control manual. The resulting document, the Pedestrian Crossing Control Guide, is expected to promote uniformity across the country with respect to the approach used in the provision of pedestrian crossing control. This standardization is done through the development of a decision support tool to assist in the decision-making process when the need for pedestrian crossing control is established and in identification of the type of crossing control to use for the location's characteristics. The development of the new Pedestrian Crossing Control Guide for Canada is discussed, and findings of the research that led to its development are presented. The findings fall into two areas: existing Canadian and international pedestrian crossing control practices and safety performance of different pedestrian crossing control devices. Principal conclusions from this research are (a) international practice is changing toward providing guidance rather than formal, numerical warranting procedures in the decision-making process for the provision of pedestrian crossing control; (b) there are pedestrian crossing control treatments for which there is no available literature regarding safety performance, and the available literature for other treatments lacks rigorous safety evaluations; and (c) further research is needed regarding the safety performance of pedestrian crossing control devices, particularly in the areas of understanding pedestrian collisions and developing accident prediction models.

Emergency Nurse Responsibilities for Mechanical Ventilation: A National Survey

Few data describe the role of registered nurses working in emergency departments in caring for ventilated patients, yet these patients may remain in the emergency department for prolonged durations because of the unavailability of intensive care unit beds. Our objective was to examine the exposure of emergency nurses to patients requiring mechanical ventilation, as well as their responsibilities and education on ventilation received. A cross-sectional mailed survey was sent to members of the National Emergency Nursing Association in Canada. Domains and items were refined from a survey of ventilation roles and responsibilities in intensive care. The response rate was 247 of 526 (47%); 39% of respondents provided care to 10 ventilated patients or fewer over a period of 2 weeks, 32% up to 5 patients or fewer monthly, and 27% to 5 patients or fewer over a period of 6 months. A 1:1 nurse-patient ratio for ventilated patients was reported by 38% of respondents, whereas 45% managed 1 or 2 additional patients and 15% managed 3 or more additional patients. Most respondents (54%) reported that respiratory therapists (RTs) remained in the emergency department until patients' condition stabilized, 28% reported that an RT was on call, 11% reported that an RT remained until patient transfer, and 7% reported that no RT was available. Few nurses reported primary responsibility for initial ventilator setting selection (7%) or titration of ventilation (6%); nurse responsibility was influenced by RT availability (P < .001). Primary responsibility for monitoring patient response to ventilation, alarm troubleshooting, and oxygenation management was reported by 44%, 36%, and 30% of respondents, respectively. Education was received by 51% of respondents before exposure to ventilated patients; most (57%) indicated that competency was never assessed. Emergency nurses had variable exposure to ventilated patients. Responsibility for ventilator management was influenced by RT availability. Low nurse-patient ratios; inconsistent availability of education; lack of competency assessment; and infrequent use of guidelines, protocols, or pre-printed order sets pose potential concerns for patient safety while ventilated in the emergency department.

Among medicine’s most enduring myths

Among medicine’s most enduring myths

Health information support provided by professional associations in Canada

Healthcare practitioners in Alberta and across Canada have varying levels of access to information resources depending on their institutional and professional affiliations, yet access to current health information is critical for all. To determine what information resources and services are provided by Albertan and Canadian professional health associations to their members. Representatives of professional colleges and associations were interviewed regarding information resources and services offered to members and perceptions of their members' information needs. National-level associations are more likely to provide resources than provincial ones. There is a clear distinction between colleges and associations in terms of information offered: colleges provide regulatory information, while associations are responsible for provision of clinical information resources. Only half of the associations interviewed provide members with access to licensed databases, with cost being a major barrier. There is considerable variation in the number of electronic resources and the levels of information support provided by professional health associations in Alberta and Canada. Access and usage vary among the health professions. National licensing of resources or creation of a portal linking to freely available alternatives are potential options for increasing access and awareness.

Merging the Profession: A Historical Perspective on Accounting Association Mergers in Canada

AbstractThe history of creation of new professional accounting associations, mergers and proposed mergers among professional associations in Canada is reviewed through the lens of institutional theory to identify the conditions associated with major changes in the structure of the profession. Five waves of merger activity are identified between 1880 and 2010. These waves of mergers: (1) created isomorphism between the structure of accounting associations and the political structure of Canada, (2) differentiated associations to reflect the division of labour among accountants (primarily the separation of public and management accounting), (3) differentiated associations to reflect different educational paths into accounting (broadly conceived), and (4) consolidated the profession to facilitate the regulation of public accounting by the state. Contemporary issues affecting the structure of the profession are also identified including the globalization of accounting credentials. The historical waves of merger activity are argued to be an enactment of state and market institutional logics. These factors are compared with justifications/rationales and proposals for the merger of the accounting profession under the Chartered Professional Accountant, CPA, designation. The merger proposal would create a hybrid organization that retains within it historical institutional patterns. Issues concerning the stability of hybrid organizations in the literature are identified.

An investigation into the relationship between training evaluation and the transfer of training

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between training evaluation and the transfer of training in organizations. We hypothesized that training evaluation frequency will be related to higher rates of transfer because evaluation information can identify weaknesses that lead to improvements in training programs and create greater accountability among stakeholders for training outcomes. The data were obtained from 150 training professionals who were members of a training and development association in Canada. The results indicated that training evaluation frequency is positively related to training transfer. However, among Kirkpatrick's four levels of evaluation criteria, only behavior and results criteria were related to higher rates of transfer of training, indicating that the level of evaluation criteria is important for training transfer. These results indicate the importance of organizational‐level initiatives such as training evaluation in addition to individual‐level practices for facilitating the transfer of training.

The Dialogue between Canada and the ILO on Freedom of Association: What Remains after Fraser?

The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms was adopted in 1982, providing protection for freedom of association in Canada. However, in spite of Canada's membership of the International Labour Organization (ILO), the early interpretations of the Charter by the Supreme Court of Canada (SCC) resulted in a failure to comply with its international obligations on freedom of association, since the right to strike and to collective bargaining were excluded from the protection of the Charter. After a period of two decades during which the initial interpretation was applied, the issue of the scope of protection granted to freedom of association by the Canadian Charter arose once again. This resulted in important case law rulings upholding constitutional protection of the 'right to the process to collective bargaining' with an impact on the dialogue on freedom of association between Canada and the ILO. The present paper examines the most recent decision of the SCC on this issue, Fraser, in connection with the dialogue between Canada and the ILO. This decision limits the constitutional protection granted to the right to the process to collective bargaining. More precisely, the paper evaluates the impact of Fraser on the dialogue and on future compliance by Canada with its international obligations relating to freedom of association.

Merging the Profession: A Historical Perspective on Accounting Association Mergers in Canada

The history of creation of new professional accounting associations, mergers and proposed mergers among professional associations in Canada is reviewed through the lens of institutional theory to identify the conditions associated with major changes in the structure of the profession. Five waves of merger activity are identified between 1880 and 2010. These waves of mergers: (1) created isomorphism between the structure of accounting associations and the political structure of Canada, (2) differentiated associations to reflect the division of labour among accountants (primarily the separation of public and management accounting), (3) differentiated associations to reflect different educational paths into accounting (broadly conceived), and (4) consolidated the profession to facilitate the regulation of public accounting by the state. Contemporary issues affecting the structure of the profession are also identified including the globalization of accounting credentials. The historical waves of merger activity are argued to be an enactment of state and market institutional logics. These factors are compared with justifications/rationales and proposals for the merger of the accounting profession under the Chartered Professional Accountant, CPA, designation. The merger proposal would create a hybrid organization that retains within it historical institutional patterns. Issues concerning the stability of hybrid organizations in the literature are identified.

The struggle over worker leisure: an analysis of the history of the workers' sports association in Canada

Discussions of the work-leisure relationship focus largely on issues of work-life balance and generally ignore the possibility of employer-sponsored leisure being used as a means of workplace or societal control of workers. The Workers' Sports Association (WSA), active in Canada between 1924 and 1935, challenged this use of leisure by the state and the elite, including employers. The WSA's goal was to use sport and leisure opportunities as a means of political education for workers, and to act as opposition to employer- and state-controlled “bosses' sport.” The WSA, while ultimately unsuccessful, raised still-important questions about the uses of leisure in relation to the workplace and society at large. Copyright © 2010 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

North American Practice Patterns of Intravenous Magnesium Therapy in Severe Acute Asthma in Children

Although intravenous (IV) magnesium (Mg) can decrease hospitalizations in children with severe acute asthma, its use is often limited to resistant disease, and disposition may be determined prior to its use. Since knowledge about practice patterns of IV Mg would enhance knowledge translation and guide future research, we surveyed pediatric emergency physicians with interest in clinical research to determine the frequency, indications, adverse events, and barriers to use of IV Mg in children with severe acute asthma. A cross-sectional online survey of two national pediatric emergency physician associations in Canada and the United States was conducted using a modified Dillman technique. Response rates were 124 of 180 (69%) in Canada and 75 of 108 (69%) in the United States. Although 88% of participants report knowing that Mg is effective, only 14 of 199 (7%) give it to prevent hospitalizations and 142 of 199 (71%) give it to prevent admissions to the intensive care unit (ICU). Thirty-eight percent of respondents use Mg in < 5% of stable children with severe acute asthma, while 79% use it in 50% or more of the ICU candidates with concern about impending respiratory failure. Seventy-nine percent of the participants report that < 5% of their patients given Mg are discharged home from the ED. Twenty-four percent of respondents who administer Mg have encountered associated severe hypotension requiring therapy, and 2% have witnessed-related apnea. Factors affecting Mg use include concern about side effects expressed by 24% of physicians and a belief that IV therapy is not necessary, expressed by 31%. Intravenous Mg appears to be uncommonly used in stable children with severe acute asthma and does not frequently play a role in reducing hospitalizations. Further research to justify its enhanced use and to better establish its true adverse effect profile is indicated.

Views, events, and debates

‘A whole new world’: using new technologies to develop women's leadership in Kyrgyzstan by Joanna Hoare In the areas of both new technology and leadership, women everywhere tend to be under-represented. In this piece, we hear about an innovative programme in Bishkek, capital of the central Asian republic of Kyrgyzstan, which combined these fields, developing women's skills, and enhancing community development in the process. To help Haiti, upend aid habits, and focus on its women by Elaine Zuckerman On 12 January 2010, a devastating earthquake struck the Caribbean nation of Haiti, killing tens of thousands of people. Those who survived are now struggling to rebuild their lives and their country. In this blog piece, originally posted in February 2010 on the website of the Center for Economic and Policy Research, Elaine Zuckerman argues that it is imperative for Haiti that its women are directly involved in the reconstruction process. The 2009 Copenhagen Climate Change Conference and beyond: an interview with Celeste McKay December 2009 saw the holding of the long-awaited United Nations (UN) Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen – officially, the fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change – where government delegates sought to reach agreement on new measures to combat climate change post-2012, building on the Kyoto Protocol. G&D wanted to know about how strongly the issue of gender featured in the talks, so we asked Canadian environmental activist and campaigner Celeste McKay, who attended the Climate Change Conference, to give us her impressions, and to tell us more about her work with the Native Women's Association of Canada. Where is the money for women's rights? 2009 research highlights and reflections by Sarah Rosenhek and Cindy Clark Without adequate funding, effective work on women's rights becomes impossible. Over the past few years, The Association for Women's Rights in Development has been conducting research into the funding environment in which women's rights organisations are currently operating, and here, they share their findings with us.

‘Rising Strongly and Rapidly’: The Universal Negro Improvement Association in Canada, 1919–1940

Abstract: Led by Jamaican-born Marcus Garvey, the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) spanned the globe and enticed its followers with the dream of an independent black nation in Africa. The UNIA has been portrayed largely as an American and/or Caribbean phenomenon. Yet from 1919 to 1940, the UNIA played a central role in the lives of many blacks in Canada, especially West Indian immigrants. West Indian immigrants comprised the vast majority of UNIA members in Canada, and they used this organization as an outlet to create and express a unique ethno-racial identity. Distinctive commonalities among the West Indians, including high literacy rates, experience in trade unions, and a strong pan-African consciousness made them more likely to join the UNIA than African American immigrants and native-born Black Canadians. These shared traits became part of the fabric of a distinct West Indian identity, which they asserted as leaders, organizers, and participants in the UNIA.